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Obtencao do carboneto de silicio pela reducao carbotermica da silica / Synthesis of silicon carbide by carbothermal reduction of silicaABEL, JOAO L. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Obtencao do carboneto de silicio pela reducao carbotermica da silica / Synthesis of silicon carbide by carbothermal reduction of silicaABEL, JOAO L. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Na escala industrial a obtenção do carboneto de silício (SiC) pela redução carbotérmica da sílica ainda é o meio mais utilizado para sua sintetização. O presente estudo visa identificar, de forma comparativa, dentre os redutores comuns como coque de petróleo, negro de fumo, carvão vegetal e grafite o resultado da reação carbotérmica da sílica a partir da turfa. Menciona-se como que a turfa, pode ocorrer na natureza concomitantemente a jazimentos de areias de sílica de elevada pureza, uma das fontes de sílica, destacando que, a proximidade da matéria prima e sua qualidade são, elementos essenciais que determinam os tipos, pureza e custo de produção do SiC. Os ensaios desenvolveram-se a partir de amostras produzidas em forno de resistência elétrica com atmosfera controlada nas temperaturas de 1550ºC, 1600ºC e 1650ºC, tantos os precursores como os produtos da reação de redução carbotérmica foram caracterizados aplicando-se técnicas de difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS). Os resultados evidenciaram a formação do SiC para todos os redutores comuns, bem como para a turfa, mas não foi possível perceber claramente a diferença entre eles, sendo necessário para tanto, ensaios específicos adicionais. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Protection of petrolium resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African StatesMailula, Douglas Tlogane 08 July 2014 (has links)
The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Economics / LLD.
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Protection of petroleum resources in Africa : a comparative analysis of oil and gas laws of selected African StatesMailula, Douglas Tlogane 08 July 2014 (has links)
The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.
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