A antiga literatura grega nos transmitiu um rico vocabulário para descrever a maneira de viver dos povos helênicos espalhados pelo Mediterrâneo. Essas mesmas palavras foram usadas para definir formas de organização social e urbana dos povos não gregos, das quais, porém, não conhecemos exatamente as suas estruturas e o léxico originário. O substantivo frúrion, cujo significado principal, a partir da época clássica, é fortaleza, posto fortificado, em Diodoro Sículo, historiador romano de língua e cultura grega, alterna-se a pólis para nomear as cidades indígenas. Os pesquisadores da Sicília grega passaram a usar a palavra para se referir às cidades nativas que mostram uma forte caracterização helênica após o seu contato com os ápoikoi. O propósito do presente estudo é indagar os assim-chamados frúria da Sicília central, a Sicania, prestando uma atenção particular à paisagem em que eles se desenvolveram, às suas estruturas urbana e extra-urbana e à manifestação por meio da cultura material do envolvimento entre as culturas grega e não grega, do final do VII ao IV séc. a.C. Embora o seu aparente isolamento geográfico, esta região desde o Neolítico esteve envolvida nos trânsitos que interconectavam diversas áreas da bacia do Mediterrâneo, mantendo, todavia, um certo conservadorismo, que ainda no V séc. a.C. a caracterizava. Entre o começo e a metade do VI séc. a.C., essa área entrou na órbita de interesse da componente ródio-cretense, entrelaçando com ela relações prevalentemente pacíficas e que foram evoluindo conforme as contingências históricas que determinavam as necessidades e os interesses de uma ou outra parte. As cidades indígenas assumiram papeis particulares com base nas peculiaridades geográficas ou culturais que as distinguiam e em sintonia com a nova realidade política. Entre os elementos levantados, observamos que a escolha do lugar para o assentamento, a organização do espaço urbano e a relação com a economia monetária dos nativos são uma expressão eloquente da nova realidade cultural que começou se configurar a partir do momento do contato entre as duas entidades. As populações locais, com efeito, ainda que adotando, em alguns casos, formas arquitetônicas helênicas, se organizaram no terreno de uma maneira bem diferente do típico esquema ortogonal das apokias; igualmente, elas aceitaram com dificuldade o sistema monetário como veículo de escambo, continuando a preferir o metal a peso, e por isso as moedas de bronze pesado de Akragas foram as mais difundidas e continuaram circulando também após a sua emissão oficial. Os indígenas permaneceram assentados nos cumes das colinas mais altas até o final do V séc. e, conforme a nossa proposta, esse padrão começou a mudar só a partir do IV séc. a.C., quando aos cidadãos locais se uniram os mercenários principalmente de origem peninsular. / Ancient Greek literature has given us a rich vocabulary to describe the way of life of Hellenic peoples throughout the Mediterranean. These same words were used to define the urban and social organization of non-Greek peoples, whose structures and original lexica are largely unknown to us. From the classic era onwards, the principal meaning of the noun phrourion is fort, or fortified outpost, and the Roman, but culturally and linguistically Greek, historian Diodorus Siculus, writing about Greek language and culture, alternates the term with polis to refer to indigenous cities. Scholars of Greek Sicily now use phrouria to refer to native cities still displaying a strongly Hellenic character after their contact with the apoikoi. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the so-called phrouria of central Sicily, Sicania, with particular emphasis upon the landscapes in which they developed, their urban and extraurban structures, and the material culture evidence for interactions between Greeks and non- Greeks, from the end of the 7th until the 4th century BC. Despite its apparent geographic isolation, this region was part of networks that interconnected diverse areas of the Mediterranean basin since the Neolithic. In the first half of the 6th century BC, the region entered the orbit of interest of the Rhodian-Cretan component, entangling predominantly pacific relations that were determined by historical contingencies and the needs and interests of different players. In line with the new political reality, indigenous cities played specific roles that were based upon their location and the cultural factors that distinguished them. It can be observed that the choice of settlement location, the organization of urban space, and the natives\' relationship with the new monetary economy, are eloquent expressions of the new cultural reality which begun from the first moment of contact with the Greeks. While still adopting, in some cases, Hellenic architectural forms, local populations organized the land differently to the typical orthogonal scheme of the apokiai. Equally, the monetary system as a barter vehicle was accepted with difficulty. People continued to prefer weighted metal and, as a result, heavy bronze coins from Akragas were the most widespread currency, continuing to circulate long after their official emission. Native settlements continued to be located on top of hills until the end of the 5th century, and it is proposed here that this trend started to change only from the 4th century onwards, when local citizens joined with mercenaries of largely peninsular origin.

Les fortifications de la Grèce du Nord des époques archaïque, classique et hellénistique n’avaient à ce jour jamais fait l’objet d’une étude de synthèse permettant d’identifier, de décrire et de comparer l’ensemble des remparts de cette région. Mises à part les fortifications des grandes cités bien connues grâce aux fouilles archéologiques et à la bonne préservation des structures, telles Amphipolis, Philippi et Thasos, les autres murailles ou systèmes défensifs du Nord de l’Égée sont pratiquement inconnus, d’où l’intérêt d’une telle recherche. Les seuls ouvrages collectifs en lien avec les fortifications du Nord sont ceux de D. Lazaridis qui, en s’intéressant aux peraia de Thasos et Samothrace, nous laissa les plans topographiques de nombreux établissements fortifiés, sans toutefois en faire la description. Ce mémoire propose donc un catalogue raisonné de l’architecture militaire du Nord de la Grèce, complété par un commentaire exhaustif où les vestiges défensifs seront comparés de façon régionale et, lorsque possible, avec l’ensemble du monde grec. Au total, 37 établissements de plusieurs types (cité, phrourion et emporion) font l’objet de cette étude. Cependant, contrairement aux grandes études sur le sujet qui présentent de magnifiques remparts, cet ouvrage est souvent confronté à des vestiges fragmentaires qui certes, laissent place à l’interprétation et à la discussion, mais provoquent aussi une certaine frustration, puisque parfois, l’état des ruines restreint notre travail. Bien que le développement des fortifications grecques pose encore de nombreux problèmes, on constate une évolution architecturale aux périodes archaïque, classique et hellénistique, également attestée en Grèce du Nord. Mais comme le démontre notre étude, les Grecs établis dans ce territoire colonial provenaient de plusieurs régions et ils ont apporté avec eux leurs traditions et des techniques particulières qui ont largement influencées les ouvrages défensifs de leurs nouvelles cités. / The fortifications of Northern Greece from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods have so far never been collaboratively studied to identify, describe, and compare the walls of this region. In addition to the larger cities that are well known owing to archaeology and the preservations of the walls found in areas such as Amphipolis, Philippi, and Thasos, other walls and defenses to the north of the Aegean are virtually unknown or briefly mentioned, hence the interest of such an undertaking. The only collective works related with the fortifications of the north are those of D. Lazaridis that, by focusing on the peraia on Thasos and Samothrace, left the topographical plans of many fortified settlements, without giving a description of them. This thesis then proposes a descriptive and analytical catalogue of the military architecture of Northern Greece, as well as an “observation” part where defensive remnants will be compared regionally and, if possible, throughout the Greek world. A total of 37 settlements of all types (city, phrourion, and emporion) will be subject to this study. However, unlike the major studies on the subject that present magnificent ramparts, this work is often confronted with fragmentary remains that certainly leave room for interpretation and discussion, and moreover to desolation, for occasionally, very little can be said on the ruins of a short segment of wall. Although the general history of Greek fortifications is still unclear we can still note that a certain architectural evolution occurs in the Greek ramparts during the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. It would be normal to find this same phenomenon in Northern Greece particularly. However, we also know that many people from cities all over the Greek world converged on the Thracian coast. Therefore, these colonists arrived with customs and techniques that could characterize the walls of the northern region and even create new regional phenomena.