Thesis (M.S.) in Forestry--University of Maine, 2004. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-39).

3 pp. / Originally published: 2003 / Dwarf mistletoes are parasitic flowering plants that grow within host plants for about two years before producing characteristic yellow to orange or green to brown leafless aerial shoots on the outside of infected host tissue. They occur only on conifers in the pine family in Arizona and are usually host specific. This article gives information about the disease cycle, the symptoms and prevention and control methods for dwarf mistletoes.

This study investigated the effects of ENSO on annual growth rings of pine trees in coastal Alabama. Tree cores from 28 pines were collected in Mobile County and Baldwin County Alabama, and the ring widths of these cores were measured to the nearest 0.001 mm. Tree ring widths were then cross-dated and standardized using standard procedures. The standardized ring width (SRI) was examined to determine if years of strong ENSO activity were evident. Additionally, SRI values were correlated with other climate variables, including temperature, precipitation, and drought. It appears that strong ENSO episodes are not clearly evident in the tree ring record. Additionally, the climate variables showed inconsistent relationships with SRI. It is possible that a positive annual water balance limits the influences of ENSO on tree ring widths. Furthermore, it is suggested that differences in localized tree environments and mesoscale sea-breeze thunderstorms may obscure the impacts of climatic variables.

The pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst), and the deodar weevil, Piss odes nemorensis Germar, are regeneration pests of pine plantations in the eastern United States. Attempts to sample regeneration weevils in Virginia have met with little success. Two trap types were field tested to determine their effectiveness in sampling H. pales and P. nemorensis populations in Virginia Christmas tree plantations. Labor intensive pit traps, using natural host materials and synthetic volatiles, caught significantly more weevils than PVC pitfall traps baited with synthetic volatiles alone. No differences in trap catches were observed between stationary and rotated traps. Vegetation management had no effect on trap catch. However, it was observed that newly planted white pine seedlings (Pinus strobus L.) were fed upon by H. pales at Significantly higher rates in plots not managed for competing vegetation than in herbicide treated plots. Feeding activity in mowed plots was intermediate. Trap catch did not correlate with seedling damage within or among sampling periods, or between years. The seasonal activity of both species is reviewed in detail. Mark-and-recapture techniques used to assess trap efficacy showed traps baited with pine material were most effective, irrespective of trap type. The response of H. pales adults to different ethanol-and-turpentine ratios in a laboratory bioassay did not vary with respect to gender or age. No gender differences in response to treatments were observed in these studies. / Master of Science

4 pp. / Revised / This paper provides evidence of the infestation caused by pine bark beetles in Arizona. It provides information about their life history, and how to prevent and control them.

Atmosphere carries multi-faceted meaning when considered in the context of spatial design. In an architectural sense, we may speak of atmosphere as a spatial quality or in the way the built or natural environment is capable of moving us emotionally. Yet, when considered in a scientific register, atmosphere may be described as a complex of observable and measurable energies, which give air substance, behavior and force. The practice of landscape architecture entails a heightened awareness of exposure, namely the exposure to meteorological processes that in turn shape much of our perceptual and haptic experience of the ‘outside’ world. The intent of this practicum will be to draw attention to the importance of both designations of atmosphere, particularly within the discipline of landscape architecture, and set within the context of phenomenology. The context of this work begins at the scale of the circumpolar boreal forest and examines a particular biological and chemical phenomenon that occurs between the atmosphere and the boreal forest biome. The scale of focus will be drawn to a site at the southern transition zone between the boreal forest and St. Lawrence mixed forest within the Temagami region of northeast Ontario, Canada. Here, the phenomenon in question is quite palpable. / May 2017

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The development of tree-ring chronology for bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata), stretching over 8,200 years, has been used to calibrate the radiocarbon time scale. An extensive deposit of driftwood in Stanton's cave in the grand canyon was estimated to have been deposited on the cave floor about 12,000 years ago on the basis of the 4,095-year radiocarbon age of a split-twig figurine on the surface of the cave floor. However, the initial driftwood specimen gave the surprising C-14 age of 35,000 years. A tree-ring dating study was therefore undertaken on driftwood in the grand canyon in order to: (1) evaluate the driftwood deposit in Stanton's cave; (2) provide a basis for interpreting c-14 dates from canyon archaeological sites; and (3) document a technique for deriving some concept of pre-dam hydrology, especially maximum high water levels. The percentage of dated specimens found indicated that the approach was feasible. A likely interpretation of the seemingly early c-14 dates at archaeological sites is that prehistoric man used old driftwood, as does modern man in the canyon. Tree-ring dates from wood above the pre-dam high water mark indicate that maximum 100-year flood evidence can be obtained.

3 pp. / Mondell pine should not be planted within a mile of Comandra populations. Infection of pine occurs through needles by spores produced on Comandra, but spores produced on pine cannot re-infect pine. This article gives information about the disease cycle, the symptoms and prevention and control methods for blister rust.

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / A preliminary assessment and ranking of the relative significance of five processes that may contribute to snow removal from ponderosa pine forest canopies was made, including wind erosion of canopy snow, snowslide from the canopy, stemflow, vapor transport from melt water, and vapor transport of canopy snow. The first three represent delayed delivery rather than net water loss. A snow load index was obtained through use of time lapse photography of the study site canopy, while incoming solar radiation and atmospheric processes were monitored. The snow load index was expressed as a ratio of forest canopy area covered with snow to the total canopy area. Results obtained over a 4-day period following a six-hour snowstorm showed that snow removal by snowslide and wind erosion was of significant importance, while vapor transport of melt water and canopy snow, stemflow, and dripping of melt water was of comparatively minor importance.

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / An infiltration- wetting agent study, using the wetting agent "WATER-IN", was conducted in the ponderosa pine forest type of east central Arizona. An application rate of 10 gallons of wetting agent per acre was used on bare mineral soil and on ponderosa pine litter. The infiltration rate was measured by a modified North Fork infiltrometer. It was found that "WATER-IN" significantly increased water runoff when applied to litter, but, when applied to bare mineral soil, "WATER-IN" caused a significant increase in water infiltration. The wetting agent did not significantly affect antecedent moisture, soil particle distribution, litter water holding capacity, or litter bulk density. It is presently hypothesized that the increase in water infiltration on treated bare mineral soil is due to a decrease in the average bulk density of the surface inch of soil. The increase in runoff when litter is treated is probably due to an interaction, either physical, chemical, or both, between the humus layer and "WATER-IN ", creating a hydrophobic condition where one did not exist before.