Amplification of the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB-2 has been linked to the proliferation of breast cancer cells.1,2 Trastuzumab targets the extracellular domain of ErbB-2, leading to growth inhibition of approximately 15% of the breast cancers with genomic amplification of the ERBB2 gene.3 Clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in both early4 and metastatic breast cancers. 5,6 However, many tumors with ERBB2 amplification are not responsive to treatment.7 Moreover, the ones that initially respond, eventually progress and acquire drug resistance.8 An in vitro model for this acquired resistance was established by Chan & al.9 The breast cancer cell line, BT474, containing amplified ERBB2, was grown in the presence of trastuzumab for several months until subclones outgrew. Gene expression profiling was performed on these clones to determine differentially expressed genes between the parental and resistant cells. DARPP-32 (Dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa) was, by far, the most overexpressed transcript. DARPP-32 is coamplified with ERBB2 on the same amplicon of chromosome 17.10 This protein has been mostly described in neurobiology, but DARPP-32 overexpression was recently reported in gastrointestinal, esophageal, prostate and breast cancer.11 Therefore, we suggest that overexpression of DARPP-32 can cause acquired resistance of breast cancer cells to trastuzumab. The in vitro knockout of DARPP-32, using stable shRNA transfection, abolishes the resistance to trastuzumab in the clones, while overexpression of DARPP-32 in the parental cells results in de novo resistance. Overall, our results suggest that DARPP-32 may be a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer patients who develop acquired trastuzumab resistance.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 116-129.

Surgery-induced myeloid derived suppressor cells (sxMDSC)s mediate postoperative suppression of Natural Killer (NK) cells, which enables postoperative cancer recurrence and metastases. Currently, no therapeutics against sxMDSCs have been developed. Recent research has identified that the myeloid-restricted PI3K isoform (PI3Kγ) mediates MDSC activity. I targeted PI3Kγ in sxMDSCs as a therapeutic to reduce postoperative NK cell suppression and metastatic burden. Additionally, I investigated the efficacy of a sxMDSC-specific antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with a PI3Kγ inhibitor payload. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ in sxMDSCs led to reduced AKT phosphorylation and reduced suppression of NK cytotoxicity in human and murine models. PI3Kγ inhibition also reduced postoperative metastatic burden. Despite the novelty of the sxMDSC-specific ADC, it didn’t provide considerable benefits in reducing NK cell suppression compared to the unconjugated PI3Kγ inhibitor. However, this is a “first iteration” in what could be a powerful approach to targeting sxMDSCs, thereby preventing postoperative metastatic burden.

No description available.

Characterization of phosphoproteins-including detection, identification of phosphoproteins and identification of phosphorylation sites-is mostly done with radiolabeling and proteomic techniques. Three main topics related to phosphoprotein characterization are included in this dissertation. First, large-scale characterization of the CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell phosphoproteome was done using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) separation, visualization of phosphoproteins by radiolabeling or a phosphoprotein specific dye, followed by MALDI-TOF identification. Because radiolabeling of phosphoproteins is very sensitive and straightforward to quantify, such analysis can give a clear picture of the relative phosphosphorylation of proteins present in a sample. But there are also limitations to this approach, such as the inability of 2DE to separate hydrophobic, acidic and large proteins and the poor detection limits of common protein stains such as Coomassie stain. Additionally, it is difficulty to excise the right spots for identification because of the low abundance of phosphoproteins which have been visualized by radiolabeling. Furthermore, there are problems associated with metabolic radiolabeling. A second topic of the dissertation is the development of a novel strong cation exchange monolithic column for MudPIT (multidimensional protein identification technology) and phosphopeptide isolation. This column, a poly(AMPS-co-PEGDA) monolith containing as high as 40% AMPS, has several favorable features, such as high binding capacity, extraordinarily high resolution, and high peak capacity, making it ideal for resolving complex peptide samples. Application of this novel column to isolate model phosphopeptides was shown. More general use of this column in MudPIT (strong cation exchange column followed by reverse-phased MS/MS) is probably somewhat limited, due to the hydrophobicity of the AMPS monomer. A better monolith could be obtained if a more hydrophilic monomer was used. In the third area of the dissertation, several individual protein phosphorylation sites were analyzed, employing different strategies. Phosphorylation sites of one multiply phosphorylated tryptic peptide from CK2-phosphorylated phosducin-like protein (PhLP) was well characterized using enrichment with a MonoTip® TiO Pipette Tip. Analysis of syntaxin 1a phosphorylation by AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) was done by peptide level mapping for potential phosphopeptides after its unsuccessful trial with enrichment using the MonoTip® TiO Pipette Tip. Several criteria such as existence of non-phosphorylated forms of potential phosphopeptides, controls and reasonable retention times were used to rule out false positives. Phosphorylation of syntaxin 1a by AMPK was narrowed down to tryptic peptide T32 with evidence from different sources. Three phosphorylation sites of syntaxin 4 by AMPK were identified within the same peptide (Q65QVTILATPLPEESMK80). Further pinpointing of phosphorylation site(s) for syntaxin 1a by AMPK and further confirmation of these phosphorylation sites in syntaxin 4 by AMPK are required in vivo. The role of phosphorylation in syntaxin 4 by AMPK is the next step toward elucidation of AMPK activation and regulation of the glucose uptake mechanism.

Female reproductive performance is a critical component of sustainable pig production systems. There is abundant evidence of genetic variation in these traits among pig breeds. The aims of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting reproductive traits and to identify and characterise positional candidate gene(s) underlying the QTL. A Large White - Meishan F2 population was scanned for QTL with effects on reproductive traits. This analysis revealed 13 putative QTLs on seven different chromosomes with effects on five different traits: ovulation rate (OR), teat number (TN), prenatal survival (PS), total born alive (TBA) and litter size (LS). QTL for PS and LS on chromosome 8 were fine mapped and Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) confirmed as a candidate gene. A genome-wide association study was performed on a diverse population of different breeds and crosses lines, for reproductive traits including LS, TBA, number of stillborn piglets, and number of mummified piglets. Fourteen SNPs were found significantly associated with reproductive traits. The functional study of SPP1 examined the hypothesis that differences in foetal growth may be associated with the effectiveness of conceptus attachment, as measured by SPP1 expression. Patterns of SPP1 mRNA and protein expression in placental and uterine tissues supplying the smallest and a normal-sized foetus from the same uterus were examined in Large White-Landrace (LW-LR), Large White (LW) and Meishan (MS) females 40 and 45 of pregnancy. The smallest LW-LR foetuses tended to have a higher level of SPP1 mRNA in endometrium tissue compared to the normal-sized foetuses. However, placenta expression was higher in the normal-sized foetuses compared to the smallest ones. SPP1 protein levels in normal sized foetuses were significantly higher than in the smallest litter mates for all the tissues. Significantly higher levels of SPP1 mRNA and protein were found in MS compared to LW. In both breeds, significant differences between sizes were found in some tissues, with similar expression patterns in respect to size, for both mRNA and protein in endometrial tissues when compared to contemporary LW. In placenta, the direction of the expression differed between breeds, with a higher expression of mRNA and protein in the normal-sized MS foetuses and in the smallest sized LW foetuses. The comparison of SPP1 expression between different foetal sizes and different breeds revealed associations between breed, foetal size, and SPP1 protein, factors implicated in PS and LS. These results together with the genetic evidence indicate that the potential role of SPP1 in placental and foetal development merits further investigation.

PTP69D is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) with two intracellular catalytic domains (Cat1 and Cat2), which has been shown to play a role in axon outgrowth and guidance of embryonic motorneurons, as well as targeting of photoreceptor neurons in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we characterized the developmental role of PTP69D in the giant fiber (GF) neurons; two interneurons in the central nervous system (CNS) that control the escape response of the fly. In addition to guidance and targeting functions, our studies reveal an additional role for PTP69D in synaptic terminal growth in the CNS. We found that inhibition of phosphatase activity in catalytic domain (Cat1) proximal to the transmembrane domain did not affect axon guidance or targeting but resulted in stunted terminal growth of the GFs. Cell autonomous rescue and knockdown experiments demonstrated a function for PTP69D in the GFs, but not its postsynaptic target neurons. In addition,complementation studies and structure-function analyses revealed that for GF terminal growth, Cat1 function of PTP69D requires the immunoglobulin and the Cat2 domain but not the fibronectin type III repeats nor the membrane proximal region. In contrast, the fibronectin type III repeats, but not the immunoglobulin domains, were previously shown to be essential for axon targeting of photoreceptor neurons. Thus, our studies uncover a novel role for PTP69D in synaptic terminal growth in the CNS that is mechanistically distinct from its function during earlier developmental processes. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Environ 40 pour cent du protéome humain est composé d'importantes régions dépliées. Ces protéines intrinsèquement désordonnées (PID) n'adoptent pas de structures secondaires et tertiaires stables mais échantillonnent un vaste paysage conformationnel. Malgré cela, elles sont aujourd'hui connues pour intervenir dans de nombreux processus biologiques ou pathologiques. À l'instar des eucaryotes, les virus -- surtout les virus à ARN -- ont eux aussi recours aux propriétés particulières des PID pour effectuer les interactions nécessaires à leur réplication. Les paramyxovirus, comme le virus de la rougeole, sont des virus à ARN simple brin de polarité négative et environ 10 pour cent de leur génome de 15 à 18 kilobases code pour des régions dépliées. Cette thèse détaille l'étude de deux protéines virales directement impliquées dans la réplication, la nucléoprotéine et la phosphoprotéine. Elles interagissent l'une avec l'autre et sont composées à la fois de régions dépliées et repliées. Des données à résolution atomique ont été obtenues en spectroscopie par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) en ce qui concerne les parties désordonnées, et en cristallographie pour ce qui est des parties repliées. Les résultats apportent un nouvel aperçu du rôle du désordre conformationnel dans la transcription et la réplication des paramyxovirus. / About 40 percent of the human proteome contains large disordered regions. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) do not adopt stable secondary and tertiary structures, but sample a large conformational space. In spite of that, they are now known to be involved in many physiological as well as pathological processes. Following the example of eukaryotes, viruses -- especially RNA viruses -- benefit from the particular features of IDPs in their replication machinery. Paramyxoviruses, that includes Measles virus, are single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses and about 10 percent of their 15 to 18 kilobase RNA genome is known to encode for disordered regions. This thesis focuses on the study of two different proteins of paramyxoviruses, namely the nucleoprotein and the phosphoprotein that are directly involved in the replication of the viral genome. They interact with each other and are composed of folded and disordered domains. Atomic resolution information is obtained about the structure and dynamics of these proteins using a combination of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements for the disordered parts and X-ray crystallography for the folded domains. The results provide novel insight into the role of conformational disorder in transcription and replication of paramyxoviruses.

No description available.

Le virus de la stomatite vésiculaire (VSV) et le virus Nipah (NiV) appartiennent respectivement aux familles des Rhabdoviridae et des Paramyxoviridae. VSV est un modèle du virus de la rage tandis que NiV est un virus émergeant, appartenant à la sous-famille des Paramyxovirinae, pour lequel les données moléculaires et structurales sont limitées. Ces sont des virus enveloppés dont le génome code pour cinq à neuf protéines. Le complexe de réplication de ces virus est constitué de trois protéines : la phosphoprotéine (P), la nucléoprotéine (N) et la polymérase virale (L). La N encapside le génome viral et l'ensemble N-ARN sert de matrice pour la transcription et la réplication. La P joue deux rôles : elle sert de cofacteur pour la polymérase et forme le complexe N0-P qui maintient la N sous une forme soluble, compétente pour l'encapsidation des génomes néo-synthétisés. Un premier objectif de mon travail de thèse consistait à étudier la structure et la dynamique des protéines P de VSV et de NiV. Ce sont des protéines modulaires qui contiennent des domaines structurés, séparés par des régions flexibles. A mon arrivée au laboratoire un travail important avait été déjà réalisé sur la P de VSV et j'ai participé à l'achèvement de cette étude. Je me suis ensuite intéressé à la protéine P de NiV. J'ai cristallisé et résolu par diffraction des rayons X les structures du domaine C-terminal et du domaine central (codes PDB : 4F9X et 4GJW). La combinaison de ces modèles cristallographiques avec des données de SAXS sur la P entière et des données de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN, collaboration IBS) va permettre d'obtenir un modèle atomique de la P entière sous la forme d'un ensemble de conformères. Un deuxième objectif était d'étudier les complexes N0-P. J'ai activement participé au développement de la méthode de reconstitution et à la caractérisation structurale du complexe N0-P de VSV, entre un mutant de la N (NΔ21) et un peptide N-terminal de la P (code PDB : 3PMK). J'ai ensuite reconstitué, cristallisé et résolu la structure de complexe N0-P de NiV entre la N (tronquée de son domaine C-terminal) et la partie N-terminale de la P. Ces structures montrent par quel mécanismes moléculaires la P maintien la N sous forme monomérique, en empêchant sa polymérisation et son interaction avec l'ARN. Les résultats présentés ici ont permis de générer de nouvelles hypothèses pour expliquer les mécanismes d'encapsidation et d'initiation de la synthèse d'ARN chez ces virus. Le complexe N0-P étant essentiel pour la réplication du virus, l'information structurale obtenue au cours de ce travail devrait permettre d'envisager l'utilisation de ce complexe comme cible pour le développement de composés antiviraux. / Abstract Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Nipah virus (NiV) belong to the Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families, respectively. VSV serves as model system for rabies virus while NiV is an emerging pathogen of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily, for which molecular and structural data are scarce. Both viruses are enveloped and their genomes encode five to nine proteins. Three proteins form their replication complex: the phosphoprotein (P), the nucleoprotein (N) and the viral polymerase (L). N encapsidates the viral genome and this N-RNA complex serves as template for transcription and replication. P has two functions: it serves as a polymerase cofactor and forms an N0-P complex, which keeps the N protein in a soluble and monomeric state, competent for the encapsidation of the newly synthesized genomes. The first goal during the PhD work was to study the structure and dynamics of the VSV and NiV P proteins. These proteins are modular, containing structured domains separated by flexible regions. Before my arrival, a large amount of work was already done on the VSV P protein in the lab and I was involved in the final stages of this work. Then this I studied the NiV P protein, crystallizing and solving the structures of its Central and C-terminal domains by X-ray crystallography (PDB codes: 4F9X and 4GJW). Combining these structures with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, collaboration with IBS group) data obtained for the entire protein will allow the construction of an atomic model of the phosphoprotein in the form of a conformational ensemble. The second goal was to study the N0-P complex. I actively participated in the development of the method which permitted the reconstruction of the VSV N0-P complex, using a truncation mutant of the N protein (NΔ21) and an N-terminal peptide from P, and to its structural determination (PDB code: 3PMK). Then I reconstructed, crystallized and solved the structure of the NiV N0-P complex using a C-terminally truncated N protein and the N-terminal region of the P protein. Both structures yielded insights into the molecular mechanisms used by the phosphoproteins in order to maintain the corresponding nucleoproteins in their monomeric state, thus inhibiting their polymerization and interaction with RNA. The results presented here also offered new hypothesis about mechanisms of encapsidation and of RNA synthesis initiation. Given that the N0-P complex is an essential component of the replication complex, the structural information gained from this work allow us to consider this complex as a potential antiviral target.