Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgetown University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24189号 / 医博第4883号 / 新制||医||1060(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 恭, 教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 伊藤 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Background: Urinary catecholamines and metanephrines have been proposed as a diagnostic tool for identifying canine pheochromocytomas, but the effects of critical illness on urine concentrations of catecholamines and metanephrines is currently unknown. Objectives: To examine the effects of illness on urine concentrations of catecholamines and metanephrines in dogs. Animals: Twenty-five critically ill dogs and twenty-five healthy age- and gender-matched control dogs. Methods: Prospective observational study. Urine was collected from healthy and critically ill dogs and urine concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Urinary catecholamine and metanephrine:creatinine ratios were calculated and compared between groups. Results: Urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine:creatinine ratios were higher in critically ill dogs when compared to a healthy control population (P = 0.0009, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001 respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Illness has a significant impact on urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in dogs. Further investigation of catecholamine and metanephrine concentrations in dogs with pheochromocytomas is warranted to fully evaluate this test as a diagnostic tool, however the findings of this study suggest that the results may be difficult to interpret in dogs with concurrent illness. / Master of Science

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-57).

No description available.

Le phéochromocytome (PCC) est une tumeur neuroendocrine rare qui se développe principalement aux dépens des cellules chromaffines de la médullo-surrénale. Dans la majorité des cas, les PCCs sont caractérisés par une hypersécrétion de catécholamines responsables de divers effets délétères chez les patients dont le principal est une hypertension (phéochromocytomes symptomatiques, PS). Cependant, il existe également une forme particulière de PCCs asymptomatiques qui sécrètent des taux physiologiques de catécholamines (phéochromocytomes incidentaux, PI). Parmi les patients porteurs de PI, certains sont hypertendus (PIH) et d’autres non (PIN). Afin de mieux caractériser les différents profils sécrétoires de PCCs (PS et PI), nous avons recherché une implication potentielle des microARNs (miRNAs). Nous avons réalisé une analyse transcriptionnelle des miRNAs exprimés dans 32 échantillons de PCCs (12 PS, 12 PIN et 8 PIH). Le miRNome a été réalisé par qRT-PCR microfluidique (Taqman Low Density Array, TLDA) pour 671 miRNAs. L’analyse statistique (Limma) des données d’expression a permis d’identifier 4 miRNAs significativement sur-exprimés (hsa-miR-7-1-3p, 7-2-3p, 26a-1-3p et 550a-3p) et 3 miRNAs sous-exprimés (497-3p, 32-5p, 190b-5p) dans les tumeurs PIN par rapport aux PS. Pour identifier les cibles potentielles des miRNAs, de nombreux logiciels de prédictions bioinformatiques sont disponibles en ligne mais les résultats qu’ils génèrent sont très divergents. Afin de contourner ce problème nous avons développé miRabel, un nouvel outil de prédiction des cibles potentielles des miRNAs et des fonctions biologiques qui leurs sont associées. Le principe général consiste à agréger les résultats de 3 autres algorithmes de prédiction sélectionnés pour leur complémentarité. Au final, les analyses des courbes ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), de la précision et du Recall ont montré que cet outil est plus efficace i) que les algorithmes qu’il agrège et ii) que d’autres logiciels de prédictions couramment utilisés tels que miRWalk, MBSTAR et TargetScan. Une analyse d'enrichissement (Modular Enrichment Analysis ou MEA, Genecodis3) des cibles prédites pour les miRNAs différentiellement exprimés a révélé qu’ils peuvent moduler significativement l’activité de quelques dizaines de voies de signalisation dont celles du cytosquelette d’actine et des SNAREs (impliquées dans le transport vésiculaire). En se basant sur l’expression des miRNAs, leurs énergies d’hybridation avec leurs cibles ainsi que leurs effets physiologiques potentiels, les ARNm des gènes PAK3, MLCP, MLCK (cytosquelette d’actine), SNAP25 et STX1A (SNAREs) ont été retenus pour la suite de l’étude. Les essais luciférases ont mis en évidence une interaction entre la totalité de l’extrémité 3’UTR des ARNm de MLCK et miR-32, STX1A et miR-550a-3p, SNAP25 et miR-7-1-3p ainsi que miR-550a-3p. Les autres interactions testées se sont révélées négatives. Les analyses par RT-qPCR ont montré une diminution significative du niveau d’ARNm de MLCK et de STX1A suite à la transfection de miR-32-5p et miR-550a-3p respectivement. Concernant SNAP25, un effet inhibiteur de miR-550a-3p / 7-1-3p est observé. Cet effet a été confirmé au niveau protéique pour STX1A et SNAP25. / Pheochromocytomas (PCC) are rare neuroendocrine tumors which arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. In most cases, PCCs are characterized by a hypersecretion of catecholamines, which is responsible for most of deleterious effects in the patients with hypertension being the main symptom (symptomatic pheochromocytomas, SP). However, some PCCs are asymptomatic and secrete physiological levels of catecholamines (Incidental Pheochromocytomas, IP). Among patients with an IP, some are hypertensive (HIP) and other are strictly normotensive (NIP). In order to better understand the different secretory profiles of PCCs (SP and IP), we investigated the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process. We started by identifying differentially expressed miRNAs between 12 SP, 12 NIP and 8 SP. The miRNome was done by microfluidic qRT-PCR (Taqman Low Density Array, TLDA) for 671 miRNAs. Statistical analysis (Limma) of the expression results identified 4 miRNAs significantly over-expressed (hsa-miR-7-1-3p, 7-2-3p, 26a-1-3p et 550a-3p) and 3 under-expressed (497-3p, 32-5p, 190b-5p) in NIP tumors when compared to SP. To identify potential miRNAs’ targets, numerous bioinformatic prediction methods are available but their results are quite divergent. To circumvent this issue, we developed miRabel, a new miRNAs’ targets prediction tool and their associated biological functions. MiRabel aggregated the results of 3 other prediction algorithms selected for their features complementarity. The analysis of ROC, precision and recall curves showed that this tool is more efficient i) than the aggregated prediction methods and ii) than other recent or widely used tools such as miRWalk, MBSTAR and TargetScan. A Modular Enrichment Analysis (MEA, Genecodis3) of the miRNAs’ predicted targets revealed that they could potentially regulate the activity of a few pathways of which the actin cytoskeleton and the SNAREs (involved in vesicular transport). PAK3, MLCP, MLCK (Actin cytoskeleton), SNAP25 and STX1A (SNAREs) were selected to be experimentally validated based on miRNA’s expression, hybridization energy and potential physiological impact. Experimental validations of the selected interactions are achieved by luciferase gene reporter, RT-qPCR assays and western-blots following the transfection of studied miRNAs. Luciferase assays showed a direct interaction between the whole 3’UTR of MLCK mRNA and miR-32-5p, STX1A and miR-550a-3p, SNAP25 and miR-7-1-3p as well as miR-550a-3p. The other tested interactions came out to be negative. A significant decrease of MLCK mRNA and STX1A were observed by RT-qPCR analysis after transfecting miR-32-5p and miR-550a-3p respectively. As for SNAP25, the inhibitory effect of miR550a-3p/7-1-3p could be observed. This effect was confirmed at the protein level by western-blots for STX1A and SNAP25. We then evaluated the physiological effect of miR-550a-3p/7-1-3p on the regulated secretion of PC12 rat PCC cells. This was achieved using a nano-luciferase fused to growth hormone 1 (GH1). Once stimulated (59 mM potassium and 2 mM barium), miR-550a-3p over-expression decreased the secretory capacity of PC12 cells while miR-7-1-3p could not. This project represents the first study aiming to understand the regulation of the catecholamine secretion pathway by miRNAs in the pathophysiological context of PCC patients. Eventually, the characterization of this miRNA’s network should improve patient care in the field of hypersecreting neuroendocrine tumors.

This work summarizes the results of a research inquiring into relatively rare neuroendocrine tumors - pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PHEO/PGL) These tumors may arise on a hereditary genetic predisposition basis. On that account we primarily focused on a genetic examination of patients with PHEO/PGL. Methods for diagnostics of changes in SDHD, SDHB and RET genes were implemented. The number of examined genes has been (and is still being) extended. Currently we are investigating these genes: ATRX, BRAF, CDH1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, FGFR1, FH, FHIT, GNAS, HIF2A (EPAS1), H-RAS, IDH1, IDH2, KIF1Bß, KMT2D, K-RAS, MAML3, MAX, MDH2, MET, NF1, NGFR, N-RAS, PHD2/EGLN1, RET, SDHA, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, TERT, TMEM 127, TP53 and VHL, using next generation sequencing. The number of variations of the above mentioned genes is different (23%) in Czech patients with PHEO/PGL in comparison with some foreign studies (27%, 40%). This may be caused by geographical influences or selection of patients. PHEO/PGL occur mainly (75%) in a benign form. A malignant form may be indicated by the presence of chromaffin tissue in locations where these tumors do not usually occur - liver, lungs, bones. In our study we focused on characteristics indicating the malignancy, for example, the lower age of patients with the first manifestation...