Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The research was concerned with the implementation of laser cleaning on stonework. Much research work has been carried out in the past to understand and explain the laser interaction with the stone. It has been shown that the Nd:YAG laser (at 1.064/μm) acts as a self-limiting tool for the removal of the black encrustation on stonework. The main objective of this research was a more thorough understanding of the various cleaning mechanisms. In order to evaluate the advantages of laser cleaning some training on the conventional methods of conservation (air-abrasive, steam cleaning etc.) had been undertaken in restoration at real sites. The laser cleaning effects on alabaster sculpture were studied first followed by work on limestone. Surface and chemical analytical techniques (Scanning Electron Microscopy, Optical Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction etc.) have been employed to inspect the stone surfaces before and after the irradiation.

1. The extraction and purification of anthocyanins from barley kernels presents problems not commonly encountered in other plant tissues. Special techniques using, for example, a pearler, sonic oscillator and alternate freezing and thawing of extracts have aided in the production of reasonably complete and pure anthocyanin and anthocyanidin extracts from chaff, pericarp and perisperm-spermoderm. Partial extraction of anthocyanin from the very proteinaceous aleurone layer of the grain was made possible by removing the dilute acid-water soluble fraction from the pearled aleurone tissue followed by acid-alcohol extraction. Extraction of anthocyanins from plant tissues presents little difficulty. 2. Paper chromatography has proven to be an excellent means of separating and partially characterizing anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in the barley soma and grain. Special techniques, such as the chromatostripe technique was developed, which greatly assisted the resolution of large quantities of anthocyanins. The Whatman No. 7 and No. 3 chromatographic paper greatly improved the resolution and reduced the trailing in comparison to Whatman No. 1 and No. 3 mm. commonly used in anthocyanin chromatography. Electrophoresis, too provided an excellent means for separating the yellow flavanoids from the anthocyanins. 3. A peeling technique was developed which greatly extended the possibilities of studying the anthocyanin development in the separate tissues of the caryopsis. This technique may also be of help to breeders and taxonomists in the accurate classification of barley. 4. Exploratory studies were undertaken on the pattern of distribution of anthocyanins in barley kernels of one white, three blue, two purple and two black verieties. Two anthocyanins "B" and "C" (probably cyanidin-3-glucoside) occured in one black (Gatami) and in the blues (Kwan, Montcalm and Trebi) and the purples (Gopal and Black Hulless). Additionally, of three anthocyanins found in the purple varieties, two "D" and "E" were common to both and one "F" was found in the variety, Gopal. Also found in the purple varieties was a poorly resolved group of "slow-moving" anthocyanins. The possible aglycones of these anthocyanins have been discussed. 5. These studies which represent the pigments of mature kernels (as a whole) were followed by the investigations on anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in the separate tissues of the caryopsis viz. awns, hulls, pericarp, perisperm-spermo-derm and aleurone, at different stages of growth. Broad conclusions have emerged from these studies. Some anthocyanins, "fast-moving" under the conditions of chromatography of these investigations, hitherto, not detected in the mature tissues of the caryopsis, were present, in quantity, in the early stages of caryopsis development. In addition, the "slow-moving" anthocyanins, present in the mature kernels, could not be dectected in the early stages of caryopsis development. During later stages of caryopsis development, the "fast-moving" anthocyanins gradually disappeared and the "slow-moving appeared. In mature kernels of all the varieties studied, two antho-cyanidins, viz. delphinidin and cyanidin were present. Additionally, pelargonidin was present in the kernels of the purple varieties. During the developing stages of the kernel, however, only two anthocyanidins viz. cyanidin and pelargonidin were definitely present. Delphinidin could not be recovered. Similarly pelargonidin and cyanidin, hut not delphinidin, have been obtained from the maternal tissues such as the leaf sheath, awns, and pericarp of the barley plant. Delphinidin has been obtained only from the grain and may originate in the aleurone tissues or may come from leuco-anthocyanins; in colorless varieties, it is certain that the delphinidin comes from leuco-compounds but there is some reason to believe that in colored varieties some delphinidin may come from aleurone tissues. In the grain of blue varieties, delphinidin is relatively more abundant than cyanidin but, in purple varieties, the reverse appears to be true. Pelargonidin appears only in the purple varieties. 7. Leuco-anthocyanins which yield, on hydrolysis, cyanidin and delphinidin occur in the white barleys, such as Golden Pheasant, and in black barleys, such as Lion, which contain no anthocyanin. They may well occur with anthocyanins in the blue and purple barley varieties, but methods for their segregation have not been fully worked out. 8. Ocular studies on anthocyanins showed that color appeared in the awn tips about the time of meiosis. Other characteristic changes occurred in the pigment content during the transition from vegetative to reproductive stages. Field observations, then, led to the belief that there is some association of sexuality and anthocyanin development in barley. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Violacein is a purple pigment typically produced by species of Chromobacterium and Janthinobacterium. A soil isolate, identified as Janthinobacterium, was studied. Maximal pigmentation occurred at 250C under aerobic conditions in the Keeble and Cross medium. Intracellular pigment was shown to be located in the cell membrane. Comparision of pigment production and growth curves indicated that violacein is synthesized in the cell and released into the environment possibly as a result of cell lysis. Extracellular pigment is water soluble, makes up 60% of the total pigment and shows a blue shift when compared to solvent extracted pigment. Results from purification indicated that the pigment is non-covalently bound to a small protein and aggregated into a larger molecule.

LD2668 .T4 1947 R7 / Master of Science

Spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were employed to study the principal pigments in Evergreen blackberries and Alicante Bouschet grapes. Observations were made on the following items: 1. Juices expressed from the grape and blackberry 2. Principal pigments isolated from the grape and blackberry. 3. Wines made from the grape and blackberry. A Coleman Universal Spectrophotometer, Model No. 11, equipped with a single grating 35 millimicron fixed band, was used for the spectrophotometric study. Observations were made at the visible range of 400 millimicrons to 650 millimicrons at 50 millimicron intervals. Various concentrations of the juices, pigments, and wines were examined. The experiments were repeated with the samples made alkaline to pH 9 with sodium hydroxide. Blackberry wine mixed with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 per cent of grape wine were also examined in the sane manner. Results were shown graphically by plotting the E values against wave lengths. It was found that solutions of the higher concentrations always have the higher E values. In the spectrophotometric study, an absorption peak appeared at the 500 millimicron band in the blackberry juice which was not observed in the case of grape juice. The height of the peak was directly proportional to the concentration of the juice and it was unmeasurable when the juice was diluted to 5 per cent or lower. When the juices were made alkaline, all of them had the identical absorption curves except that the blackberry had its curves in higher positions than those of grape. Approximately twice the amount of anthocyanin pigments were isolated from the Evergreen blackberry than Alicante Bouschet grape. The principal pigments isolated from the blackberry were more intense in color than those from the grape. The isolated pigments of Evergreen blackberry and Alicante ouachet grape behaved similarly under the spectrophotometer, indicating that, qualitatively, the same pigments were obtained from blackberry and grape while using the same isolation procedure. Spectrophotometric study of the wines showed that the E values of blackberry wine were inversely proportional to the addition of grape wine. This appeared to be true in both acid and alkaline solutions. By adding 80 per cent of the alkali required to bring the wine to pH 9, more differences in E values between the various mixtures were observed. During the chromatographic atudy, using corn starch as adsorption material, a green band of approximately 1 cm deep was observed in the case of grape wine, which was absent in blackberry wine. The process of wine making changed the quality of pigments as demonstrated in the chromatographic adsorption tubes. The use of acid solution and alumina adsorption mixture as studied by Hamill and Simonds seems more promising than alkaline solution as used in the present study for the detection of in grape wine blackberry wine. / Graduation date: 1944