This thesis proposes a consideration of Berkeley's thought from the standpoint of its roots, rather than (which is the prevalent perspective in today's Berkeley scholarship) from the point of view of the developments that this thought has brought about in modern philosophy. Chapter One deals with a number of specific introductory issues, and then delineates a theoretical context within which my own approach will reveal its scholarly significance. In Chapter Two I advance the idea that there is in Berkeley's early writings an entire network of Platonic features, attitudes, and mind sets, prefiguring his speculative and openly Platonic writing Siris. Chapter Three is a systematic attempt at considering Berkeley's immaterialist philosophy in close connection to the topic of liber mundi, with the twofold objective of pointing out those of the medieval implications of the topic that Berkeley preserved, and the "novelties" he brought forth in his use of the topic. The central idea around which Chapter Four is clustered is that, in Siris, Berkeley comes to make use of one of the most ancient "spiritual techniques": alchemy. Berkeley’s arguments and notions in Siris will be discussed by constant reference to alchemic notions, writings and authors. Chapter Five is an attempt at considering Berkeley’s thought from the standpoint of the Christian apologetic tradition, and its objective is to show that one of the roots of Berkeley's thought could be found precisely in this tradition. In Chapter Six I will show that even when designing such a practical project as the "Bermuda scheme" Berkeley was under the modeling influence of the past. More precisely, the chapter purports to offer a discussion of Berkeley's "Bermuda scheme" in light of the Western representations of the "happy islands", "earthly paradise", ''eschaton". The last chapter (Chapter Seven) purports to undertake a comparative analysis of some of the ideas professed by medieval Catharism, and George Berkeley’s denial of the existence of matter. The central notion around which my comparative approach is articulated is the idea that, in both cases, matter is regarded as the source of evil. What I will try to show is that Berkeley's attitudes to the material world echoed certain Cathar theological anxieties and patterns of thought.

Ce projet, sous le contrôle et la responsabilité de M. le Pr. Carlos Lévy, Professeur de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, et de M. le Pr. Emidio Spinelli, professeur à l’Université de Rome La Sapienza, se propose comme objectif un travail approfondi, critique et comparatif des études de philosophie ancienne ayant Socrate comme sujet, en France et en Italie, entre 1900 et 1950. Il ne s'agit pas de poursuivre une coincidentia oppositorum, mais d'analyser une polarité dialogique en mouvement perpétuel et une altérité qui s’enrichit de la prise de conscience des différences spécifiques. Quatre leitmotive guident l'analyse des onze représentations socratiques: La Politique, introduite par un paragraphe sur Socrate et la ville d'Athènes et suivie par les interprétations de Léon Robin et George Bastide; l'Ethique, qui concerne la valeur morale du message de Socrate, développé par Antonio anfi, Jean Patocka et Piero Martinetti; la Religion, sur le problème de son « évangile avant la lettre », traité par Jean André Festugière, Michele Federico Sciacca, Ernesto Buonaiuti et Carlo Mazzantini; et le Dialegesthai, car sa façon de dialoguer devient fondamental dans les interprétations de Guido Calogero et Giuseppe Rensi. / Under the direction of Professor Carlos Lévy (Sorbonne University) and Professor Emidio Spinelli (Rome University) this dissertation provides a critical comparative study of ancient philosophy. It focuses on the perception of Socrates’s work in France and Italy between 1900 and 1950. Rather than limiting the analysis to the unity of opposites, the goal consists of exploring the perpetual, dynamic polarity inherent in the dialogue. Moreover, this study aims at emphasizing the contrast that is fueled by a growing awareness of the underlying differences. Four leitmotive guide the work of eleven Socratic representations: First, La Politique, which is introduced by a paragraph on Socrate et la ville d’Athenes and followed by the works of Léon Robin and George Bastide. Second, Etique, which focuses on the moral value of Socrates’ discourse and which is developed by Antionio Banfi, Jean Patocka and Piero Martinetti. Third, Religion, which deals with the issue of his “gospel before the written word,” discussed by Jean André Festugière, Michele Federico Sciacca, Ernesto Buonaiuti etCarlo Mazzantini. And last, Dialegesthai, because its way of communicating becomes fundamental in the works of Guido Calogero and Giuseppe Rensi.

This study sets out to reclaim the ontological epistemology of Saint Thomas Aquinas which serves as a unifier of knowledge in being, within the philosophical milieu of being’s forgottenness. Post-Humean and Kantian thought made appearance rather than being solely accessible to the thinking subject. The consequence has been the marginalisation of being as reflected in truth – influenced by scientistic and postmodern paradigms – which has contributed to both the paucity of meaningless metaphysics, and the conceptualisation of science and faith as necessarily opposing categories. To the end of establishing that science and faith have points of intersection, it is argued that the reclamation of Thomist natural philosophy leads to the defence of a clarified form of realism. Establishing the “real” implies that the metaphysical dimensions of the problem of existence can be explored. Within this realist model, the “pre-Modern” Thomistic theory of “scientia” is employed to bring physical and natural science and metaphysics into relationship as components of true knowledge of being. Consequently, the author puts forth that “scientia” is exemplified in, amongst others, the particular science of cosmology since the rudimentary point of engagement between physical and metaphysical science occurs in the act of creation, that is, when being comes into existence. Whilst metaphysics is often disregarded, it is consistently proposed that the causal nature of being demands – by its presence – a more robust account than physical and natural science can offer. The contribution made by this work rests in its ontologically-formed epistemic typology whereby “hard” science and faith are related in boundary areas of knowledge, that is, when metaphysical problems emerge from within physical and natural science. By reimaging “hard” science and reasonable faith within “scientia”, both approaches are conceived as adequating to truth when their content is reflective of being. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Philosophy / DPhil / Unrestricted

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-05T18:41:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Hober Alves Lopes - 2015.pdf: 2389325 bytes, checksum: 38d9d2370845de9a48cf9845b66e0210 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T19:28:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Hober Alves Lopes - 2015.pdf: 2389325 bytes, checksum: 38d9d2370845de9a48cf9845b66e0210 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Hober Alves Lopes - 2015.pdf: 2389325 bytes, checksum: 38d9d2370845de9a48cf9845b66e0210 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to investigate as the structure of the philosophical field English of late nineteenth century from the Mind Review – the first magazine of philosophy and psychology – in order to compose a picture of the history of philosophy through analysis yours articles as to establishing that we call philosophical historiography. For this, we work with two different temporality: the first corresponds to the formation of philosophical field being analyzed qualitatively your articles between the years 1876-1922; the second concerns to the establishment of a philosophical historiography structured between the years 1883-1922 – it will be counterposed with ―amateus‖ historiography and professional historiography. It is in the later quater of the nineteenth century we observe the emergence of various fields of knowledge, such as philosophy and history. It is the imediation between these two fields that this research is being processed. The aim is to precisely verify what was the contribution of English philosophy in discussions about topics of methodology and epistemology of history, and so, see how it was processed such discussions in both areas. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar tanto a estruturação do campo filosófico inglês do final do século XIX a partir da Mind Review – a primeira revista de filosofia e psicologia – com o intuito de compor um quadro da história da filosofia através da análise de seus artigos quanto estabelecer aquilo que denominamos de historiografia filosófica. Para isso, trabalhamos com duas temporalidades distintas: a primeira corresponde à formação do campo filisófico sendo analisado qualitativamente os seus artigos entre os anos de 1876-1922; a segunda, diz respeito ao estabelecimento de uma historiografia filosófica estruturada entre os anos de 1883-1922 – que será contraposta com a historiografia ―amadora‖ e com a historiografia profissional. É no último quartel do século XIX que observamos o surgimento de vários campos de conhecimento, tais como o da filosofia e o da história. É na mediação entre esses dois campos que essa pesquisa está sendo processada. O que se pretende é justamente verificar qual foi a contribuição da filosofia inglesa nas discussões sobre tópicos de metodologia e epistemologia da história, e assim, verificar como foi processado tais discussões em ambos os domínios.