The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and anisomycin were administered during training in an attempt to block the consolidation of the memory for a morphine conditioned place preference. The systemic injection of 2.5mg/kg of cycloheximide post-training failed to block consolidation, though there was a trend towards an attenuated preference, however cycloheximide produced a conditioned place aversion if paired with one compartment. To examine the effect of more complete protein synthesis inhibition and reduce the aversive effects, the less toxic protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin was infused into the lateral ventricles of the brain either pre-, post- or 3 hours following training. Post-training infusions of anisomycin blocked the formation of a conditioned place preference, while pre-training and 3 hours post-training infusions showed no significant effect over two conditioning pairings. It was concluded that drug conditioning in the place preference paradigm requires protein synthesis for memory consolidation as do other learning paradigms.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-88). / viii, [89] leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

The rate of obesity has risen dramatically over recent years and is an epidemic in many countries. School pupils and university students are no exception to this. The negative effects physically, mentally and emotionally of being overweight are detrimental to one’s quality of life. It is therefore critical to encourage pupils and students to participate in physical activity. Formalised sport is a key component of encouraging physical activity. The habits learnt in childhood and early adulthood are often carried through for the rest of one’s life. The benefits of participating in sport need to be promoted extensively to the students, as research has shown students that participate in sport are not only healthier but achieve better academic results. This study examined the constraints to students’ participation in formalised sport. The empirical data was collected by means of a survey, using self-administered questionnaires distributed to students on the three Summerstrand campuses at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University in Port Elizabeth. Two hundred and eighty three usable questionnaires were received. Time and scheduling was found to be the most constraining factor to participation in sport. I am too busy with my university studies attracted the highest mean score of all the items on the questionnaire. It is recommended that: • sport organisers at NMMU emphasise to the students the benefits of regular participation in physical activity; • the effectiveness of the current NMMU sport programmes and accessibility be further investigated as only 18 per cent of the students in 2011 were participating in sport programmes at NMMU; • time management skills be taught to the NMMU students as the Time and scheduling constraint was the most profound constraint to participation in formalised sport; • NMMU academic staff work more closely with the staff at the University Sport Bureau to promote regular sport participation and to disseminate sport related information that could promote being more actively involved in sport; and • relevant introductory sport programmes and more internal leagues be offered, that gently introduce various sport codes to the students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of special motor training on a group of grade one pupils who were having difficulty in reading. Ten grade one students were selected from the Sir Richard McBride Elementary School in Vancouver. These pupils were classed as potentially poor readers on the basis of the Metropolitan Reading Readiness Test and the Winter Haven Perceptual Copy Forms Test. A matched group of ten pupils, which would act as a control group, was selected from the Annex to the McBride School. The two groups were matched according to age, sex, and the results of the reading readiness s test and the perceptual form test. The experimental group received sixteen weeks of special motor training which was carried on for one hour a day, five days a week. At the completion of the training period all subjects were given the Stanford Achievement Test and the Winter Haven Perceptual Form Test. The differences between the means of the raw scores of the two groups were statistically analyzed. The t-test was used and the t required for significance at the .05 level of confidence was 2.10. The t's obtained indicated a very significant improvement of the experimental group over the control group in reading ability. The following indicated the obtained t on each item of the reading test plus the perceptual form test. 1. Word Meaning 10.38 2. Paragraph Meaning 5.35 3. Spelling 5.83 4. Word Study Skills 4.04 5. Perceptual Form 11.11 There was no significant difference in vocabulary. Because of certain experimental conditions which could not be controlled, it could not definitely be indicated that the improvement was due entirely to the motor skills program. The apparent lack of direct relationship between levels of perceptual ability and reading achievement raises several questions. Further information is needed before the reason for apparent differences between improvement in perceptual and reading skills following a special motor training program can be understood. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of a glucose drink oxidized during cycle ergometer exercise at 60% VO₂max for 75 minutes. A second purpose was to determine if the glucose drink improved sprint time to exhaustion at 90% VO₂max after 75 minutes of exercise. Six trained male cyclists (VO₂max > 60 ml•kg⁻¹•min•¹) exercised on three occasions during which they ingested either water ad lib (W), ¹³C-cornsyrup (100 g, 2.02 M) + water ad lib (CS), or NaH¹²CO₃/NaH¹³CO₃ mixture (5 mg•kg⁻¹, 1% ¹³C-enriched) + water ad lib (B). Treatments B and CS were ingested after 5 minutes of cycling at 60% VO₂max. During exercise, there was no difference between treatments in plasma lactate response, changes in plasma volume, sprint time to exhaustion, or in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), VO₂, or VCO₂. RER showed a significant decline (p< .01) from 5 minutes (1.00±0.05, X±SD) to 75 minutes (0.96±0.05), and VO₂ showed a significant positive shift (p< .01) from 3.15(±0.29) to 3.52(±0.45) l•min⁻¹. A transient rise in plasma glucose was observed with CS. Changes from rest in ¹³C/¹²C ratio (∂13C) showed a significant increase (p< .01) following CS. Peak glucose oxidation rate was 7.26 g•15 min⁻¹ which occurred after 75 minutes. Total dose of exogenous ¹³C-glucose recovered as ¹³CO₂ (above baseline) was 22%. These observations suggest that (1) during moderate exercise of 75 minutes duration, oxidation of exogenous glucose occurs within 15 minutes but contributes marginally to total carbohydrate utilization as RER continued to fall with or without CS, and (2) sprint time to exhaustion after 75 minutes of cycling is not improved with glucose ingestion. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

The limiting factors of swimming performance were studied in fish exercising in a water tunnel. The relationship between (10 min) critical velocity and body length determined in 10 species of freshwater teleosts is discussed with respect to the ratio of lateral red body musculature to total body weight. Electromyographic recording from red and white portions of the body musculature in four species of fish showed that red muscle fibers alone are active during steady swimming at sustained speeds. White muscle fibers are active only during bursts of violent swimming, such as during rapid acceleration and for a brief period preceding fatigue. Thus red muscle fibers, generally accepted as having an aerobic metabolism, appear to be the major determinant of sustained swimming speed. To establish the time course of cardiovascular and respiratory changes during swimming; heart rate, ventilation rate, dorsal aortic, ventral aortic, and right common cardinal blood pressures were monitored during steady swimming following abrupt changes in water velocity. Under these circumstances most of the heart rate increase occurred in the first thirty seconds and heart rate did not change further after 3-15 minutes at a given swimming speed. Ventilation rate tended to increase initially and then decline, reaching a constant value after 15-30 minutes at a given swimming speed. Dorsal and ventral aortic blood pressure increased more slowly than heart rate, peaking after six minutes then declining to constant values after about 30 minutes. Blood pressure in the common cardinal vein was constant during exercise. The animals were considered to be in a steady state with regards to these circulatory and respiratory variables after about 30 minutes. Oxygen consumption increased from a mean of 0.58 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ at rest to a mean maximum of 4.34 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹. Under the same circumstances cardiac output increased from a mean of 17.6 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ at rest to a mean maximum of 52.6 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹. The corresponding stroke volume was 0.46 ml kg⁻¹ stroke⁻¹ at rest and 1.03 ml kg⁻¹ stroke⁻¹. Arterio-venous oxygen difference at rest was 3.29 volumes % and increased to 8.3 volumes % as a result of a decrease in venous saturation (to lower than 10% in some cases) during exercise. Heart rate at rest was 31.75 min⁻¹ and increased during exercise by a mean of 1.33 times. Ventral aortic blood pressure rose from 38.8 Torr at rest to 61.7 Torr. The corresponding ventral aortic pulse pressure rose from 11.6 Torr at rest to 26 Torr. Dorsal aortic mean pressure at rest was 31 Torr and increased to 37 Torr with exercise, accompanied by an increase in pulse pressure from 5.8 Torr at rest to 10 Torr. Ventilatory volume at rest was 211.4 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ and increased to about 1700 ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ at maximal sustained swimming speed. The capacity rate ratio of oxygen exchange between water and blood increased from 0.6 at rest to 1.8 during exercise. Arterial blood of resting trout was 97% saturated with oxygen and % saturation did not change with exercise. Blood lactate at rest and at swimming speeds as high as 93% of critical velocity was 0.5 μM/ml. One minute after fatigue the blood lactate level had increased about five fold and continued to increase, reaching a maximum value (6-10 μM/ml) 2 to 2.5 hours after fatigue. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Speech errors, or "slips of the tongue", have been studied in attempts to understand the speech production process, to investigate phonological units and rules, and to provide insights into historical linguistic change. The present study examines speech errors and their relation to segment durations in word-initial /sp, st, sk/-clusters produced under rapid repetition conditions by six adult native speakers of English. Fifty percent of the errors produced could be classified as repetition errors; these were examined for duration in the initial clusters, both error and corrected productions. General results following from analysis of the data were: (1) Error clusters and their component segments were consistently longer in duration than their subsequent and immediate corrections. (2) The clusters /sp/ and /sk/ are longer than /st/, which may be attributable to the faster moving, more highly innervated tongue tip musculature involved in the production of Is/ and It/, compared with the heterorganic clusters. (3) The stop consonant in a given cluster appears to determine the overall cluster duration, since the duration of /s/ remains fairly constant irrespective of context. In light of the results, it was speculated that the excessive duration of the cluster (or of its component parts) violated a timing constraint on the production of an utterance, necessitating recalibration and correction of the error. It was further inferred that feedback must be present in order for the system to recognize the duration error, to compare it with planned output, and finally to execute a correction. Two types of feedback were considered necessary for the adequate functioning of a speech production model, which would also allow for speech perception: (a) continuous auditory feedback, which is supplemented by (b) intermittent proprioceptive feedback, both of which are used in perceiving input ,:and manipulating output. Such a system provides a plausible account of speech error production as described in this study. The hypothesized variable servomonitor system advocated here (and in other studies) in general provides an efficient means for producing, monitoring and correcting speech production. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of "critical time" (i.e. the time required to achieve steady-state heart rates) in the administration of the PWG 170 three-stage submaximal bicycle ergometer test. Specifically, the problem involved determining the effects of four different work load duration protocols on 'D' scores (which reflected the relative attainment of steady-state heart rates) and on PWG 170 scores. The combined effect of the order and relative intensity of the work loads on the 'D' scores was also studied, as was the effect of state of training on both 'D* scores and PWG 170 scores. Eight endurance-trained and eight untrained college males, aged 18 to 30, took a preliminary test to verify placement into their groups and to determine work loads for the experimental study. Each subject then underwent four experimental PWG 170 tests. Each test consisted of three periods of bicycle ergometer work of increasing intensity with the duration of the work period set at 3, 4, 5, or 6 minutes for the four test variations. There was an interval of at least two days between tests, which were administered in a counterbalanced Latin-square design. The pedalling cadence on the Monark bicycle ergometer was 50 r.p.m., and the warm-up consisted of ‘0’ work load for two minutes. Continuous monitoring of the subject's E.K.G. permitted calculationsoffaverage heart rate for every 15-second interval. These heart rates, and the associated work loads, provided the raw data for this study. Linear regression was used to determine the PWG 170 scores, while an asymptotic regression program was chosen to predict steady-state heart rate for each subject at each work load in all four tests. These predicted steady-state heart rates were then subtracted from the last 15-second average heart rates for all work periods to yield a 'D' score. This 'D* score then gave an indication of the extent to which steady-state heart rates were achieved. The hypotheses were tested through the use of two-way and three-way ANOVA's and preplanned orthogonal comparisons. The original analysis showed a trend toward increasing PWG 170 scores with shorter duration work periods, but the effect was not significant at the .05 level. However, after a careful analysis of the results, one of the trained subjects was classified as an "outlier" (one whose data contributes too much variance to be considered representative) and another ANOVA was run with this subject's aberrant data deleted. The statistical results were now very different, with the protocols effect highly significant (p<.001), and explained well by a linear function (p<.00l). On the basis of these ambiguous findings, confident conclusions regarding the protocols effect must await further study. The first ANOVA showed no evidence of an interaction effect between state of training and the protocols effect, however the second, 'post hoc ANOVA' (with subject "outlier" deleted) found a significant difference which suggested that trained athletes may have their PWG 170 scores overestimated more than untrained subjects as a result of shorter duration protocols. There was a highly significant protocols effect in the 'D' scores (p<.00l) which was explained almost entirely by a linear function (p<.00l). This data therefore tends to support the 'post hoc ANOVA' for the PWG 170 scores, since these scores are obviously dependent on the extent to which steady-state has been achieved. Although the 'D' scores suggested that the 4-minute protocol might be optimal for achieving steady-state values, this assumes that an asymptotic first-order model accurately predicts steady-state heart rates. In this light, the lack of a significant effect of state of training or work load number/intensity on critical time, shown by this study, must be interpreted with caution. Further study with 'D' scores based on second-order models may uncover significant main and interaction effects. / Education, Faculty of / Kinesiology, School of / Graduate

Relationships of negative psychological conditions with general status of cell-mediated and humoral immune systems were investigated. A unique approach was utilized in that indexes representing multiple aspects of each branch of the immune system were employed to better indicate general immunological status. Differences in emotion-immune interactions between males and females were demonstrated. Results indicated a positive relationship between Trait Anger and Cell-Mediated Immunological Index. Particular criticisms of previous psychoneuroimmunological research were met by addressing sex differences and differences in various conditions of anger and depression, as well as through assessment of cumulative effects of negative emotions on immune system status. Directions for future research in eddressing similar issues are suggested. In general, results provide support for validity of mindbody interactionism and imply the need for revision of standard medical and psychological treatment.

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