O Brasil é afortunado com sua riqueza natural e tradicionalmente faz bom uso do potencial hídrico e de biocombustíveis para compor sua matriz energética. Na década de 2010, o destaque está na implementação na matriz elétrica nacional, de sistemas de energia eólica e de energia solar fotovoltaica, estes últimos com expectativa de acentuada expansão. Alguns fatores levam a esta expectativa, como a boa irradiação solar em grande parte do país, custo da energia fotovoltaica próximo às tarifas de energia elétrica vigente, e ambiente regulatório que estimula investidores. Este trabalho descreve a saga dos atores do setor elétrico brasileiro em propiciar o desenvolvimento da cadeia da energia fotovoltaica e enfatiza a importância dos recursos humanos especializados na área. O arcabouço legal e tributário, que embasa as políticas publica de estímulo, as ações de padronização dos sistemas, as pesquisas desenvolvidas e as ações para capacitar profissionais, a partir de 1991 até 2017, estão ordenados. O cenário mundial mostra que o aumento da potência instalada de sistemas que utilizam as fontes alternativas de energia renovável leva à geração de empregos, que exigem novos conhecimentos e habilidades. A expansão, no Brasil, do número de instalações de usinas centralizadas e sistemas de geração distribuída fotovoltaica no país leva ao aumento de postos de trabalho. Um dos desafios para a continuidade da disseminação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos, que exige um contingente elevado de recursos humanos, está na formação de profissionais. São profissionais para concepção, instalação, comercialização, operação e manutenção dos sistemas. No cenário mundial, entre as modalidades de energia renovável, a cadeia da energia fotovoltaica é a que apresenta maior número de postos de trabalho por quilowatt instalado, representando cerca de 30% dos postos de trabalho. Este trabalho também aponta caminhos para a implementação de cursos na área de energia renovável e eficiência energética na Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica, com foco na inserção da energia fotovoltaica, seus sistemas e instalações. Para a consolidação do mercado da energia fotovoltaica é essencial que haja disponibilidade de profissionais que garantam a segurança e a eficiência na produção das instalações dos sistemas ao longo de sua vida útil. O desenvolvimento da cadeia de energia solar fotovoltaica promove a oportunidade de agregar energia sustentável à matriz energética, promove a geração de empregos e renda pelo extenso território nacional. O desenvolvimento da referida cadeia não prescinde da estruturação de uma rede de ensino com foco na área fotovoltaica. / Brazil is fortunate in natural resources and traditionally makes good use of water potential and biofuels in its energy matrix. In the 2010-decade the highlight is in the setting up of large-scale wind energy and photovoltaic solar energy systems, these last with a forecast of marked expansion. Some factors give support to this expectation; good solar irradiation in most of the countrys surface, cost reduction of photovoltaic energy being close to the current electricity tariffs and a regulatory system stimulating investors. This work describes the Brazilian electric sector actors saga on the photovoltaic energy chain development, whilst highlights the importance of photovoltaic specialized human resources. The legal and tributary framework, which is the basis of the public policy stimulus, PV systems standardization actions, the developed research, as well as the professionals training actions, from 1991 to 2017, are described. The world scenario shows that the capacity increase of renewable energy systems leads to jobs creation, which requires new knowledge and skills. The growth number of centralized generation plants and distributed photovoltaic generation systems, leads to the increase of jobs in Brazil. One of the challenges for the continuity of the photovoltaic systems dissemination, which requires a high contingent of human resources, lies in the training of professionals. These are professionals trained for the design, installation, commercialization and systems operation and maintenance. In the world scenario, among the renewable energy modalities, the photovoltaic energy chain is the one that exhibits the highest number of jobs per installed kilowatt, representing about 30% of the jobs. This work describes the renewable energy and energy efficiency courses implanted at the Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica focusing on the insertion of photovoltaic energy, its systems and facilities. The availability of skilled personnel is mandatory to ensure the photovoltaic energy market consolidation. Those professionals are needed to ensure the safety and the efficiency of energy production systems throughout their life cycle. The development of the photovoltaic solar energy chain promotes the opportunity to add sustainable energy to the energy matrix, promotes the generation of jobs and financial income throughout the national territory. The development of the PV chain cannot neglect the need to increase of a teaching network focused on the photovoltaic area.

Cette thèse traite la commande et l'optimisation d'une installation photovoltaïquepour un site isolé. Ainsi, nous avons proposé un algorithme par logique flouepermettant la poursuite du point de puissance maximal afin de remédier auxinconvénients des méthodes classiques. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés àl'optimisation de la structure de l'installation. En effet, dans les installationsclassiques, dans le cas de défaillance d'un panneaux, tout le bloc série devientinutilisable, ce qui réduit considérablement les capacités de production del'installation. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous avons proposé un superviseur permettant la reconfiguration automatique de l'installation de telle sorte que seul lepanneaux défaillant est mis hors connexion. Par ailleurs, pour gérer le flux depuissance et pour répondre à la demande de l'utilisateur, nous avons développé un superviseur par logique floue. Ainsi, le surplus de production est stocké systématiquement dans la batterie pour l'utiliser ensuite en cas où la demandedépasse la production. De plus, la structure proposée permet de ne solliciter la batterie en cas de besoin de ce qui permet de prolonger considérablement sa duréede vie. / This thesis addresses the control and optimization of a stand-alone photovoltaicsystem. Thus, we proposed a fuzzy logic algorithm for tracking the maximum powerpoint to overcome the disadvantages of classical methods. Then we focused onoptimizing the structure of the installation. Indeed, in conventional systems, in thecase of failure of a panel, the whole serie block becomes unusable, greatly reducingthe production capacity. To resolve this problem, we proposed a supervisor for theautomatic reconfiguration of the installation so that only the failed panels is takenoffline. Furthermore, to manage the power flow and to meet user demand, wedeveloped a fuzzy supervisor. Thus, the surplus production is systematically storedin the battery for later use in cases where demand exceeds production. In addition,the proposed structure can not draining the battery in case of need thereby greatlyextend its lifetime.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-28T18:41:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Henrique Rôssa.pdf: 936314 bytes, checksum: df5b76514570a833590e8b2cb9176ba5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T18:41:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Henrique Rôssa.pdf: 936314 bytes, checksum: df5b76514570a833590e8b2cb9176ba5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estimar a produção de energia elétrica em sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede elétrica (SFCR) a partir da modelagem da radiação solar disponível, tendo como local de análise e estudo a região de Porto Alegre - RS. Dois modelos de céu claro, o Modelo de Hottel e Modelo de ESRA, além do Ano Meteorológico Típico (AMT) para Porto Alegre, foram utilizados no estudo. O Modelo de Hottel foi usado como modelo independente para a verificação da influência entre utilizar a temperatura do ar para dias ensolarados ou a temperatura do ano meteorológico típico (AMT) para todas as simulações. Os dados de irradiância na horizontal foram obtidos a partir do modelo de céu claro de ESRA e do AMT. Para a obtenção da irradiância em superfícies inclinadas, utilizou-se o Modelo de Perez. Os resultados obtidos de produção anual de energia elétrica a partir do AMT e da irradiância horizontal calculada pelo Modelo de ESRA foram comparados e verificou-se grande diferença, chegando o Modelo de ESRA a superestimar a energia produzida em até 27,5%. Essa diferença, como esperado, cai quando se compara somente a energia gerada nos dias completamente ensolarados, chegando a 6,5 % a mais para o Modelo de ESRA, o que sugere que o modelo pode ser empregado com certa confiabilidade em locais com potencial para construção de usinas solares. Para as simulações com o Modelo de ESRA, foi necessário estimar, através do método de Karayel et al. (1984), os coeficientes de turbidez de Linke TL?s para Porto Alegre ? RS. Foram utilizados valores médios mensais nas simulações. Sendo o Modelo de ESRA pouco eficaz na substituição do AMT nas estimativas de produção de energia para Porto Alegre, utilizou-se o AMT para as simulações de produção de energia em SFCR com as tecnologias implementadas. Foram utilizados os módulos BP 585 Sunpower, para células de silício monocristalino, e módulos AP-BP 85 Alps Technology, para células de silício multicristalino. As simulações comparam a produção de energia para as inclinações de 20° e 30°, e verificam que o ângulo de 20° é o mais favorável à produção de energia na região. Além disso, entre esses dois módulos utilizados, o de silício monocristalino apresentou maiores valores de energia produzida em ambas as inclinações. / The present work aims to estimate the production of electric energy in grid-connected photovoltaic systems parting from the available radiation, having as analysis and study site the region of Porto Alegre – RS. Two clear sky model, Hottel Model, ESRA Model, beyond the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) to Porto Alegre, RS, was used at the work. Hottel Model was used as an independent model for verification of the influence between using the air temperature of sunny days or of Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) for all the simulations. The horizontal irradiance data were obtained from the ESRA clear sky model and the TMY. To obtained the irradiance on sloped surface, we used the Perez Model. The comparisons on a typical sunny day in the TMY showed good coincidence in the obtained values. When comparing the energy production for the whole year, big difference was verified among the results obtained by ESRA Model in relation to the ones obtained by TMY, having the ESRA Model arrived to the extent of overestimating the energy produced in up to 27,5%. This difference, as expected, decays when only the energy generated on completely sunny days is compared, reaching up to 6,5 % more to ESRA Model, which suggests that the model may be employed with certain reliability in places with potential for construction of solar power plants. For the simulations with ESRA Model, it was necessary to estimate Linke TL’s turbidity coefficients for Porto Alegre-RS through the Karayel et al.(1984) method. Average monthly values were used in the simulations. Being ESRA Model, in the current configuration, little effective in the substitution of TMY in Porto Alegre, TMY for simulations of energy production in GCPV was used with the implemented technologies. Modules BP 585 Sunpower were used for monocrystalline silicon cells, and modules AP-BP 85 Alps Technology for polycrystalline silicon cells. The simulations compare the energy production for 20° and 30° inclinations, and verify that the 20° angle is the most favorable to energy production in the region. Furthermore, between these two modules employed, the monocrystalline silicon one presented higher values of produced energy in both inclinations.

[pt] O objetivo desta pesquisa de mestrado é comparar o desempenho de três modelos de simulação numérica (Duffie e Beckman, King et al. e Masters) sobre a capacidade de conversão fotovoltaica obtida em painéis, tomando o modelo de King et al. como base de referência já que este foi validado à luz de dados experimentais com grau de concordância (exatidão) entre 2,4 por cento a 5,4 por cento. As simulações fazem uso de dados oficiais (dados horários e dados médios mensais de radiação solar incidente, temperatura ambiente, velocidade de vento) disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia do Brasil e de dados técnicos de desempenho do fabricante de painéis fotovoltaicos. A motivação para desenvolvimento do trabalho resulta da percepção da importância da energia solar fotovoltaica como estratégia de sua inclusão e diversificação da matriz energética brasileira. A metodologia proposta consiste em: (i) comparar o desempenho dos três modelos estudados e (ii) aplicar a metodologia de cálculo para avaliar o desempenho na conversão fotovoltaica nas condições solarimétricas favoráveis de onze cidades brasileiras, assim criando uma escala que possa ser utilizada para estabelecer um benchmark nacional. Os resultados revelaram que o modelo Duffie e Beckman reproduz os resultados de conversão fotovoltaica obtido pelo modelo King et al. com grau de concordância 2,4 por cento, enquanto a concordância com o modelo Masters ultrapassa a faixa de exatidão (7,4 por cento). Como conclusão, o uso de dados meteorológicos médios mensais mostraram-se eficazes para estimar a energia elétrica que resulta do processo de conversão fotovoltaica em substituição aos dados horários nem sempre disponíveis. / [en] The goal of this MSc. dissertation is to compare the performance of three classical models of numerical simulation (Duffie and Beckman, King et al. and Masters) to generate electricity from the photovoltaic conversion obtained in panels, taking the model of King et al. as a baseline since it was validated vis-àvis experimental data within 2.4 percent to 5.4 percent. The simulations make use of official data (solar hourly and monthly data of solar incident radiation, temperature, wind speed) provided by the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil and of performance data provided by the manufacturer of the photovoltaic panel. The motivation for development of the work resulted from the perception of the importance of photovoltaic energy as a strategy for diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix. The proposed methodology (i) compares the performance of the three models studied and (ii) applies it for assessing the performance of the photovoltaic conversion in eleven Brazilian cities that exhibit favourable conditions for photovoltaic conversion, thus creating a scale that can be used to establish a national benchmark. The results revealed that the Duffie and Beckman model reproduces the results of the photovoltaic conversion model obtained by King et al. degree within 2.4 percent, while the agreement with the model of Masters over range accuracy (7.4 percent). In conclusion, the use of monthly averaged meteorological data proved to be effective for estimating the energy that results from the process of photovoltaic conversion when hourly data is not available.

The declining cost of photovoltaic (PV) modules has enabled the vision of ubiquitous photovoltaic (PV) power to become feasible. Emerging PV technologies are facilitating the creation of intentionally non-flat PV modules, which create new applications for this sustainable energy generation currently not possible with the traditional rigid, flat silicon-glass modules. However, since the photovoltaic cells are no longer coplanar, there are significant new requirements for the power electronics necessary to convert the native form of electricity into a usable form and ensure maximum energy harvest. Non-uniform insolation from cell-to-cell gives rise to non-uniform current density in the PV material, which limits the ability to create series-connected cells without bypass diode or other ways to shunt current, which is well known in the maximum power tracking literature. This thesis presents a modeling approach to determine and quantify the variations in generation of energy due to intentionally non-flat PV geometries. This will enable the power electronics circuitry to be optimized to harvest maximum energy from PV pixel elements – clusters of PV cells with similar operating characteristics. This thesis systematically compares different geometries with identical two-dimensional projection "footprints" for energy harvest throughout the day. The results show that for the same footprint, a semi-cylindrical surface harvests more energy over a typical day than a flat plate. The modeling approach is then extended to demonstrate that by using non flat geometries for PV panel, the availability of a remotely located stand-alone power system can be increased when compared to a flat panel of same footprint. These results have broad application to a variety of energy scavenging scenarios in which either total energy harvested needs to be maximized or unusual geometries for the PV active surfaces are required, including building-integrated PV. This thesis develops the analysis of the potential energy harvest gain for advanced non-planar PV collectors as a necessary first step towards the design of the power electronics circuits and control algorithms to take advantage of the new opportunities of conformal and non-flat PV collectors.

O Brasil é afortunado com sua riqueza natural e tradicionalmente faz bom uso do potencial hídrico e de biocombustíveis para compor sua matriz energética. Na década de 2010, o destaque está na implementação na matriz elétrica nacional, de sistemas de energia eólica e de energia solar fotovoltaica, estes últimos com expectativa de acentuada expansão. Alguns fatores levam a esta expectativa, como a boa irradiação solar em grande parte do país, custo da energia fotovoltaica próximo às tarifas de energia elétrica vigente, e ambiente regulatório que estimula investidores. Este trabalho descreve a saga dos atores do setor elétrico brasileiro em propiciar o desenvolvimento da cadeia da energia fotovoltaica e enfatiza a importância dos recursos humanos especializados na área. O arcabouço legal e tributário, que embasa as políticas publica de estímulo, as ações de padronização dos sistemas, as pesquisas desenvolvidas e as ações para capacitar profissionais, a partir de 1991 até 2017, estão ordenados. O cenário mundial mostra que o aumento da potência instalada de sistemas que utilizam as fontes alternativas de energia renovável leva à geração de empregos, que exigem novos conhecimentos e habilidades. A expansão, no Brasil, do número de instalações de usinas centralizadas e sistemas de geração distribuída fotovoltaica no país leva ao aumento de postos de trabalho. Um dos desafios para a continuidade da disseminação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos, que exige um contingente elevado de recursos humanos, está na formação de profissionais. São profissionais para concepção, instalação, comercialização, operação e manutenção dos sistemas. No cenário mundial, entre as modalidades de energia renovável, a cadeia da energia fotovoltaica é a que apresenta maior número de postos de trabalho por quilowatt instalado, representando cerca de 30% dos postos de trabalho. Este trabalho também aponta caminhos para a implementação de cursos na área de energia renovável e eficiência energética na Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica, com foco na inserção da energia fotovoltaica, seus sistemas e instalações. Para a consolidação do mercado da energia fotovoltaica é essencial que haja disponibilidade de profissionais que garantam a segurança e a eficiência na produção das instalações dos sistemas ao longo de sua vida útil. O desenvolvimento da cadeia de energia solar fotovoltaica promove a oportunidade de agregar energia sustentável à matriz energética, promove a geração de empregos e renda pelo extenso território nacional. O desenvolvimento da referida cadeia não prescinde da estruturação de uma rede de ensino com foco na área fotovoltaica. / Brazil is fortunate in natural resources and traditionally makes good use of water potential and biofuels in its energy matrix. In the 2010-decade the highlight is in the setting up of large-scale wind energy and photovoltaic solar energy systems, these last with a forecast of marked expansion. Some factors give support to this expectation; good solar irradiation in most of the countrys surface, cost reduction of photovoltaic energy being close to the current electricity tariffs and a regulatory system stimulating investors. This work describes the Brazilian electric sector actors saga on the photovoltaic energy chain development, whilst highlights the importance of photovoltaic specialized human resources. The legal and tributary framework, which is the basis of the public policy stimulus, PV systems standardization actions, the developed research, as well as the professionals training actions, from 1991 to 2017, are described. The world scenario shows that the capacity increase of renewable energy systems leads to jobs creation, which requires new knowledge and skills. The growth number of centralized generation plants and distributed photovoltaic generation systems, leads to the increase of jobs in Brazil. One of the challenges for the continuity of the photovoltaic systems dissemination, which requires a high contingent of human resources, lies in the training of professionals. These are professionals trained for the design, installation, commercialization and systems operation and maintenance. In the world scenario, among the renewable energy modalities, the photovoltaic energy chain is the one that exhibits the highest number of jobs per installed kilowatt, representing about 30% of the jobs. This work describes the renewable energy and energy efficiency courses implanted at the Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica focusing on the insertion of photovoltaic energy, its systems and facilities. The availability of skilled personnel is mandatory to ensure the photovoltaic energy market consolidation. Those professionals are needed to ensure the safety and the efficiency of energy production systems throughout their life cycle. The development of the photovoltaic solar energy chain promotes the opportunity to add sustainable energy to the energy matrix, promotes the generation of jobs and financial income throughout the national territory. The development of the PV chain cannot neglect the need to increase of a teaching network focused on the photovoltaic area.

In recent years there has been a large increase in the connection of photovoltaic generators to the low voltage distribution network in urban residential areas. In the future, it is predicted that this trend will continue and be accompanied with a rise in the uptake and connection of electric vehicles and heat pumps. Recently, monitoring trials have found widespread current unbalance in the feeders that transmit electrical energy to and from these urban residential areas. This unbalance is likely to be accentuated by the gradual and piecemeal uptake of the aforementioned devices. The combined impact of the changes and present day unbalance is likely to be more frequent thermal and voltage constraint violations unless new strategies are adopted to manage the flow of electrical energy. Here, a novel device named the 'phase switcher' that has no customer compliance requirements is proposed as a new tool for distribution network operators to manage the thermal and voltage constraints of cables. The phase switcher is shown to unlock cable ampacity and maximise voltage headroom and it achieves this through phase balancing in real time. A centralised local feeder controller is simulated to employ dynamic and scheduled phase switcher control algorithms on a real network model, and it's ability to unlock cable ampacity and reduce cable losses is quantified. Also, a small model based controller algorithm is presented and shown to perform almost as well as others despite having a very limited sensing and communication system requirement. Phase switchers are also quantified for their ability to increase feeder voltage headroom when employed to improve the balance of photovoltaic distributed generators across phases. To this end, an exhaustive offline photovoltaic capacity prediction technique is documented which shows that when phase switchers are placed explicitly to a known photovoltaic installation scenario, an almost linear relationship exists between the penetration level and maximum node voltage when PSs or phase conductor rejointing is considered as an option for implementation. Finally, a fast feeder assessment algorithm is detailed that is found to be better and more robust at estimating extreme maximum and minimum photovoltaic penetration level scenarios that cause over-voltage. All the work is presented within a new general mathematical framework that facilitates formulation of the problem and calculation of device phase connections for networks containing phase switchers.

Basic knowledge of photovoltaic energy transformation, devices and materials, used in photovoltaic are summarized in this master's thesis. The main goal of this thesis is orientation in the photovoltaic systems used these days and explain advantages and disadvantages of these systems during the design phase.

This masters thesis deals with the use of off-grid photovoltaic systems. First we explain the problems associated with the power and energy potential of photovoltaic system components, design of photovoltaic systems for autonomous operation and the financial evaluation. The result of the masters thesis is to create an application used to design the island system in the whole output range (the smallest power systems to house systems application). The conclusion of the masters thesis is devoted to designing three type of projects from our application – a garden cottage, a family cottage and the house.

Present state analysis of photovoltaic in Europan union is aim of this semestral thesis. First part is focused on technical aspects - principals, components and applications. However economics, policy and development aspects are primary objective. Research of Europan comission targets in 2020 and feasible of meeting them are assessed by two various scenarios. To analyse microenvironment and macroenvironment SWOT nad PEST analysis are used. These analysis are focused for investors who wants to participate in the development of photovoltaic in Europan union.