Diplomová práca sa zaoberá návrhom mixéru pre výrobu fosfátových hnojív s ohľadom na zadané požiadavky. Práca samotná je rozdelená do niekoľkých častí, kde prvá formuluje ciele riešenia. Základné otázky konkrétneho priemyslu sú odpovedané s akcentom na premenné, ktoré priamo ovplyvňujú kvalitu mixovania. Ďalšia časť práce prezentuje ideový návrh so sadou výpočtov, ktoré podporujú požadovaný výkon a mechanický dizajn mixéru. Hriadeľ je kontrolovaný analytickým výpočtom a metódou FEM, vyúsťujúc do zhodných záverov. Navrhnutý dizajn mixéru je prezentovaný 3D modelmi jeho súčastí, ktoré boli vytvorené v prostredí Autodesk Inventor. Práca obsahuje taktiež 2D dokumentáciu.

A growing population, urbanization and an increase in the number of industries is causing an increase in sewage sludge (SS) that needs to be either beneficially used or disposed of. Application of SS to agricultural lands is a well-known practice but the plant available phosphate and phosphate fertilizer value of SS has been of concern. This is especially due to the wide variety of soils that SS is applied to and the different phosphate removal processes that sewage waste water undergoes at the water care works and the source used to produce SS. Phosphate phyto-availability and phosphate fertilizer value of petrochemical and municipal wastewater sludges (SS) were determined in four different soils using an incubation study over 168 days, a pot trial over 42 days and a field trial over one season. Phosphate phyto-availability was determined/calculated by means of an incubation approach. Soils were incubated with sludge as well as mono ammonium phosphate (MAP). The soils were then subjected to a Bray-1 extraction after a certain time (42 days, 168 days). The relative phosphate fertilizer value (RPFV) was then expressed as a percentage of the Bray-1 extractability of the sludge-amended soil, relative to the MAP-amended soil. The influence of soil properties, especially clay content, and sludge properties namely phosphate extraction method (chemical and biological) from waste water stream, was investigated to determine the effect on phytoavailability and fertilizer value of phosphate in SS-amended soil. Soil properties were the dominant factor determining plant available phosphate, where plant available phosphate decreased with increasing clay content, irrelevant of the type of treatment. There were, however, significant differences between the chemical and biologically removed SS, where the biologically removed SS had higher plant available phosphate. The RPFV % of the SS was comparable to MAP in terms of its plant availability. Wetting and drying cycles in the pot trial influenced the plant available phosphate from the SS, where the chemically treated sludge showed in general lower plant availability. The RPFV % of the biologically removed phosphate sludges was better than that of MAP and that of the chemically phosphate removed sludge were lower. Application of all the different sludge types resulted in a positive reaction on plant available phosphate for all the soils. All the trials were conducted at pH of about 5.5. However, it is expected that biologically P removed sludge will perform better in acid soils. The reason being that ferric phosphate in the chemically treated sludge is less soluble under pH conditions lower than 5.5 than above it. / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Plant Production and Soil Science / MScAgric / Unrestricted

No description available.

<p>Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted.</p>

The concentrations of trace elements in 30 Saanich Peninsula agricultural soil samples were determined by acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). A comparison of the results obtained to a 1995 BC Ministry of Environment data indicated that As, Cu, Mo, Sb, Se and Sn concentrations had increased whereas the concentrations of Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn had decreased. The principal sources of the trace elements were anthropogenic sources including fertilizer and manure application, weathering of rocks and atmospheric deposition. The concentrations changes were largely influenced by the individual properties of the elements, soil texture, soil organic matter and clay content. The mobility of the trace elements in the soils was mainly controlled by clay content and followed the order Cd> B >Mo> Cr> V> Zn> Se> Co> Cr> As> Ba> Sb> Mn> Ag, Be, Hg, Ni, Pb.

<p>Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted.</p>

The obtaining and selection of new varieties of castor bean, associated with the cultural practices of fertilization and of pest and diseases control, have been the technologies identified as the most promising to increase the productivity of these oilseed in several Brazilian regions. There are only a few studies conducted on castor bean in Brazil, in relation to fertilizer, the search on phosphorus should be prioritized, therefore, the Brazilian soils in general, are deficient in this element. Moreover, this nutrient participates of the energy production through the plant and influences in the absorption and metabolism of several elements too.Thus, the objective to assess the effect of phosphorus on growth sexual expression, nutritional status, accumulation of nutrients and the productivity of two castor bean varieties. The research was conducted in the experimental area of the Agricultural Center of Sciences, located in the city of Rio Largo, Alagoas. The study was a 5 x 2 factor, consisted of five doses of P (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha-1) and two castor bean varieties, BRS 149 Nordestina and BRS 188 Paraguaçu, with the treatments distributed in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The soil of the experimental area was examined and received limestone in sufficient quantity to raise the saturation by bases to 60%. Varieties of castor bean seedlings were produced in a greenhouse, which were only transplanted into the field when they showed about 25 cm of height. Holes of 30 x 30 x 30 cm were made, separated by 1.0 x 3.0 m, and at the bottom of them triple super-phosphate was applied in quantities equivalent to doses established for each treatment. At the 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting (D.A.T) to determined the leaf area and the heights of the plants. On the 50th day, D.A.T. collected the +4 leaves for evaluation of the nutritional status of the plants and on the day before, covering fertilization was done, using the ammonium sulfate and the potassium chloride in doses equivalent to 30 and 60 kg ha-1 of N and K, respectively. The development of the reproductive organs was also evaluated through the length of the primary custer and the following, the numbers of custer produced during the entire cycle, productivity of seeds and the accumulation of biomass and nutrients in the upper parts. For the leaf area, the fertilization effect was only noticed at the 30 and 120 days; and for the height of the plants, some effect was only noticed at the 30 DAT, both being squared. The phosphate fertilizer only influenced in the leaf content of iron, however, there was a linear effect for the accumulation of N and quadratic for the accumulation of P and K. There was an varietal effect in leaf levels, which in the BRS 149 Nordestina variety were found the largest levels of N and least of Ca, without having a significant difference for the other nutrients. The quadratic effect of phosphate fertilizer was verified for the size of the primary custer, the number of custer produced, productivity of seeds and accumulation of dry matter. The varieties showed difference in the number and in the length of the primary custer and following, the largest quantity being verified in the plants of the BRS 188 Paraguaçu variety and longest lengths in the BRS 149 Nordestina variety. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A obtenção e seleção de novas cultivares de mamona, associada às práticas culturais de adubação, controle de pragas e doenças, têm sido as tecnologias apontadas como as mais promissoras para se aumentar a produtividade dessa oleaginosa em diversas regiões brasileiras. Há poucos estudos conduzidos com mamoneira no Brasil e, em relação à adubação, deve-se priorizar as pesquisas com fósforo, pois, os solos brasileiros de um modo geral, são deficientes neste elemento. Além disso, esse nutriente participa dos processos de produção de energia pela planta e também influencia na absorção e no metabolismo de vários elementos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação fosfatada no crescimento, expressão sexual, estado nutricional, acúmulo de nutrientes e produtividade de duas variedades de mamona. A pesquisa foi conduzida na área experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias, localizado no município de Rio Largo, Alagoas. O estudo foi um fatorial 5 x 2, constituído por cinco doses de P (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 kg ha-1) e duas variedades de mamona, BRS 149 Nordestina e BRS 188 Paraguaçu, com os tratamentos distribuídos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O solo da área experimental foi analisado e recebeu calcário em quantidade suficiente para elevar a saturação por bases a 60%. Produziram-se em casa de vegetação, mudas das variedades de mamoneira, que foram transplantadas para o campo quando apresentaram cerca de 25 cm de altura. Abriram-se covas de 30 x 30 x 30 cm, espaçadas de 1,0 m entre plantas e 3,0 m entre linhas, aplicando-se o superfosfato triplo no fundo das covas em quantidades equivalentes as doses estabelecidas para cada tratamento. Aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o transplantio (D.A.T.) determinou-se a área foliar e a altura das plantas. Aos 50 dias D.A.T. coletaram-se as folhas +4 para avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas e no dia posterior, realizou-se adubação em cobertura, utilizando-se o sulfato de amônio e o cloreto de potássio em doses equivalentes a 40 e 60 kg ha-1 de N e K, respectivamente. Avaliaram-se também, o desenvolvimento dos órgãos reprodutivos, através do comprimento dos racemos primários e dos subseqüentes, dos números de racemos produzidos durante todo o ciclo, produtividade de sementes e o acúmulo de biomassa e de nutrientes na parte aérea. Para área foliar foi observado efeito da adubação somente aos 30 e 120 D.A.T. e, para altura de plantas constatou-se efeito apenas aos 30 dias, sendo ambos quadráticos. A adubação fosfatada influenciou apenas no teor foliar de ferro, entretanto, verificou-se efeito linear para o acúmulo de N e, quadrático para o acúmulo de P e K. Houve efeito varietal nos teores foliares, tendo-se constatado na variedade BRS 149 Nordestina os maiores teores de N e os menores de Ca, não havendo diferença significativa para os demais nutrientes. Verificou-se efeito quadrático da adubação fosfatada para o tamanho do racemo primário, número de racemos produzidos, produtividade de sementes e acúmulo de matéria seca. As variedades apresentaram diferença no número e no comprimento dos racemos primários e subseqüentes, tendo-se verificado a maior quantidade nas plantas da variedade BRS 188 Paraguaçu e os maiores comprimentos na variedade BRS 149 Nordestina.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-05T15:03:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA132.pdf: 848698 bytes, checksum: 5897528fb935abd45691ddc9a7e601c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T15:03:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA132.pdf: 848698 bytes, checksum: 5897528fb935abd45691ddc9a7e601c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-19 / Capes / Phosphorus (P) fertilization in apple orchards has received less attention than nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization. In Brazil there is no information about apple response to P application to the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of P application to the soil on some parameters related to fruit quality as well as to fruit mineral composition. The experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard in São Joaquim, SC, during the growing seasons of 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. It was used the cultivar ‘Fuji Suprema’ grafted over Marubakaido/M9 rootstock, in a high tree density system, planted on an Haplumbrept. Treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, with five replicaitions. Each experimental unit had seven trees spaced 4.2 x 1.2 m, but only the five central trees were used for evaluations. Treatments consisted of P2O5 rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 year-1), applied annually from 2011, in the form of triple superphosphate, after harvesting, on soil surface, without incorporation, centralized along the planting line. Fruits were harvested 15 days before commercial harvest, and we collected two samples of 15 fruits from each treatment. One sample was evaluated immediately after harvest and the other one was cold stored in controlled atmosphere chambers for six months before evaluation. The parameters related to fruit quality assessed at harvest and after six months of storage were: pH, soluble solid (SS), titratable acidity (TA),flesh firmness and skin color. Ca, Mg, K, N and P contents were determined in the fruits once a year. Fruit quality data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and the means were compared using Tukey test (p < 0,05). Analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed on fruit mineral content data to determine the effects of P rates. Fruit attributes (pH, SS, AT and flesh firmness), at both determining times, were not affected by P application to the soil. In relation to fruit color attributes, only the parameter h° of the redder side of the fruit, determined at harvest, was affected by P addition to the soil. The contents of Ca, Mg, K, N and P were not affected by P addition to the soil. The P content in the soil increased with P addition, and the layer of 0-10 cm depth presented the highest increases. Thus, the lack of response of ‘Fuji’ fruits to soil P addition indicates that phosphorus fertilization is not needed to increase fruit quality on established apple orchards / A adubação com fósforo (P) em pomares de macieira tem recebido menos atenção que a adubação com nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K). No Brasil existem poucas informações sobre a resposta da cultura à aplicação de P para as condições de solo e regiões onde a macieira é cultivada. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de P nos parâmetros de qualidade no momento da colheita e após armazenamento, e a composição mineral de frutos de maçã 'Fuji'. O experimento foi instalado em 2010 e conduzido em um pomar comercial no município de São Joaquim, SC, durante as estações de crescimento de 2012/2013, 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. Usou-se a cultivar ‘Fuji Suprema’ sobre o porta-enxerto Marubakaido/M9, num sistema de alta densidade de plantio, em um Cambissolo Húmico. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. As unidades experimentais foram compostas por sete plantas, espaçadas em 4,2 x 1,2 m, porém, apenas as cinco plantas centrais foram avaliadas. Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1), aplicados anualmente a partir do ano de 2011, na forma de superfosfato triplo, após a colheita dos frutos, sobre a superfície do solo e sem incorporação, centralizada junto à linha de plantio. Os frutos foram colhidos 15 dias antes da colheita comercial, sendo coletadas duas amostras de 15 frutos de cada unidade experimental. Uma amostra foi avaliada logo após a colheita e a outra armazenada em câmaras frigorificas com atmosfera controlada por seis meses. Os parâmetros relacionados com a qualidade de frutos, tanto na colheita quanto após seis meses de armazenamento, foram: pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), firmeza de polpa e cor do fundo da epiderme. Uma vez por ano foi avaliado o teor de Ca, Mg, K, N e P nos frutos. Os dados das variáveis da qualidade de frutos foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de comparação de médias (Tukey; p < 0,05); os atributos minerais foram submetidos à ANOVA e de regressão (p < 0,05) para determinar os efeitos das doses de P. Os atributos físico-químicos dos frutos, como pH, AT, SS e firmeza de polpa, na colheita e após seis meses de armazenamento, não foram influenciados pela aplicação de P ao solo, na média dos anos. Nos atributos de coloração dos frutos, somente a média do ângulo h° do lado mais vermelho do fruto foi afetado, reduzindo a coloração dos frutos com a adição de P ao solo. Os teores de Ca, Mg, K, N e P nos frutos, não sofreram influência da adição de P ao solo. Os teores de P no solo aumentaram com a adição de P, sendo a camada de 0-10 cm a que apresentou os maiores aumentos. Os dados obtidos indicam que os atributos relacionados com a qualidade dos frutos da cultivar ‘Fuji Suprema’ não são afetados pela adição de P ao solo

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A eficiÃncia de uma adubaÃÃo fosfatada à correlacionada positivamente com o crescimento na produÃÃo, em outras palavras, quanto mais eficiente for a adubaÃÃo, maiores serÃo os ganhos com a produÃÃo da cultura. Entre as diversas fontes de fÃsforo usadas para enriquecer o solo estÃo os fosfatos naturais de baixa solubilidade e os fosfatos industriais de elevada solubilidade. O elevado custo da importaÃÃo de fertilizantes solÃveis contendo fÃsforo à um dos motivos que fizeram com que muitos paÃses passassem a usar os fosfatos naturais de rochas para melhorar e diminuir os custos da produÃÃo agrÃcola. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiÃncia agronÃmica de diferentes fontes de fÃsforo, representadas pelo fosfato natural do Tocantins (FNT), fosfato natural reativo da TunÃsia (FNR), fosfato natural da Bahia (FNB) e o superfosfato triplo (SFT), e seus efeitos no crescimento do milho em condiÃÃes de casa de vegetaÃÃo. O ensaio foi constituÃdo de um delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados e dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 4x4, sendo este representado por 4 doses de fÃsforo (0, 100, 200 e 300 mg de P kg-1) e 4 fontes de fÃsforo (FNT, FNR, FNB e SFT) com 4 repetiÃÃes. Portanto, o experimento constou de 16 tratamentos, totalizando 64 vasos como unidades experimentais. As menores alturas e diÃmetro de caules foram identificados quando o milho foi fertilizado com fosfatos naturais. Esse resultado à diferente do que ocorreu no tratamento em que foi utilizado o superfosfato triplo, onde constatou-se as maiores alturas e os maiores diÃmetro de caules. Ao analisar as mÃdias de todas as quantidades dos macronutrientes absorvidos pelo milho adubado com superfosfato triplo, FNB, FNT e FNR notou-se que a ordem decrescente de remoÃÃes foi a seguinte: K> N> P> Mg> S> Ca; K> N> Ca> P> Mg> S; K> N> Ca> Mg> P> S; K> N> Mg> Ca> P> S, respectivamente. Analisando-se as mÃdias das quatro fontes de P avaliadas, verificou-se que a eficiÃncia agronÃmica seguiu a seguinte ordem decrescente: Superfosfato triplo> FNB> FNR> FNT. / The efficiency of a phosphate fertilizer is correlated positively with both the plant growth and production, in other words, the more efficient is the fertilizer, the greater the gains in crop growth and production. Among the various phosphorus sources used to enrich the soil there are natural phosphates of low solubility and industrial phosphates of high solubility. The high costs of the imported soluble fertilizers containing phosphorus is one of the reason that have made many countries to begin to use the natural rock phosphates in order to improve and reduce the costs of agricultural production. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate agronomic efficiency of different phosphorus sources, which included the phosphate of Tocantins (FNT), reactive phosphate of Tunisia (FNR), rock phosphate Bahia (FNB) and triple superphosphate (TSP), where their effects on growth of corn under greenhouse conditions were studied. The study was conducted in a completely randomized block design and arranged in a factorial arrangement 4x4, with 4 rates of phosphorus (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg P kg-1), 4 different P sources (FNT FNR, FNB and SFT) and with 4 replications. Therefore, the experiment consisted of 16 treatments, totalizing 64 pots as experimental units. The lower both heights and stalk diameter were obtained when the corn was fertilized with rock phosphate; differently occurred in the treatment in which was used the triple superphosphate, where were found the greatest heights and the largest stalk diameters. By analyzing the averages of the amounts of nutrients absorbed by corn fertilized with triple superphosphate, FNB, FNT and FNR, it was noted that the decreasing order of nutrient absorption was as follows: K> N> P> Mg> S> Ca, K> N> Ca> P> Mg> S, K> N> Ca> Mg> P> S, K> N> Mg> Ca> P> S, respectively. By analyzing the agronomic efficiency values for the 4 P sources applied to corn, it was found that they occurred in a descending order: Triple superphosphate> FNB> FNR> FNT.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Cape Town includes two vegetable farming areas within the city limits, the Joostenbergvlakte/Kraaifontein area and the Philippi area. Both areas supply produce to local markets and further afield. Sporadically, high levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc have been found to occur in some of the soils, irrigation water resources and crops. To find the sources of specifically Cd, Pb and Zn to these agricultural systems, extensive analysis of several heavy metals in inputs such as fertilizers, agrochemicals and supplementary water resources to these farming areas was undertaken. Heavy metal concentrations in soils, irrigation water resources and crops were also determined. Two mitigation techniques that could be used to remediate Cd, Pb and Zn contamination were investigated. The first mitigation method included immobilization of heavy metals as phosphate complexes by using a triple super phosphate fertilizer, while the second method involved mobilisation and thus leaching of heavy metals away from plant roots using EDTA. These mitigation methods were tested in a pot experiment using cabbage as the experimental crop and soil from these areas as growth medium. A survey of common farming practices in these two areas and farmers willingness to use remediation methods was conducted. / South Africa