Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-21T17:04:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE ASPSP.pdf: 2001369 bytes, checksum: f6de58de3e0c281db510010c6c904ea9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T17:04:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE ASPSP.pdf: 2001369 bytes, checksum: f6de58de3e0c281db510010c6c904ea9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / capes / A área no entorno do arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP) (0°55 '10"N e 29º20'33" W) foi investigada, com o objetivo de caracterizar a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica, seus padrões de distribuição horizontal e vertical, especialmente na termoclina que coincide com a profundidade máxima de clorofila (PMC) e identificar os valores de biomassa em carbono orgânico através do biovolume celular. Duas expedições foram realizadas a bordo do navio Hidro-Oceanográfico Cruzeiro do Sul, entre os dias 21 a 23 de julho de 2010 e 29 de setembro a 01 de outubro de 2011, ambas na estação seca da região. Foram estabelecidos dois transectos perpendiculares e opostos no entorno do arquipélago e determinados três pontos de coleta para cada um, em diversas profundidades: superfície, 25 metros, 50 metros, 10 metros acima da PMC, na PMC e 10 metros abaixo da PMC. Foram coletadas amostras no período diurno e noturno. Utilizou-se uma rede cilindro-cônica com malha de 20 μm de abertura para arrastos oblíquos e garrafas de Niskin para as coletas de amostras quali-quantitativas e físico-químicas. Duas massas de água foram identificadas (Água Tropical e Água Central do Atlântico Sul), uma termoclina ficou evidente entre 40 e 100 metros de profundidade. Um total de 128 espécies de organismos fitoplanctônicos foi identificado, pertencentes a quatro filos, sendo 22 espécies consideradas novos registros para a região. A densidade fitoplanctônica total variou de 1 a 183 x103 células.L-1. Trichodesmium thiebautii Gomont ex Gomont, Oxytoxum longiceps Schiller e Protoperidinium minimum (Pavillard) Schiller tiveram correlações significativas com os parâmetros físicos e químicos. A análise de agrupamento evidenciou a formação de cinco grupos em função da profundidade. Trichodesmium thiebautii foi à única considerada constante e dominante no entorno do arquipélago nas duas expedições. Os dados morfológicos encontrados neste estudo estão coerentes com as medidas encontradas por diversos autores na literatura citada. No filo cianobactérias, Trichodesmium hildebrandtii Gomont apresentou os maiores valores de biovolume celular e biomassa de carbono (1.603 μm3 e 254 pgC.μm-3, respectivamente). Em relação ao filo Dinophyta, Pyrocystis fusiformis Thomson apresentou os maiores valores de biovolume celular e biomassa em carbono (1.660,269 μm3 e 149.693 pgC.μm-3, respectivamente) e Prorocentrum balticum Loeblich apresentou os menores valores (1.145 μm3 e 161 pgC.μm-3, respectivamente). Para o filo Ochrophyta, Planktoniella sol (C.G.Wallich) Schutt, foi a única espécie analisada do grupo, com 63.107 μm3 de biovolume celular e 2.250 pgC.μm-3 de biomassa em carbono. Os dados de clorofila a e nutrientes foram considerados baixos em ambas as expedições, confirmando a oligotrofia da área. Estes dados indicam que ASPSP pode ser associado a um efeito ilha na circulação oceânica e que a distribuição horizontal e vertical dos dados hidrológicos, demonstra tratar-se de um ambiente estável em relação à temperatura, salinidade e oxigênio dissolvido. Em relação aos nutrientes, entretanto, ficou comprovado que estes interferem diretamente na composição das cianobactérias, mesmo com a dominância de T. thiebautii. / The area surrounding the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (ASPSP) (0°55 '10"N and 29º20'33" W) was investigated to characterize the structure of the phytoplankton community and its patterns of horizontal and vertical distribution in the water column, especially in the thermocline that coincides with the maximum depth of chlorophyll (DCM). This area was also investigated to identify organic carbon biomass values according to cell biovolume. Samples were collected during two expeditions aboard the hydro-oceanographic ship Cruzeiro do Sul, between July 21 and 23, 2010 and between September 29 and October 1, 2011. This expedition occurred during the dry season. We established two opposite, perpendicular transects and selected three collection points in each transect at varying depths, as follows: surface, 25 meters, 50 meters, 10 meters above the DCM, DCM and 10 meters below the DCM. Samples were collected during the day and night. We used a cylindrical-conical net and Niskin bottles to collect the samples for qualitative, quantitative and physio-chemical analysis. Two water masses were identified (Tropical Water and Central Water of the South Atlantic), and a thermocline was detected between depths of 40 and 100 meters. A total of 128 species of phytoplankton organisms were identified, belonging to four phyla. Of these species, 22 were considered new records for the region. Total phytoplankton density ranged from 1 to 183 x103 cells. L-1. Trichodesmium thiebautii Gomont ex Gomont, Oxytoxum longiceps Schiller and Protoperidinium minimum (Pavillard) Schiller showed a significant correlation with the physical and chemical parameters. Cluster analysis revealed the formation of five groups by depths. Trichodesmium thiebautii was the only species considered constant and dominant in the area surrounding the archipelago for both expeditions. The morphological data found in this study are consistent with the measurements found by various authors in the cited literature. For the phylum cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium hildebrandtii Gomont presented the highest values of cell biovolume and biomass in carbon (1603 μm3 and 254 pgC.μm-3, respectively). In relation to the phylum Dinophyta, Pyrocystis fusiformis Thomson presented the highest values of cell biovolume and biomass in carbon (1.660,269 μm3 and 149,693 pgC.μm-3, respectively) and Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich presented the lowest values (1145 μm3 and 161 pgC.μm-3, respectively). For the phylum Ochrophyta, Planktoniella sol (C.G.Wallich) Schütt was the only species of the group that was examined, with 63,107 μm3 of cell biovolume and 2250 pgC.μm-3 of biomass in carbon. The data of chlorophyll a and nutrients were considered low in both expeditions, which confirm the oligotrophy of the area. These data indicate that ASPSP can be associated to the island mass effect in the oceanic circulation. Moreover, the horizontal and vertical distribution of the hydrological data in the ASPS shows that this environment is stable in relation to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. However, the results also show that the nutrients interfere directly in the composition of cyanobacteria, even with the dominance of T. thiebautii.

One of the most difficult issues when dealing with optical water remote-sensing is its acceptance as a useful application for environmental research. This problem is, on the one hand, concerned with the optical complexity and variability of the investigated natural media, and therefore the question arises as to the plausibility of the parameters derived from remote-sensing techniques. Detailed knowledge about the regional bio- and chemico-optical properties is required for such studies, however such information is seldom available for the sites of interest. On the other hand, the primary advantage of remote-sensing information, which is the provision of a spatial overview, may not be exploited fully by the disciplines that would benefit most from such information. It is often seen in a variety of disciplines that scientists have been primarily trained to look at discrete data sets, and therefore have no experience of incorporating information dealing with spatial heterogeneity. <br><br> In this thesis, the opportunity was made available to assess the potential of Ocean Colour data to provide spatial and seasonal information about the surface waters of Lake Baikal (Siberia). While discrete limnological field data is available, the spatial extension of Lake Baikal is enormous (ca. 600 km), while the field data are limited to selected sites and expedition time windows. Therefore, this remote-sensing investigation aimed to support a multi-disciplinary limnological investigation within the framework of the paleoclimate EU-project ‘High Resolution CONTINENTal Paleoclimate Record in Lake Baikal, Siberia (CONTINENT)’ using spatial and seasonal information from the SeaWiFS satellite (NASA). From this, the SeaWiFS study evolved to become the first efficient bio-optical satellite study of Lake Baikal. <br><br> During the course of three years, field work including spectral field measurements and water sampling, was carried out at Lake Baikal in Southern Siberia, and at the Mecklenburg and Brandenburg lake districts in Germany. The first step in processing the SeaWiFS satellite data involved adapting the SeaDAS (NASA) atmospheric-correction processing to match as close as possible the specific conditions of Lake Baikal. Next, various Chl-<i>a</i> algorithms were tested on the atmospherically-corrected optimized SeaWiFS data set (years 2001 to 2002), comparing the CONTINENT pigment ground-truth data with the Chl-<i>a</i> concentrations derived from the satellite data. This showed the high performance of the global Chl-<i>a</i> products OC2 and OC4 for the oligotrophic, transparent waters (bio-optical Case 1) of Lake Baikal. However, considerable Chl-<i>a</i> overestimation prevailed in bio-optical Case 2 areas for the case of discharge events. High-organic terrigenous input into Lake Baikal could be traced and information extracted using the SeaWiFS spectral data. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was quantified by the regression of the SeaDAS attenuation coefficient as the optical parameter with SPM field data. <br><br> Finally, the Chl-<i>a</i> and terrigenous input maps derived from the remote sensing data were used to assist with analyzing the relationships between the various discrete data obtained during the CONTINENT field work. Hence, plausible spatial and seasonal information describing autochthonous and allochthonous material in Lake Baikal could be provided by satellite data.<br>Lake Baikal, with its bio-optical complexity and its different areas of Case 1 and Case 2 waters, is a very interesting case study for Ocean Colour analyses. Proposals for future Ocean Colour studies of Lake Baikal are discussed, including which bio-optical parameters for analytical models still need to be clarified by field investigations. / Die Gewässerfernerkundung entwickelte sich seit den 70ern vor allem aus der Ozeanographie und der Atmosphärenforschung, und wird inzwischen als anerkannte Methode genutzt, um global die Phytoplanktonverteilung in den Weltmeeren erfassen zu können, u.a. für CO₂-Haushaltsmodellierungen. Atmosphärenkorrigierte Multi- und Hyperspektralscannerdaten ermöglichen die Qualifizierung bio-optischer Gewässertypen und die Quantifizierung optisch sichtbarer Wasserinhaltsstoffe und bieten gerade auch für dynamische und heterogene Küsten- und Binnengewässer das große Potential des räumlichen Informationsgewinnes.<br>Im Rahmen des Paläoklimaprojektes CONTINENT wurde in dieser Arbeit das Oberflächenwasser des Baikalsees mit Gewässerfernerkungsmethoden analysiert. Wichtig für die Interpretation von Klima-Proxies sind v.a. auch Hinweise auf die Verteilung des autochthonen Materials im Baikalsee (Fernerkundungsparameter: Chlorophyll-<i>a</i>), ebenso wie Hinweise auf allochthone Einträge an den Bohrungsstellen (Fernerkundungsparameter ‚Terrigener Eintrag’). Auf den Geländekampagnen in den Sommern 2001, 2002, 2003 in Sibirien und in Deutschland wurden Feldspektrometermessungen mit gleichzeitiger Wasserprobenahme auf die optisch sichtbaren Wasserinhaltsstoffe Phytoplankton, Schwebstoff, und DOC durchgeführt. Dabei konnten Messtechniken für Geländespektrometer evaluiert, und grundlegende Aussagen über die spektrale Verteilung des In-Wasser Lichtfeldes im Baikalsee gemacht werden. <br><br> Die Ocean Colour Satellitendaten des NASA-Instrumentes SeaWiFS und die Möglichkeiten der komplexen NASA Software SeaDAS wurden genutzt. Für die Ableitung des am Baikalsee anzutreffenden organikreichen terrigenen Eintrages, wurde ein vorläufiger Algorithmus aus den Geländedaten generiert. Verschiedene Algorithmen für den Parameter ‚Chlorophyll-<i>a</i>’ wurden mit dem Geländedatensatz der Projektpartnerin S. Fietz (Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei, IGB) evaluiert. Als geeignetester etablierte sich der auf oligotrophe Gewässer optimierte NASA Chlorophyll Algorithmus ‚Ocean Colour (OC) 2’. Die Quantifizierungen und Ergebnisse werden diskutiert. <br><br> Als Endergebnis wird der Überblick über Sedimenteintrag und Phytoplanktondynamik im Baikalsee für den Zeitraum 2001-2002 zur Verfügung gestellt und die autochthonen versus allochthonen Einflüsse an den Projektlokationen werden beschrieben. Der Baikalsee erwies sich als bio-optisch ein sehr komplexes und interessantes Studienobjekt. Ein wichtiger Punkt, der in dieser Arbeit angesprochen wird, ist die Atmosphärenkorrektur, die wesentliche Einflüsse auf die Qualifizierungen und Quantifizierungen hat, aber als Standardprogramm nur für den pelagialen Wasserkörper in Meeresspiegelhöhe mit marinen, bzw. Küstenatmosphären konditioniert ist. Ein weiterer bedeutender Punkt, der in dieser Arbeit diskutiert wird, ist der relevante spektrale Einfluss des organikreichen terrigenen Eintrages auf die Gewässerfarbe und dadurch auf die Qualität der Chlorophyll-Ableitung. Somit boten sich die Möglichkeiten, das räumliche Ausmaß und die Dynamik rezenter terrigener Einträge zu erfassen. Auch die Entwicklung des Phytoplankton von Frühsommer bis Spätsommer im Baikalsee konnte mit den SeaWiFS Daten nachvollzogen werden. Die hier vorgestellte Studie stellte sich als die erste grundlegende optische Gewässerfernerkundungsstudie mit Satellitendaten am Baikalsee heraus, und konnte erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden.