Der Austausch von Proteinen und Lipiden zwischen den Organellen des Endomembransystems wird über einen gerichteten Transport von Vesikeln gewährleistet. Für die spezifische Fusion der Transportvesikel mit der Akzeptormembran sind Tethering-Faktoren, Rab-GTPasen und SNARE-Proteine verantwortlich. Die Zusammenlagerung der membranassoziierten SNAREs zu einem Bündel aus vier α-Helices leitet die Verschmelzung der Membranen ein. Obwohl jedes Kompartiment des Endomembransystems eine spezifische SNARE-Ausstattung besitzt, benötigen SNAREs zusätzliche Faktoren, um selektiv zu assemblieren. Diese Aufgabe wird von Tethering-Faktoren, SM-Proteinen und Rab-GTPasen übernommen. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae ist der hexamere HOPS als Tethering-Komplex zusammen mit den SNAREs Vam3, Vam7, Vti1, Nyv1 und Ykt6 an der Fusion mit der Vakuole beteiligt. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit lag auf der Chakterisierung der Wechselwirkung zwischen HOPS und SNAREs und der Analyse der Bedeutung dieser Bindungen für die Fusion mit der Vakuole.

Our study aims to investigate the role of Syntaxin-3 in glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and how it regulates the recruitment to plasma membrane and/or exocytotic fusion of insulin granules. We examined endogenous Syn-3 function by down-regulating its expression using siRNA/lenti-shRNA, which impaired GSIS. Although Syn-3 depleted cells showed no change in the number and fusion of docked granules, there was a reduction in newcomer granules and their subsequent exocytotic fusion. We then examined the effects of overexpressing Syn-3-WT, which enhanced biphasic GSIS. Since open conformation (OF) Syn-1A was reported to enhance exocytosis by promoting SNARE complex formation, we constructed OF Syn-3. Exogenous OF Syn-3 had no effect on secretion as it is unable to be trafficked to insulin granules. Taken together, we conclude that Syn-3 facilitates mobilization of newcomer insulin granules to the plasma membrane, to contribute to both first and second phase of GSIS in pancreatic beta cells.

Our study aims to investigate the role of Syntaxin-3 in glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and how it regulates the recruitment to plasma membrane and/or exocytotic fusion of insulin granules. We examined endogenous Syn-3 function by down-regulating its expression using siRNA/lenti-shRNA, which impaired GSIS. Although Syn-3 depleted cells showed no change in the number and fusion of docked granules, there was a reduction in newcomer granules and their subsequent exocytotic fusion. We then examined the effects of overexpressing Syn-3-WT, which enhanced biphasic GSIS. Since open conformation (OF) Syn-1A was reported to enhance exocytosis by promoting SNARE complex formation, we constructed OF Syn-3. Exogenous OF Syn-3 had no effect on secretion as it is unable to be trafficked to insulin granules. Taken together, we conclude that Syn-3 facilitates mobilization of newcomer insulin granules to the plasma membrane, to contribute to both first and second phase of GSIS in pancreatic beta cells.

No description available.

Le phéochromocytome (PCC) est une tumeur neuroendocrine rare qui se développe principalement aux dépens des cellules chromaffines de la médullo-surrénale. Dans la majorité des cas, les PCCs sont caractérisés par une hypersécrétion de catécholamines responsables de divers effets délétères chez les patients dont le principal est une hypertension (phéochromocytomes symptomatiques, PS). Cependant, il existe également une forme particulière de PCCs asymptomatiques qui sécrètent des taux physiologiques de catécholamines (phéochromocytomes incidentaux, PI). Parmi les patients porteurs de PI, certains sont hypertendus (PIH) et d’autres non (PIN). Afin de mieux caractériser les différents profils sécrétoires de PCCs (PS et PI), nous avons recherché une implication potentielle des microARNs (miRNAs). Nous avons réalisé une analyse transcriptionnelle des miRNAs exprimés dans 32 échantillons de PCCs (12 PS, 12 PIN et 8 PIH). Le miRNome a été réalisé par qRT-PCR microfluidique (Taqman Low Density Array, TLDA) pour 671 miRNAs. L’analyse statistique (Limma) des données d’expression a permis d’identifier 4 miRNAs significativement sur-exprimés (hsa-miR-7-1-3p, 7-2-3p, 26a-1-3p et 550a-3p) et 3 miRNAs sous-exprimés (497-3p, 32-5p, 190b-5p) dans les tumeurs PIN par rapport aux PS. Pour identifier les cibles potentielles des miRNAs, de nombreux logiciels de prédictions bioinformatiques sont disponibles en ligne mais les résultats qu’ils génèrent sont très divergents. Afin de contourner ce problème nous avons développé miRabel, un nouvel outil de prédiction des cibles potentielles des miRNAs et des fonctions biologiques qui leurs sont associées. Le principe général consiste à agréger les résultats de 3 autres algorithmes de prédiction sélectionnés pour leur complémentarité. Au final, les analyses des courbes ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), de la précision et du Recall ont montré que cet outil est plus efficace i) que les algorithmes qu’il agrège et ii) que d’autres logiciels de prédictions couramment utilisés tels que miRWalk, MBSTAR et TargetScan. Une analyse d'enrichissement (Modular Enrichment Analysis ou MEA, Genecodis3) des cibles prédites pour les miRNAs différentiellement exprimés a révélé qu’ils peuvent moduler significativement l’activité de quelques dizaines de voies de signalisation dont celles du cytosquelette d’actine et des SNAREs (impliquées dans le transport vésiculaire). En se basant sur l’expression des miRNAs, leurs énergies d’hybridation avec leurs cibles ainsi que leurs effets physiologiques potentiels, les ARNm des gènes PAK3, MLCP, MLCK (cytosquelette d’actine), SNAP25 et STX1A (SNAREs) ont été retenus pour la suite de l’étude. Les essais luciférases ont mis en évidence une interaction entre la totalité de l’extrémité 3’UTR des ARNm de MLCK et miR-32, STX1A et miR-550a-3p, SNAP25 et miR-7-1-3p ainsi que miR-550a-3p. Les autres interactions testées se sont révélées négatives. Les analyses par RT-qPCR ont montré une diminution significative du niveau d’ARNm de MLCK et de STX1A suite à la transfection de miR-32-5p et miR-550a-3p respectivement. Concernant SNAP25, un effet inhibiteur de miR-550a-3p / 7-1-3p est observé. Cet effet a été confirmé au niveau protéique pour STX1A et SNAP25. / Pheochromocytomas (PCC) are rare neuroendocrine tumors which arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. In most cases, PCCs are characterized by a hypersecretion of catecholamines, which is responsible for most of deleterious effects in the patients with hypertension being the main symptom (symptomatic pheochromocytomas, SP). However, some PCCs are asymptomatic and secrete physiological levels of catecholamines (Incidental Pheochromocytomas, IP). Among patients with an IP, some are hypertensive (HIP) and other are strictly normotensive (NIP). In order to better understand the different secretory profiles of PCCs (SP and IP), we investigated the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process. We started by identifying differentially expressed miRNAs between 12 SP, 12 NIP and 8 SP. The miRNome was done by microfluidic qRT-PCR (Taqman Low Density Array, TLDA) for 671 miRNAs. Statistical analysis (Limma) of the expression results identified 4 miRNAs significantly over-expressed (hsa-miR-7-1-3p, 7-2-3p, 26a-1-3p et 550a-3p) and 3 under-expressed (497-3p, 32-5p, 190b-5p) in NIP tumors when compared to SP. To identify potential miRNAs’ targets, numerous bioinformatic prediction methods are available but their results are quite divergent. To circumvent this issue, we developed miRabel, a new miRNAs’ targets prediction tool and their associated biological functions. MiRabel aggregated the results of 3 other prediction algorithms selected for their features complementarity. The analysis of ROC, precision and recall curves showed that this tool is more efficient i) than the aggregated prediction methods and ii) than other recent or widely used tools such as miRWalk, MBSTAR and TargetScan. A Modular Enrichment Analysis (MEA, Genecodis3) of the miRNAs’ predicted targets revealed that they could potentially regulate the activity of a few pathways of which the actin cytoskeleton and the SNAREs (involved in vesicular transport). PAK3, MLCP, MLCK (Actin cytoskeleton), SNAP25 and STX1A (SNAREs) were selected to be experimentally validated based on miRNA’s expression, hybridization energy and potential physiological impact. Experimental validations of the selected interactions are achieved by luciferase gene reporter, RT-qPCR assays and western-blots following the transfection of studied miRNAs. Luciferase assays showed a direct interaction between the whole 3’UTR of MLCK mRNA and miR-32-5p, STX1A and miR-550a-3p, SNAP25 and miR-7-1-3p as well as miR-550a-3p. The other tested interactions came out to be negative. A significant decrease of MLCK mRNA and STX1A were observed by RT-qPCR analysis after transfecting miR-32-5p and miR-550a-3p respectively. As for SNAP25, the inhibitory effect of miR550a-3p/7-1-3p could be observed. This effect was confirmed at the protein level by western-blots for STX1A and SNAP25. We then evaluated the physiological effect of miR-550a-3p/7-1-3p on the regulated secretion of PC12 rat PCC cells. This was achieved using a nano-luciferase fused to growth hormone 1 (GH1). Once stimulated (59 mM potassium and 2 mM barium), miR-550a-3p over-expression decreased the secretory capacity of PC12 cells while miR-7-1-3p could not. This project represents the first study aiming to understand the regulation of the catecholamine secretion pathway by miRNAs in the pathophysiological context of PCC patients. Eventually, the characterization of this miRNA’s network should improve patient care in the field of hypersecreting neuroendocrine tumors.

VPS33B is a Sec1/Munc18 protein required for the biogenesis of α-granules in megakaryocytes, which give rise to platelets. Mutations in VPS33B cause arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome. Platelets from ARC patients completely lack α-granules, causing a bleeding disorder. VPS33B plays a role in vesicular fusion events through its interaction with the SNARE proteins, though no such interactions have been identified. Here, it is shown that VPS33B interacts with STX6, a member of the syntaxin subfamily of SNAREs. The introduction of ARC mutations into VPS33B completely abrogated binding to STX6. Confocal microscopy studies revealed STX6 co-localizes well with markers of the α-granule biogenesis pathway. This implies a role for the interaction of VPS33B with STX6 in α-granule biogenesis. Based on the known structure of STX6 and that predicted of VPS33B, suggests a novel and unique mode of binding between VPS33B and STX6 compared to other identified SM-STX pairs.

VPS33B is a Sec1/Munc18 protein required for the biogenesis of α-granules in megakaryocytes, which give rise to platelets. Mutations in VPS33B cause arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome. Platelets from ARC patients completely lack α-granules, causing a bleeding disorder. VPS33B plays a role in vesicular fusion events through its interaction with the SNARE proteins, though no such interactions have been identified. Here, it is shown that VPS33B interacts with STX6, a member of the syntaxin subfamily of SNAREs. The introduction of ARC mutations into VPS33B completely abrogated binding to STX6. Confocal microscopy studies revealed STX6 co-localizes well with markers of the α-granule biogenesis pathway. This implies a role for the interaction of VPS33B with STX6 in α-granule biogenesis. Based on the known structure of STX6 and that predicted of VPS33B, suggests a novel and unique mode of binding between VPS33B and STX6 compared to other identified SM-STX pairs.

No description available.

No description available.

Malaria is one of the worlds most deadly infectious diseases and results in almost a million deaths each year, largely in children under the age of five in Sub-Saharan Africa. Outside Africa, malaria is responsible for a large number of cases in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil, Middle East, and in some areas of Asia [37]. According to the World Health Organization, there was an estimated 655, 000 deaths from malaria in 2012. Malaria is caused by a eukaryotic Apicomplexan parasite, Plasmodium, which has three distinct life cycles occurring in the midgut of the female Anopheles mosquito, the liver of the human host, and human erythrocytes. When the parasite infects the erythrocyte, some induced cell host modifications are made in order to accommodate growth. During its intra-erythrocytic life cycle, the malaria parasite traffics numerous proteins to a set of unique destinations within its own plasma membrane including the digestive vacuole, the apicoplast, rhoptries, and micronemes. Vesicular transport is an essential process in eukaryotic cells. This coordinated process is responsible for moving thousands of proteins between compartments within the cell. Essential to the targeting and fusion of protein transport vesicles in eukaryotes are SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), a family of fusogenic proteins that are localized to distinct intracellular compartments [11]. Studies performed in our laboratory have identified 18 proteins putatively belonging to the PfSNARE family [2]. To date the exact role of PfSNAREs in the unique trafficking pathways of malaria is undetermined. Of particular interest to our study is PfVAMP8. In model eukaryotic organisms, VAMP8 containing vesicles deliver cargo to lysosomes and are involved in endocytosis. The food vacuole of the parasite is very similar to that of lysosomes and is essential to parasite survival. The study aims to identify the organelle(s) to which PfVAMP8 is localized and characterize membrane-association properties of this parasite’s R-SNARE protein. We believe that PfVAMP8 would localize to unique compartments in the parasite protein network flow. An in depth understanding of its mechanisms and localizations could be a key in developing novel anti-malarials. This study aims to identify the organelle(s) to which PfVAMP8 are localized, determine the trafficking determinants of this protein and determine this proteins’ expression and membrane association during the intra-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Our immunofluorescence studies with known biological markers reveals that, PfVAMP8 passes through the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and localizes to the food vacuole during trophozoite and schizont stage. Further characterization of the membrane association properties of the protein in this study reveals that PfVAMP8 is a soluble integral membrane protein with amphipathic characteristics.