The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health recommends expending 200 kcals "on most, if not all days of the week" (1000 to 1400 kcals/week) as a minimum quantity of exercise energy expenditure (EE) required to obtain health benefits. The ACSM recommends expending a minimum of 1000 kcals/week to receive fitness benefits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of EE above and below 1200 kcals/week on health and fitness benefits. Twenty-six previously sedentary males and females (mean age = 47 ± 2 years), with at least one risk factor for CAD completed the 22-32 week endurance exercise training study. Subjects performed an initial health screening and treadmill test which included measures of heart rate, blood pressure, blood lipids, body composition at rest, and metabolic data (V02, VE, RER) during the maximal treadmill test. Subjects began exercising with the Adult Physical Fitness Program at a self-selected amount of energy expenditure, recording heart rate, frequency, and duration of exercise on an exercise log card after every exercise session. After 22-32 weeks, subjects returned to the laboratory for a final evaluation identical to the first. The metabolic data from the initial and final tests, along with the data from the exercise log card was used to develop an estimation of energy expenditure/week. Subjects were then categorized into either < or > 1200 kcal/week energy expenditure. Results of the pre/post (n=12) training blood pressure, blood lipids, body composition and V02 __ measures were:EE <1200 kcalsEE >1200 kcalsVariablePre TrainingPost TrainingPre Training 'PostTrainingVO2.(L/min)2.287+.1982.397±.1983.064±.2073.290±.210VO2.(ml/kg/min)27.4+1.7-28.2+1.7-33.0+2.4-37.3±2.6 #HDL-C(mg/dl)51+4.355±4.547±2.850±3.2SBP(mmHg)121±4117±3124±4y120±37BMI(k g/m2)28.0±1.728.3+1.731.2+1.6730.0+1.5y #*p <0.05 training main effect, #p < 0.05 group by time interaction, y: n=14The group that expended above 1200 kcals/week displayed more improvement inrelative V02 n,.,., and BMI following the training program than the group thatexpended less than 1200 kcals/week. Furthermore, there was a training main effect showing adaptations in V02 ., HDL and SBP. In conclusion, previously at risk, sedentary individuals exercise training > 2 days/week can receive health and fitness benefits. However, those expending more than 1200 kcals/week will receive a greater benefit in terms of body composition and cardiovascular fitness. / School of Physical Education

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Six runners (V02 max=68.2 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min) were studied on three separate occasions during a 30 min treadmill run at 70% V02 max. On each occasion, the subjects ingested either 75g of glucose (trial G), fructose (trial F) or a sweetened placebo (trial C). No differences were observed between any of the trials for oxygen uptake, heart rate or perceived exertion. Serum glucose levels were elevated as a result of the glucose feeding (P<0.05) reaching peak levels at 30 min post-feeding. With the onset of exercise, glucose levels dropped to a low of 5.89 ± 0.99 mmol/l at 15 min of exercise in trial G. Serum glucose concentrations in trials F and C averaged 6.21 ± 0.31 mmol/l and 5.95 ± 0.23 mmol/l over all the time points, respectively, and were not different (p>0.05). Muscle glycogen utilization in the first 15 min of exercise was similar in trial C (18.8 ± 1.9 mmol/kg), trial F (16.3 ± 4.1 mmol/kg) and trial G (18.8 ± 9.1 mmol/kg), and total glycogen use was also similar in trial C (20.7 ± 5.3 mmol/kg), trial F (35.4 ±6.3 mmol/kg) and trial G (25.6 ± mmol/kg). These data suggest that pre-exercise feedings of fructose or glucose do not affect the rate of muscle glycogen utilization during 30 min of treadmill running in well-trained runners.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of warm-up intensity on anaerobic performance and recovery in children. Six male children (11.0 ± 0.6 yr) performed an IAT following a mild (85% of VAT), intense (115% of VAT), or no warm-up protocol. VAT was determined during a previously performed GXT. A catheter allowed for multiple blood samples drawn thoughout each trial. Performance indices, PP, MP, TW, and FI%, were not significantly different across trials. Blood analysis revealed significant interactions for recovery [LA] and [HC03-], although no significant interaction for pH values. There was also a significant interaction for V02 recovery pattern. The ALA (5.2 vs. 7.1 mmol•1-1, respectively) and AHC03- (6.1 vs. 8.4 mmol-l-1, respectively) were significantly lower for the AVAT trial compared to NWU trial. These data indicate that the AVAT warm-up resulted in less acid-base balance disturbance suggesting greater dependence on aerobic metabolism during the IAT. / School of Physical Education

This thesis investigates the hypothesis that emotions play an influential role in cognition. Interference between facial emotional expression processing and selected tasks is measured using a variety of experimental methods. Prior to the main experimental chapters, the collection and assessment (Chapter 2, Exp. 1) of stimulus materials is described. Experiments 2-11 then concentrate on the likelihood of interference with other types of information from the face. Findings using a Garner design suggest that, although identity processing may be independent of expression variation, expression processing may be influenced by variation in identity (Exps. 2-4). Continued use of this design with sex (Exps. 6-7) and gaze direction (Exps. 9-10) information appears to support the (mutual) independence of these facial dimensions from expression. This is, however, in contrast to studies that indicate the modification of masculinity judgements by expression (Exp. 5), and the interaction of gaze direction and expression when participants rate how interesting they find a face (Exp. 8). Further to this, a search task (Exp. 11) shows that slower responses to an angry (cf. happy) face looking at us, may be due to the presence of an aversive mouth. Experiments 12-15 test for interference in the field of time perception: complex interactions between expression and encoder and decoder sex are indicated. Finally, Experiments 16-17 find that exposure to a sequence in which the majority of faces are angry depresses probability learning, and that prior exposure to varying quantities of angry and happy faces affects our later memory for them. Overall, there is evidence that exposure to emotional expressions may affect other (selected)c ognitive processesd ependingu pon which expressionsa re used and which experimental methods are chosen. It is suggested that future investigations would benefit from techniques that describe the temporal profile of an emotional response.

The purpose was to describe the physiological response and nutritional consumption of one athlete competing in the RAAM. The 1999 RAAM covered 4727 kilometers from Irvine, CA. to Savannah, GA. The subject was a 36 year-old male elite triathlete with 12 years of training experience. VO2max was 4.32 L/min. Prior to RAAM, cycling economy was measured at 100 and 150 watts. During RAAM, the following measurements were continuously recorded: heart rate, power output, nutritional intake, and body mass. Power output was recorded using a hub dynamometer (4 strain gauges, PowerTap). The subject completed RAAM in 10.1 days and spent 18.6 h/day cycling. Mean cycling values for power output, mechanical energy and heart rate were: 97 watts, 6676 kjoules and 99 b/min. Daily cycling energy expenditure was 7,946 +/- 1435 kcal/day. Energy intake averaged 6,812 +/- 914 kcal/day with 67% CHO, 24% fat, and 9% protein. Body mass decreased by 2.5 kg and percent fat decreased from 9.2% to 7.1%.

This study investigated the EMG muscle activation patterns of forward ice hockey skating at three velocities. Seven varsity hockey players from McGill University (age = 22.1 +/- 1.2 years, height = 1.8 +/- 0.1m, weight = 82.1 +/- 8.5 kg) participated. Testing was done using a skating treadmill. Skin was shaved, abraded and cleansed in the area of the electrode placement over the vastus medialis (VM), adductor magnus (AM), biceps femoris (BF), gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), and lateral gastrocnemius (GL) of the right lower limb. Subjects skated at 12 km/hr, 18 km/hr, and 24 km/hr. Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed, followed by Tukey post hoc tests. In general, the amplitude at speed 24km/hr was significantly higher than the speed of 12km/hr. There were few significant differences in temporal values. In conclusion, this study has shown that an increase in velocity results in an increase in the amount of muscle activation, but the muscle coordination patterns remain the same.

The purpose of this study was to describe various kinematic variables of the skating stride. A data set for five collegiate hockey players was completed (mean +/- SD: age = 22.0 +/- 1.0 years, height = 1.77 +/- 0.06 m, weight = 80.0 +/- 8.5 kg). Three velocities were examined on the skating treadmill: slow (12 km/hr), medium (18 km/hr) and fast (24 km/hr). Electrogoniometers at the hip (H), knee (K) and ankle (ANK) were used to acquire angular displacement and velocity profiles. A trend for increasing range of motion and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in stride rate was observed with speed. Movement patterns between subjects were consistent for the H and K with some variations at the ANK. The study concluded that skating speed was controlled by stride rate while movement profiles remained unchanged.

No description available.

Graduation date: 1999