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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Geographies of the Black Henna Meme Organism and the Epidemic of Para-phenylenediamine Sensitization: A Qualitative History

Cartwright-Jones, Catherine Jane 30 March 2015 (has links)
No description available.
2

Polyaniline and Its Derivatives for Environmental Analysis.

Abia, Atogho Jude 15 August 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Electrooxidation has been used to deposit thin film polyaniline as well as its derivative - thin film poly (ortho-phenylenediamine) (POPD) and poly (meta-phenylenediamine) (PMPD) on carbon electrodes, which are subsequently used to monitor the environmental heavy metal ions (Hg2+, Pb2+ ,Cd2+) through a rather unusual "blocking" of anodic stripping for these metals. Using Hg2+ as a model, its cyclic voltammogram for a modified glassy carbon electrode with the resultant polymer shows an enhanced cathodic peak that increases linearly with the analyte ion concentration. POPD also exhibits unique selective detection for organic species. Acetaminophen and uric acid can be preferentially detected over ascorbic acid from a mixture of these three compounds. In addition, the effect of carbon nanotubes incorporated in polyaniline (PAN) film is observed to have enhanced electrochemical catalytic activities on the remedy of environmental dichromate.
3

Electrochemistry of Polyaniline-DNA System.

Sebantu, Lambert 01 May 2004 (has links) (PDF)
A new type of biocomposites – the polyaniline - deoxynucleic acid (PAN / DNA) and the poly-(o-phenylenediamine)-DNA (POPD-DNA) complexes can be synthesized electrochemically in acidic media in the potential range of –0.2V to 0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, respectively. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, the alternating-current impedance, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and the voltammetry techniques have been used to characterize the above system. Results revealed that during the surface composite formation, DNA is incorporated into the polyaniline and the poly-o-phenylenediamine) networks, respectively. DNA also serves as a template to guide the surface synthesis of the oxidative polymerization. It provides a lower local pH environment that favors the protonation of aniline monomers, and subsequently minimizes the branching of the polymer network.
4

Hantering av kemikalier och dess risker i frisörverksamheter

Andersson, Gabriella January 2015 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to examine the hairdresser’s knowledge about the chemicals they handle in their business and how they were handling the chemicals and the risks that follows. 9 Salons were visited to gather information. The same questions were asked at the salons. A sample of hair color products was photographed to gather information about ingredients and labeling. The conclusions of the study were that hairdressers have good knowledge about the risks related to human health but they need to improve their knowledge when it comes to environmental risks. The deficiencies that were found were that they lack knowledge about the laws concerning the use and distribution of cosmetics products and that not all saloons are handling the hazardous waste and residues from treatments correctly. The risks that could follow are that not enough is done to protect human health and the environmental. To prevent that damage to human health and the environmental occurs they should use more sources that focus on health and environmental to gather information about the risks with the chemicals they are handling, they should also limit the treatments on children and always inform about the risks when they are using products that can cause an allergic reaction. Keywords: Risks hairdressing, cosmetics products, p-phenylenediamine, Toluene-2,5-diamine, ammonia.
5

Electrochemical Synthesis and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Novel Conducting Poly(o-phenylenediamine-co-o-/m-toluidine)

Bilal, Salma 25 October 2007 (has links) (PDF)
In den vergangenen Jahren löste die Nachfrage nach hochwertigen organischen Werkstoffen die Suche nach neuen Materialien mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften für mögliche technische An-wendungen aus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, neue organische Materia-lien zu synthetisieren, wobei die Untersuchung der Copolimerisation von o-Phenylendiamin (OPD) mit o-Toluidin (OT) und m-Toluidin (MT) in wässriger Schwefelsäure im Vordergrund stand. Da-bei fand die zyklische Voltammetrie sowohl bei der elektrochemischen Synthese als auch für die Charakterisierung der Homo- und Copolymere auf einer Goldelektrode Anwendung. Die Copoly-mere wurden aus gemischten Monomerlösungen synthetisiert, die unterschiedliche OPD-Konzentrationen sowie eine konstante OT- oder MT-Konzentration aufwiesen. Die Voltammogr- amme zeigten ein unterschiedliches Verhalten für die verschiedenen OPD-Konzentrationen bei der Zugabe. Die Mischung der Monomerlösungen mit geeigneten Konzentrationen ergab ein Copolym- er mit einem großen potenziell nutzbaren Bereich der Redoxaktivität relativ zu den korrespondiere- nden Homocopolymeren. Die Homopolymere Poly-o-toluidin (POT) und Poly-m-toluidin (PMT) zeigten ähnliche elektrochemische Eigenschaften. Es wurden jedoch Unterschiede in den Eigensch- aften zwischen den OT- und MT-Copolymeren mit OPD beobachtet, die möglicherweise auf eine Abweichung in den Monomereinheiten und der Ausrichtung entlang der Copolymerkette zurückzu- führen sind. Die Copolymerisation der OPD wird offenbar gefördert, wenn OT statt MT als einer der Comonomere verwendet wird. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit (dE/dt) und des pH-Wertes auf die elektrochemische Aktivität untersucht. Die Copolymere waren oberflächengebunden, elektrisch aktiv und zeigten sogar bei einem pH-Wert = 8,0 bei Poly(OPT-co-MT) bzw. 9,0 bei Poly(OPT-co-OT) eine gute elektrochemische Aktivität. Die Messungen der in situ Leitfähigkeit unterstützte die Herausbildung eines neuen Stoffes (Copolymer), da die Copo-lymere Elektrodenpotenzialbereiche für eine maximale Leitfähigkeit besitzen, die sich völlig von jenen der Homopolymere unterscheiden. Die Leitfähigkeitswerte der Copolymere lagen zwischen den Werten der Homopolymere. Die in situ UV-Vis spektroelektrochemischen Untersuchungen der Copolymerisation von OPD mit OT und MT bei konstanter potenzieller Polymerisation auf mit Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) be-schichteten Glaselektroden zeigten, dass ein Kopf-Schwanz-verknüpfter p-Aminodiphenylamin (PPD)-Typ eines gemischten Dimers/Oligomers, der wahrscheinlich aus der Dimerisation der Kati-onenradikalen von OPD und OT oder MT resultiert, vorwiegend zu Beginn der Elektropolyme- risation der Mischlösungen entsteht. Ein Absorptionspeak bei λ = 497 nm in den UV-Vis-Spektren wurde diesen Zwischenprodukten zugeordnet. Es erfolgte eine Identifizierung der charakteristi-schen UV-Vis- und Raman- (λ = 647,1 nm) Eigenschaften der Copolymere, synthetisiert mit ver-schiedenen Zugabekonzentrationen auf ITO-beschichtetem Glas bzw. auf Goldelektroden, sowie eine Diskussion ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Elektrodenpotenzial. Die spektroelektrochemischen Er-gebnisse zeigten, dass die Hauptkette des Copolymers wahrscheinlich aus einer Mischung aus Co-polymerketten mit unterschiedlichen Monomergehalten und einer signifikanten Anzahl an Block-segmenten besteht. Die Eigenschaften der Copolymere erwiesen sich als sehr sensibel gegenüber der OPD Zugabekonzentration, so dass eindeutige Änderungen in den elektrochemischen und spektroelektrochemischen Eigenschaften der Stoffe aus Mischlösungen durch bloße Variierung der OPD-Konzentration bei der Zugabe beobachtet werden konnten. Die FT-IR-Spektralanalyse der Copolymere deutet auf die Anwesenheit von sowohl OPD- als auch OT- oder MT-Einheiten und daher auf die Copolymerbildung während der Elektrolyse der Misch-lösungen aus OPD und OT oder MT hin. Die zyklischen Strukturen des Phenazintyps erhöhen sich im Copolymer mit steigender OPD-Konzentration bei der Zugabe. / In recent years the demand for advanced organic materials has sparked the search for new materials with tailored properties for possible technological applications. In the present study an attempt has been made to synthesize new organic conducting materials by exploring the possibility of the copolymerisation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) with o-toluidine (OT) and m-toluidine (MT) in aqueous sulfuric acid. Cyclic voltammetry was used both for the electrochemical synthesis and characterization of the homopolymers and copolymers on a gold electrode. The copolymers were synthesized from mixed solutions of the monomers having different concentrations of OPD and a constant concentration of OT or MT. The voltammograms exhibited different behavior for different concentrations of OPD in the feed. Mixing of the monomer solutions with appropriate concentrations resulted in a copolymer that shows an extended useful potential range of the redox activity relative to the corresponding homopolymers. The homopolymers poly(o-toluidine) (POT) and poly(m-toluidine) (PMT) show similar electrochemical properties. However, differences were observed in the properties between the copolymers of OT and MT with OPD that could be due to the variation in the monomer units and orientation along the copolymer chains. The copolymerization of OPD seems to be more facilitated if instead of MT, OT is present as one of the comonomers. The effect of scan rate and pH on the electrochemical activity was studied. The copolymers were surface confined, electroactive and showed good electrochemical activity even at pH 8.0 and pH 9.0 in case of poly(OPD-co-MT) and poly(OPD-co-OT), respectively. In situ conductivity measurements further suggest the formation of new material (copolymer) because the copolymers have electrode potential regions for maximum conductivity completely different from those of the homopolymers. The conductivity values of the copolymers were between the conductivities of the homopolymers. In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical studies of the copolymerization of OPD with OT and MT at constant potential polymerization on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrodes reveal that head to tail coupled p-aminodiphenylamine (PPD) type of mixed dimers/oligomers, presumably resulting from the dimerization of OPD and OT or MT cation radicals, are predominantly formed during the initial stages of the electropolymerization of the mixed solutions. An absorption peak at λ = 497 nm in the UV-Vis spectra was assigned to these intermediates. Characteristic UV-Vis and Raman (λex = 647.1 nm) fea-tures of the copolymers synthesized with different feed concentrations on ITO coated glass and gold electrodes, respectively, have been identified and their dependencies on the electrode potential are discussed. Spectroelectrochemical results reveal that the copolymer backbone probably consist of a mixture of copolymer chains with different monomer contents and has significant number of block segments. The properties of the copolymers were found to be very sensitive to the OPD feed concentration and clear variations in the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of the materials from mixed solutions can be observed just by varying the concentration of OPD in the feed. FT-IR spectral analysis of the copolymers suggests the presence of both OPD and OT or MT units and thus formation of copolymer during the electrolysis of mixed solutions of OPD and OT or MT. The phenazine type cyclic structures increase in the copolymer with increasing OPD concentration in the feed.
6

Rôle des lymphocytes cytotoxiques dans les hypersensibilités retardées cutanées / Role of cytotoxic cells in skin delayed hypersensitivities

Nosbaum, Audrey 23 September 2013 (has links)
Les hypersensibilités retardées (HSR) cutanées sont hétérogènes, à la fois par la nature des mécanismes impliqués (allergiques versus non allergiques) mais aussi par les différents degrés de sévérité rencontrés. Seules les HSR allergiques sont dues à la présence de lymphocytes T (LT), mal caractérisés chez l'homme. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la contribution des LT CD8 cytotoxiques dans le développement et la sévérité des HSR cutanées chez l'homme, à partir de deux pathologies fréquentes : les toxidermies aux béta lactamines et l'eczéma allergique de contact à la para-phénylènediamine (PPD). Tout d'abord, la présence de LT spécifiques de médicament au sein des toxidermies aux béta lactamines a été recherchée in vivo et in vitro. Nous avons montré que les HSR sévères étaient plus souvent d'origine allergique que les HSR bénignes. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé le rôle des LT CD8 dans les HSR allergiques. Dans les toxidermies bénignes à l'amoxicilline, l'étude de la cinétique de recrutement des LT au niveau cutané ainsi que l'analyse des LT spécifiques du sang circulant ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle essentiel des LT CD8 cytotoxiques dans l'initiation de ces réactions. Ensuite, dans l'eczéma allergique de contact à la PPD, un recrutement épidermique précoce des LT CD8 associés à des marqueurs de cytotoxicité, a été retrouvé, corrélé avec la sévérité des lésions. Ces résultats ont été confortés par ceux obtenus dans un modèle pré-clinique d'HSR allergique à la PPD chez la souris. En conclusion, ce travail montre que les LT CD8 cytotoxiques pourraient être les principales cellules effectrices des HSR cutanées allergiques chez l'homme / Skin delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) are heterogeneous, by the nature of the mechanisms involved (allergic versus non allergic) and also by their different degrees of severity. Only allergic DHS is due to T cells, poorly characterized in humans. The aim of this work is to study the contribution of cytotoxic CD8 T cells in the development and severity of skin DHS in humans, induced by two common diseases: cutaneous adverse drug reactions to beta lactam antibiotics and allergic contact dermatitis to para-phenylenediamine (PPD). First, the presence of drug specific T cells in cutaneous adverse drug reactions to beta lactams was investigated in vivo and in vitro. We showed that severe DHS were more often allergic than benign DHS. Then, we characterized the role of CD8 T cells in allergic DHS. In benign cutaneous adverse drug reactions to amoxicillin, the study of the kinetics of skin T cell recruitment as well as the analysis of circulating specific T cells highlight the essential role of cytotoxic CD8 T cells in the initiation phase of these reactions. In allergic contact dermatitis to PPD, early recruitment of epidermal CD8 T cells associated with cytotoxic markers was found, correlated with the severity of lesions. These results were supported by those obtained in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis to PPD. In conclusion, this work showed that cytotoxic CD8 T cells could be the main effector cells of allergic skin DHS in humans
7

Electrochemical Synthesis and Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Novel Conducting Poly(o-phenylenediamine-co-o-/m-toluidine)

Bilal, Salma 23 October 2007 (has links)
In den vergangenen Jahren löste die Nachfrage nach hochwertigen organischen Werkstoffen die Suche nach neuen Materialien mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften für mögliche technische An-wendungen aus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, neue organische Materia-lien zu synthetisieren, wobei die Untersuchung der Copolimerisation von o-Phenylendiamin (OPD) mit o-Toluidin (OT) und m-Toluidin (MT) in wässriger Schwefelsäure im Vordergrund stand. Da-bei fand die zyklische Voltammetrie sowohl bei der elektrochemischen Synthese als auch für die Charakterisierung der Homo- und Copolymere auf einer Goldelektrode Anwendung. Die Copoly-mere wurden aus gemischten Monomerlösungen synthetisiert, die unterschiedliche OPD-Konzentrationen sowie eine konstante OT- oder MT-Konzentration aufwiesen. Die Voltammogr- amme zeigten ein unterschiedliches Verhalten für die verschiedenen OPD-Konzentrationen bei der Zugabe. Die Mischung der Monomerlösungen mit geeigneten Konzentrationen ergab ein Copolym- er mit einem großen potenziell nutzbaren Bereich der Redoxaktivität relativ zu den korrespondiere- nden Homocopolymeren. Die Homopolymere Poly-o-toluidin (POT) und Poly-m-toluidin (PMT) zeigten ähnliche elektrochemische Eigenschaften. Es wurden jedoch Unterschiede in den Eigensch- aften zwischen den OT- und MT-Copolymeren mit OPD beobachtet, die möglicherweise auf eine Abweichung in den Monomereinheiten und der Ausrichtung entlang der Copolymerkette zurückzu- führen sind. Die Copolymerisation der OPD wird offenbar gefördert, wenn OT statt MT als einer der Comonomere verwendet wird. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit (dE/dt) und des pH-Wertes auf die elektrochemische Aktivität untersucht. Die Copolymere waren oberflächengebunden, elektrisch aktiv und zeigten sogar bei einem pH-Wert = 8,0 bei Poly(OPT-co-MT) bzw. 9,0 bei Poly(OPT-co-OT) eine gute elektrochemische Aktivität. Die Messungen der in situ Leitfähigkeit unterstützte die Herausbildung eines neuen Stoffes (Copolymer), da die Copo-lymere Elektrodenpotenzialbereiche für eine maximale Leitfähigkeit besitzen, die sich völlig von jenen der Homopolymere unterscheiden. Die Leitfähigkeitswerte der Copolymere lagen zwischen den Werten der Homopolymere. Die in situ UV-Vis spektroelektrochemischen Untersuchungen der Copolymerisation von OPD mit OT und MT bei konstanter potenzieller Polymerisation auf mit Indiumzinnoxid (ITO) be-schichteten Glaselektroden zeigten, dass ein Kopf-Schwanz-verknüpfter p-Aminodiphenylamin (PPD)-Typ eines gemischten Dimers/Oligomers, der wahrscheinlich aus der Dimerisation der Kati-onenradikalen von OPD und OT oder MT resultiert, vorwiegend zu Beginn der Elektropolyme- risation der Mischlösungen entsteht. Ein Absorptionspeak bei λ = 497 nm in den UV-Vis-Spektren wurde diesen Zwischenprodukten zugeordnet. Es erfolgte eine Identifizierung der charakteristi-schen UV-Vis- und Raman- (λ = 647,1 nm) Eigenschaften der Copolymere, synthetisiert mit ver-schiedenen Zugabekonzentrationen auf ITO-beschichtetem Glas bzw. auf Goldelektroden, sowie eine Diskussion ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Elektrodenpotenzial. Die spektroelektrochemischen Er-gebnisse zeigten, dass die Hauptkette des Copolymers wahrscheinlich aus einer Mischung aus Co-polymerketten mit unterschiedlichen Monomergehalten und einer signifikanten Anzahl an Block-segmenten besteht. Die Eigenschaften der Copolymere erwiesen sich als sehr sensibel gegenüber der OPD Zugabekonzentration, so dass eindeutige Änderungen in den elektrochemischen und spektroelektrochemischen Eigenschaften der Stoffe aus Mischlösungen durch bloße Variierung der OPD-Konzentration bei der Zugabe beobachtet werden konnten. Die FT-IR-Spektralanalyse der Copolymere deutet auf die Anwesenheit von sowohl OPD- als auch OT- oder MT-Einheiten und daher auf die Copolymerbildung während der Elektrolyse der Misch-lösungen aus OPD und OT oder MT hin. Die zyklischen Strukturen des Phenazintyps erhöhen sich im Copolymer mit steigender OPD-Konzentration bei der Zugabe. / In recent years the demand for advanced organic materials has sparked the search for new materials with tailored properties for possible technological applications. In the present study an attempt has been made to synthesize new organic conducting materials by exploring the possibility of the copolymerisation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) with o-toluidine (OT) and m-toluidine (MT) in aqueous sulfuric acid. Cyclic voltammetry was used both for the electrochemical synthesis and characterization of the homopolymers and copolymers on a gold electrode. The copolymers were synthesized from mixed solutions of the monomers having different concentrations of OPD and a constant concentration of OT or MT. The voltammograms exhibited different behavior for different concentrations of OPD in the feed. Mixing of the monomer solutions with appropriate concentrations resulted in a copolymer that shows an extended useful potential range of the redox activity relative to the corresponding homopolymers. The homopolymers poly(o-toluidine) (POT) and poly(m-toluidine) (PMT) show similar electrochemical properties. However, differences were observed in the properties between the copolymers of OT and MT with OPD that could be due to the variation in the monomer units and orientation along the copolymer chains. The copolymerization of OPD seems to be more facilitated if instead of MT, OT is present as one of the comonomers. The effect of scan rate and pH on the electrochemical activity was studied. The copolymers were surface confined, electroactive and showed good electrochemical activity even at pH 8.0 and pH 9.0 in case of poly(OPD-co-MT) and poly(OPD-co-OT), respectively. In situ conductivity measurements further suggest the formation of new material (copolymer) because the copolymers have electrode potential regions for maximum conductivity completely different from those of the homopolymers. The conductivity values of the copolymers were between the conductivities of the homopolymers. In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical studies of the copolymerization of OPD with OT and MT at constant potential polymerization on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrodes reveal that head to tail coupled p-aminodiphenylamine (PPD) type of mixed dimers/oligomers, presumably resulting from the dimerization of OPD and OT or MT cation radicals, are predominantly formed during the initial stages of the electropolymerization of the mixed solutions. An absorption peak at λ = 497 nm in the UV-Vis spectra was assigned to these intermediates. Characteristic UV-Vis and Raman (λex = 647.1 nm) fea-tures of the copolymers synthesized with different feed concentrations on ITO coated glass and gold electrodes, respectively, have been identified and their dependencies on the electrode potential are discussed. Spectroelectrochemical results reveal that the copolymer backbone probably consist of a mixture of copolymer chains with different monomer contents and has significant number of block segments. The properties of the copolymers were found to be very sensitive to the OPD feed concentration and clear variations in the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of the materials from mixed solutions can be observed just by varying the concentration of OPD in the feed. FT-IR spectral analysis of the copolymers suggests the presence of both OPD and OT or MT units and thus formation of copolymer during the electrolysis of mixed solutions of OPD and OT or MT. The phenazine type cyclic structures increase in the copolymer with increasing OPD concentration in the feed.
8

Développement d’un microréacteur à base d’enzyme microencapsulée en vue d’un couplage en ligne à un système d’électrophorèse capillaire

Gusetu, Georgiana 10 1900 (has links)
Réalisé en codirection avec Karen C. Waldron et Dominic Rochefort. / L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche est d’étudier l’efficacité de la microencapsulation, technique d’immobilisation d’enzymes utilisée pour la réalisation des nouveaux biocapteurs électrochimiques. Généralement, l’analyte d’intérêt produit ou consomme des électrons, et la réponse électrochimique est mesurée, afin d’identifier ou quantifier l’analyte. Dans le développement d’un biocapteur, il est désirable de quantifier la conversion du substrat (analyte) et/ou la formation de produit de réaction enzymatique. Les similarités structurales entre le substrat et le produit de réaction dans les réactions redox demandent que la technique utilisée pour les identifier soit très sélective. Le haut pouvoir de résolution de l’électrophorèse capillaire (EC) pour des séparations rapides de produits similaires en fait une méthode de choix, spécialement quand le substrat et le produit peuvent être suivis pendant et après la réaction catalysée par l’enzyme immobilisée. Un choix judicieux du substrat, compte tenu de son comportement en EC peut fournir des informations autant sur l’activité de l’enzyme que sur l’efficacité de la microencapsulation. Pour cette raison, nous avons choisi le substrat o-phenylènediamine qui est oxydé par la laccase, pour former le produit 2,3-diaminophenazine, tout en réduisant l’oxygène en eau. Pour commencer, nous avons préparé les microcapsules et évalué l’impact de la microencapsulation sur le comportement de l’enzyme. Ensuite, nous avons développé une méthode de séparation en EC afin de quantifier la conversion de l’OPD en DAP par la laccase libre. La même méthode d’analyse a été utilisée pour caractériser la laccase immobilisée dans les microcapsules. Par la suite, afin de suivre la réaction enzymatique, un microréacteur à base d’enzyme microencapsulée a été couplé hors ligne au système d’EC. Finalement, nous avons essayé l’implémentation du système en ligne et les résultats préliminaires seront présentés. / The principal objective of this research project is to study the efficiency of microencapsulation, technique used for enzyme immobilization in order to create new types of electrochemical biosensors. Generally, the target analyte involved either produces or consumes electrons and the electrochemical response is measured to identify or quantify the analyte. In the development of a biosensor, it is desirable to quantify the conversion of substrate (analyte) and/or the formation of product of the enzymatic reaction. The structural similarity between substrate and product in redox reactions means that the technique used to determine these species must be very selective. The high resolving power of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for rapidly separating similar compounds is thus an attractive method, particularly if substrate and product can both be monitored during or following the reaction catalyzed by microencapsulated enzyme. A judicious choice of substrate with respect to its behaviour in CE separations can help provide information on enzyme activity as well as microencapsulation efficiency. To achieve this, we chose the substrate o-phenylenediamine (OPD), which is oxidized by laccase to form the product 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) concomitant with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. We firstly prepared the microcapsules and evaluate the impact of microencapsulation on the behaviour of the enzyme. After that, we developed a CE based separation method to quantify the conversion of OPD to DAP by free laccase. We also used the CE method to characterize laccase immobilized in microcapsules. Subsequent, the microencapsulated laccase was packed into a microreactor format permitting its off-line coupling with CE as a means to follow the enzymatic reaction. Finally, we tried to implement the on-line system and the preliminaries results are presented.
9

Développement d’un microréacteur à base d’enzyme microencapsulée en vue d’un couplage en ligne à un système d’électrophorèse capillaire

Gusetu, Georgiana 10 1900 (has links)
L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche est d’étudier l’efficacité de la microencapsulation, technique d’immobilisation d’enzymes utilisée pour la réalisation des nouveaux biocapteurs électrochimiques. Généralement, l’analyte d’intérêt produit ou consomme des électrons, et la réponse électrochimique est mesurée, afin d’identifier ou quantifier l’analyte. Dans le développement d’un biocapteur, il est désirable de quantifier la conversion du substrat (analyte) et/ou la formation de produit de réaction enzymatique. Les similarités structurales entre le substrat et le produit de réaction dans les réactions redox demandent que la technique utilisée pour les identifier soit très sélective. Le haut pouvoir de résolution de l’électrophorèse capillaire (EC) pour des séparations rapides de produits similaires en fait une méthode de choix, spécialement quand le substrat et le produit peuvent être suivis pendant et après la réaction catalysée par l’enzyme immobilisée. Un choix judicieux du substrat, compte tenu de son comportement en EC peut fournir des informations autant sur l’activité de l’enzyme que sur l’efficacité de la microencapsulation. Pour cette raison, nous avons choisi le substrat o-phenylènediamine qui est oxydé par la laccase, pour former le produit 2,3-diaminophenazine, tout en réduisant l’oxygène en eau. Pour commencer, nous avons préparé les microcapsules et évalué l’impact de la microencapsulation sur le comportement de l’enzyme. Ensuite, nous avons développé une méthode de séparation en EC afin de quantifier la conversion de l’OPD en DAP par la laccase libre. La même méthode d’analyse a été utilisée pour caractériser la laccase immobilisée dans les microcapsules. Par la suite, afin de suivre la réaction enzymatique, un microréacteur à base d’enzyme microencapsulée a été couplé hors ligne au système d’EC. Finalement, nous avons essayé l’implémentation du système en ligne et les résultats préliminaires seront présentés. / The principal objective of this research project is to study the efficiency of microencapsulation, technique used for enzyme immobilization in order to create new types of electrochemical biosensors. Generally, the target analyte involved either produces or consumes electrons and the electrochemical response is measured to identify or quantify the analyte. In the development of a biosensor, it is desirable to quantify the conversion of substrate (analyte) and/or the formation of product of the enzymatic reaction. The structural similarity between substrate and product in redox reactions means that the technique used to determine these species must be very selective. The high resolving power of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for rapidly separating similar compounds is thus an attractive method, particularly if substrate and product can both be monitored during or following the reaction catalyzed by microencapsulated enzyme. A judicious choice of substrate with respect to its behaviour in CE separations can help provide information on enzyme activity as well as microencapsulation efficiency. To achieve this, we chose the substrate o-phenylenediamine (OPD), which is oxidized by laccase to form the product 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) concomitant with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. We firstly prepared the microcapsules and evaluate the impact of microencapsulation on the behaviour of the enzyme. After that, we developed a CE based separation method to quantify the conversion of OPD to DAP by free laccase. We also used the CE method to characterize laccase immobilized in microcapsules. Subsequent, the microencapsulated laccase was packed into a microreactor format permitting its off-line coupling with CE as a means to follow the enzymatic reaction. Finally, we tried to implement the on-line system and the preliminaries results are presented. / Réalisé en codirection avec Karen C. Waldron et Dominic Rochefort.
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Desenvolvimento de sistema de análise por injeção seqüencial para determinação espectrofotométrica da capacidade antioxidante em bebidas empregando o radical derivado do N-fenil-1, 4-fenilenodiamino

França, Leandro de Moura 25 February 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-05T15:25:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LeandrodMF.pdf: 1496532 bytes, checksum: a3f1f8effe11a679e223ba5bdceeeb54 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-05T15:56:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LeandrodMF.pdf: 1496532 bytes, checksum: a3f1f8effe11a679e223ba5bdceeeb54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-05T15:56:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LeandrodMF.pdf: 1496532 bytes, checksum: a3f1f8effe11a679e223ba5bdceeeb54 (MD5) / CNPq / Neste trabalho foi proposto um sistema de análises por injeção sequencial (SIA) para determinação espectrofotométrica da capacidade antioxidante em amostras de bebidas, a partir da geração “in situ” do radical derivado do reagente N-fenil-1,4-fenilenodiamino (NFFD•+). O radical NFFD•+ foi produzido em linha pela oxidação do NFFD empregando o Fe3+ como oxidante. Na otimização do sistema SIA foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: ordem de aspiração dos reagentes e amostra, estabilidade da solução de NFFD, pH da amostra, proporção NFFD/Fe3+, volumes das soluções dos reagentes e amostra e tempo de interrupção do fluxo. O ácido gálico foi empregado como padrão de calibração para os ensaios. Após as etapas de otimização univariada do método proposto obteve-se faixa linear de 10 a 40 mg L-1, com limites de detecção (3σ) de 1,0 mg L-1 e quantificação (10σ) de 3,3 mg L-1, respectivamente. Para avaliar o método proposto, foram realizados testes de reatividade do radical NFFD•+ frente a compostos fenólicos, tiólicos e de outra natureza. A redução do sinal analítico frente a inibição do radical derivado do NFFD foi mais pronunciada para ácido ascórbico, ácido tânico e cisteína, nesta ordem. A capacidade antioxidante com o radical derivado do NFFD foi avaliada em amostras de vinhos e chás, e os resultados foram concordantes com os métodos de referência (Folin-Denis, ABTS e DPPH), de acordo com o coeficiente de correlação, além do ensaio com radical DMPD•+, baseado no teste t. Assim a amina NFFD por ser utilizada para avaliação da atividade antioxidante em amostras de bebidas. Adicionalmente, as amostras de vinhos foram submetidas a testes de estabilidade temporal e avaliação do efeito do processo de ozonização em relação à variação da capacidade antioxidante / In this work was proposed a sequential injection system for spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant capacity in beverage samples with “in situ” radical generation from N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (NFFD•+). The radical NFFD•+ was produced by on line oxidation of NFFD employing Fe3+ as oxidant. The optimization of SIA system evaluated: aspiration order of reagents and sample, stability of the NFFD solution, sample pH, NFFD/Fe3+ proportion, reagents and sample volumes and stopped flow time. The gallic acid was used as standard of antioxidant compound for proposed sequential injection method. After chemical and physical univarieted optimization the linear range obtained in gallic acid concentration was from 10 to 40 mg L-1, with detection (3σ) and quantification (10σ) limits of 1.0 and 3.3 mg L-1, respectively. To evaluate selective of radical, studies of reactivity were performed with NFFD•+ and phenolic and thiol molecules and others compounds. The reducing capacity of NFFD•+ radical was observed preferentially for ascorbic acid, tannic acid and cysteine in this order. The antioxidant capacity with NFFD•+ radical was measured in samples of wines, infusions and teas. The results were agreement with the references methods (Folin-Denis, ABTS and DPPH), in accord with correlation coefficient, and additionally with the radical DMPD•+, based on t test. This way, the SIA spectrophotometric method exploring the radical NFFD•+ can be employed for the antioxidant capacity measured. Additionally, temporal stability and the ozonization effect in wine samples were evaluated using antioxidant capacity as parameter .

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