This work presents a novel loss-reduced photonic liquid-crystal fiber (PLCF) using the non-contact photo-alignment method. The photo-excited and adsorbed azo dye on the capillary surface of a PLCF induces uniform and highly ordered orientation of the LC. The anchoring force of the photo-alignment effect is combined with that generated by surface boundary conditions of the photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Transmission loss resulting from LC scattering can be reduced from -2.8db/cm to -1.3db/cm within 10min. This photo-induced alignment yields a permanent boundary for the LC in the PCF that reduces scattering loss, and can be further modulated by electrical fields. The electrical tunable effect and fast dynamic response of the photo-aligned PLCF are also presented. This low-loss PLCF can be applied conveniently in various PLCF devices.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as interações superfíciais de cristais líquidos em uma interface cristal líquido-polímero, com a utilização de filmes poliméricos contendo cadeias laterais com corante azo. Nesse estudo foi utilizado um fotopolímero, onde pode se promover o ordenamento dos grupos laterais ao longo de uma direção preferencial através de um processo de isomerização trans-cis. Através da irradiação do filme de polímero com luz polarizada é possível promover a formação de uma anisotropia óptica no filme. A intensidade deste efeito pode ser controlada através da energia incidente e da concentração dos grupos laterais corante azo presentes no polímero. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sistemático da orientação induzida ao cristal líquido nemático por um filme contendo corante azo no grupo lateral. Os aspectos investigados são: a estabilidade térmica e temporal do alinhamento induzido ao cristal líquido; a competição entre dois efeitos de orientação induzidos ao cristal líquido, o esfregamento e o fotoalinhamento; a influência da cncentração dos grupos laterais e da energia de irradiação. Para caracterizar as interações entre o cristal líquido e o filme polimérico foram empregadas técnicas ópticas que permitiram a determinação das intensidades de ancoramento azimutal e zenital em função da concentração de grupos laterais e da energia de irradiação. Mostramos ser possível um ancoramento azimutal que pode ter sua intensidade controlada pela concentração dos grupos laterais, pelo tempo de irradiação com luz polarizada, ou ainda pela potência do laser de excitação, e um ancoramento zenital bastante fraco, que praticamente não é afetado pelo processo de foto-isomerização. / The aim of this work is to study the superficial interactions of liquid crystals in an interface liquid Crystal-polymer, with the use of polymer films containing azo-dyes groups as side chain. In this study a photopolymer was used, where the ordering of the side group can be promoted along a preferential direction through a trans-cis isomerization process. Through the irradiation of the polymeric film with polarized light it is possible to promote the formation of an optical anisotropy in the film. The intensity of this effect can be controlled through the incident energy and the concentration of the azo-dye side groups presents in the polymer. In this work a systematic study of the orientation induced to the nematic liquid crystal by a polymeric film containing azo-dye groups in the side group was performed. The investigated aspects are: -The thermal and temporary stability of the alignment induced to the liquid crystal; -The competition among two orientation effects induced to the liquid crystal, the rubbing and the photo alignment; -The influence of the concentration of the side groups and of the irradiation energy. To characterize the interactions between the liquid crystal and the polymeric film we used optical techniques that allowed the determination of the azimuthal and zenithal anchoring strengths as a function of the concentration of side groups and of the irradiation energy. We showed to be possible an azimuthal anchoring that can have its intensity controlled by the concentration of the side groups, and the irradiation time with polarized light, or still for the power of the excitation laser, and a zenithal anchoring quite weak, that practically is not affected by the process of photo isomerization.

This work demonstrates the pretilt angle controllable photo-alignment effect in nanoparticles and azo-dye doped liquid crystal film. Followed by increasing the absorbed azo-dye, the vertical alignment induced by nanoparticles of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) can be changed from high pretilt to low pretilt angle. Competition between the homogeneously aligned azo-dye and POSS-induced spontaneous vertical alignment domain generated the variable pretilt angle. The pretilt angle is a function of the pumping intensity and can be controlled continuously within the range of 0¢X~90¢X. With the sufficient absorption of photo excited azo-dye, The POSS induced vertical alignment can be switch to homogeneous alignment. The pretilt angle and surface energy are also examined to confirm the alignment effect. Both nanoparticles and azo-dye induced vertical and homogeneous alignment are non contact methods, and suitable for low temperature plastic process.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar as interações superfíciais de cristais líquidos em uma interface cristal líquido-polímero, com a utilização de filmes poliméricos contendo cadeias laterais com corante azo. Nesse estudo foi utilizado um fotopolímero, onde pode se promover o ordenamento dos grupos laterais ao longo de uma direção preferencial através de um processo de isomerização trans-cis. Através da irradiação do filme de polímero com luz polarizada é possível promover a formação de uma anisotropia óptica no filme. A intensidade deste efeito pode ser controlada através da energia incidente e da concentração dos grupos laterais corante azo presentes no polímero. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sistemático da orientação induzida ao cristal líquido nemático por um filme contendo corante azo no grupo lateral. Os aspectos investigados são: a estabilidade térmica e temporal do alinhamento induzido ao cristal líquido; a competição entre dois efeitos de orientação induzidos ao cristal líquido, o esfregamento e o fotoalinhamento; a influência da cncentração dos grupos laterais e da energia de irradiação. Para caracterizar as interações entre o cristal líquido e o filme polimérico foram empregadas técnicas ópticas que permitiram a determinação das intensidades de ancoramento azimutal e zenital em função da concentração de grupos laterais e da energia de irradiação. Mostramos ser possível um ancoramento azimutal que pode ter sua intensidade controlada pela concentração dos grupos laterais, pelo tempo de irradiação com luz polarizada, ou ainda pela potência do laser de excitação, e um ancoramento zenital bastante fraco, que praticamente não é afetado pelo processo de foto-isomerização. / The aim of this work is to study the superficial interactions of liquid crystals in an interface liquid Crystal-polymer, with the use of polymer films containing azo-dyes groups as side chain. In this study a photopolymer was used, where the ordering of the side group can be promoted along a preferential direction through a trans-cis isomerization process. Through the irradiation of the polymeric film with polarized light it is possible to promote the formation of an optical anisotropy in the film. The intensity of this effect can be controlled through the incident energy and the concentration of the azo-dye side groups presents in the polymer. In this work a systematic study of the orientation induced to the nematic liquid crystal by a polymeric film containing azo-dye groups in the side group was performed. The investigated aspects are: -The thermal and temporary stability of the alignment induced to the liquid crystal; -The competition among two orientation effects induced to the liquid crystal, the rubbing and the photo alignment; -The influence of the concentration of the side groups and of the irradiation energy. To characterize the interactions between the liquid crystal and the polymeric film we used optical techniques that allowed the determination of the azimuthal and zenithal anchoring strengths as a function of the concentration of side groups and of the irradiation energy. We showed to be possible an azimuthal anchoring that can have its intensity controlled by the concentration of the side groups, and the irradiation time with polarized light, or still for the power of the excitation laser, and a zenithal anchoring quite weak, that practically is not affected by the process of photo isomerization.

Liquid crystals are traditionally aligned via a rubbed substrate. The rubbing creates anisotropic defects and strain in the material which provide an energetically favorable orientation for the liquid crystal (LC). This is a well-developed technology that is used in virtually all liquid crystal displays (LCDs). However, it is only capable of uniform alignment on a large planar substrate. This work utilizes a new class of photoalignment materials (PM) that replace the traditional buffing technique. PMs allow for patterned LC alignment using polarized photo-lithography. Further, instead of using a nematic liquid crystal, a UV curable liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is coated on this patterned alignment material. This generates a cured, aligned, and patterned thin film that has retardance and diattenuation if a dichroic dye is incorporated in the LCP. Using these materials and methods, retarders, polarizers, and polarized fluorescent sources are fabricated with dimensions as small as a few microns. In addition to exploring the material and processing properties of the PM and LCP system, arrays of micropolarizer are fabricated for the construction of a prototype polarization camera, termed an imaging polarimeter. An imaging polarimeter is a device that measures not only the intensity but also the polarization state of a light field. My imaging polarimeter design incorporates a patterned LCP polarizer focal plane array (FPA) that is aligned and mounted to a charge-couple-device (CCD) image sensor. A polarizer FPA allows an individual pixel on a CCD sensor to detect a unique polarization state, such as a specific linear polarization orientation or right or left handed circular polarization. Neighboring pixels are designed to detect different states and each cluster can then estimate the incident polarization state. Results of a linear LCP polarimeter operating in the visible spectrum are presented.

The dual-writing process of holographic technique was applied to fabricate the two-dimensional surface relief gratings on azo-dye doped polymer film in this study. The structure of two-dimensional grooves was investigated under the various polarization state of writing beam, the various angle between two stages of writing, and the adoption of nematic liquid crystals as the interface. The results revealed that the depth of two-dimensional surface relief gratings produced by the writing beams with P-polarization and the interface of nematic liquid crystals in contact with azo-dye polymer film was about 2~3 times of that without nematic liquid crystals as the interface. As the angle between two stages of writing increases, the first order diffraction efficiency and the depth of surface relief structure in the second writing becomes smaller for the writing beam with S polarization; while the first order diffraction efficiency and the depth of surface relief structure becomes larger for the writing beam with P polarization.

This work discusses the effect of photo-alignment in a liquid-crystal film that is doped with nanoparticles and azo-dye. The vertical alignment that is induced by nanoparticles of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes can be changed into homogeneous alignment by the absorption of photo-excited azo-dye. Both electro-optical and surface properties are analyzed to confirm this phenomenon. An electrically tunable polarization-dependent LC phase grating is produced using the method. By this method, we also present a transflective liquid crystal display with a single cell-gap in a dual-alignment configuration. This dual structure was fabricated via a single-step laser-light exposure through a photomask. The vertical alignment induced by nanoparticles of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes can be changed into a homogeneous alignment via absorption of photo-excited azo dye. The LC molecules at the transmissive and reflective pixels are homogeneous and hybrid alignment, respectively, at which optimal phase retardations of half and quarter wavelengths are achieved. Both nanoparticle- and azo-dye-induced vertical and homogeneous alignments are non-contact alignment processes and have potential for practical application.

No description available.

<p>In recent years portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants, have increased the demand for high performance displays with low power consumption. An interesting candidate with the potential of fulfilling these demands is the reflective single-polarizer surface controlled bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display. The main focus of this work involves the optical properties of displays based on these bistable structures. In the investigations, the display is considered as an integrated optical system, containing not only the liquid crystal cell, but also components such as polarizers and retardation films. The specific aim of the thesis was to derive new optical modes of the reflective single-polarizer bistable twisted nematic device using the Jones matrix method to study the interaction between the polarization of light and the optically anisotropic media. The electro-optical properties of the derived modes have been studied and evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. The modes possess excellent brightness and high contrast ratio. By introducing a quarter-wave retardation film into the optical configuration, the contrast ratio can be significantly increased by preventing spectral leakage of light in the dark state. To experimentally realize the derived optical modes, special layers for the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules on the cell substrate surface have been proved needed. Therefore, also the photo-alignment technology of nematic liquid crystals on novel alignment materials has been studied with the aim to control liquid crystal cell parameters such as pretilt angle and anchoring energy, both critical for the bistable switching. The results of this thesis will increase the understanding of the optical properties of the reflective single-polarizer bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display and will be valuable when considering this type of device for practical applications.</p>