This research investigated the effects of Pediococcus spp. on Oregon Pinot noir wines. Pediococcus (P. parvulus (7), P. damnosus (1), P. inopinatus (1)) isolated from Oregon and Washington state wines demonstrated differences in their susceptibility to SO��� with some isolates growing well in model media at 0.4 mg/L molecular SO���. All isolates were all able to degrade p-coumaric acid to 4-vinyl phenol. The conversion of p-coumaric acid to 4-VP by pediococci resulted in accelerated production of 4-EP by B. bruxellensis in a model system. Growth of the pediococci isolates in Pinot noir wine resulted in a number of chemical and sensory changes occurring compared to the control. Very low concentrations of biogenic amines were measured in the wines with only wine inoculated with P. inopinatus OW-8 having greater than 5 mg/L. D-lactic acid production varied between isolates with OW-7 producing the highest concentration (264 mg/L). Diacetyl content of the wines also varied greatly. Some wines contained very low levels of diacetyl (< 0.5 mg/L) while others contained very high concentrations (> 15 mg/L) that were well above sensory threshold. Despite suggestions to the contrary in the literature, glycerol was not degraded by any of the isolates in this study. Color and polymeric pigment content of the wines also varied with wine inoculated with OW-7 containing 30% less polymeric pigment than the control. This may be related to acetaldehyde as a number of Pediococcus isolates, including OW-7, reduced the acetaldehyde content of the wine. Sensory analysis revealed differences in the aroma and mouthfeel of the wines compared to each other and to the control. In particular growth of some isolates produced wines with higher intensities of butter, plastic, and vegetal aromas while other also had lower perceived astringency. / Graduation date: 2013

Le roman libertin, au XVIIIe siècle, est litigieux. La censure, l'édition clandestine et la fascination du public marquent l'histoire littéraire du genre et nombre d'auteurs qui excellent dans des formes d'écriture dites sérieuses comptent dans leur production un ou plusieurs romans libertins, Se mouvant entre les frontières des romans érotiques et philosophiques, le roman libertin se présente comme un lieu fondamental de diffusion de la pensée des Lumières, Ces romans qui dénoncent les lacunes de l'ordre établi se veulent donc des témoins inestimables des moeurs de Ieur temps. Ils ont partie liée avec l'émergence d'un discours moral où l'étude du comportement et la recherche d'un bonheur indépendant de la religion demeurent au centre des préoccupations, Les Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des moeurs du XVIIIe siècle de Charles Pinot Duclos sont à cet égard fort révélateurs, Ils mettent en scène un enchevêtrement des discours moraux et libertins à partir duquel surgit la pensée duclosienne développée précédemment par l'auteur dans un traité de morale intitulé Considérations sur les moeurs de ce siècle. Notre premier chapitre retracera en quoi les Mémoires de Duclos se situent au carrefour du libertinage et de la morale. Il s'agira d'examiner la place occupée par ce roman au sein de l'ensemble des romans libertins du XVIIIe siècle dans le but de faire ressortir ses caractéristiques spécifiques. Nous verrons comment, à partir d'un discours critique sur le libertinage mondain, Ie roman s'oriente vers la diffusion de la morale duclosienne. Parce que la fragmentation générique permet ce mouvement, nous nous pencherons également sur Ies genres et sous-genres présents dans les Mémoires, soit le roman-mémoire, le traité de morale, le roman de formation et le roman-liste. À partir de cette exploration, nous aborderons spécifiquement le discours sur le libertinage tenu par Duclos qui s'articule spécialement dans la première partie du roman, La question de la fatuité, à partir de laquelle s'élabore le récit, inscrit le personnage dans une société dominée par le paraître qui incite l'adoption des caractères à la mode, dont celui du fat, au détriment de la spécificité de l'individu. L'étude de la notion de caractère suivra donc celle de la fatuité où nous verrons que Duclos, au contraire des caractères théophrastiens, met en scène la progression d'un caractère, celui du narrateur, qui se met en oeuvre grâce à une suite d'expériences. Le bonheur, objet de notre dernier chapitre, s'avère un élément fondamental de la morale et constitue la visée du narrateur tout au long de la seconde partie du roman. Nous observerons les grands enjeux du XVIIIe siècle sur la question du bonheur qui se retrouvent dans les Mémoires, Duclos envisage le bonheur selon un équilibre entre les devoirs et les plaisirs, ce qui résume un idéal du bonheur où individualité et collectivité sont d'égale considération. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Libertinage, Morale, Moeurs, Fatuité, Caractère, Bonheur.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-103). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / Se obtuvo vino tinto a partir de uvas viníferas variedad Pinot Noir por medio de fermentación con cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae UCH-M4 y UCH - M3, seleccionadas del Valle del Maule, Área de San Javier, Región del Maule, Chile. Los vinos presentaron valores de pH, acidez total, acidez volátil, anhídrido sulfuroso total, anhídrido sulfuroso libre, grado alcohólico y rendimiento dentro de las normas legales chilenas y conceptuales, siendo muy similares a los obtenidos por la levadura control Lalvin QA23. La velocidad de fermentación fue muy similar en todas las cepas de levaduras. Los mostos fermentados con la levadura UCH – M3 seca presentaron la mayor concentración de polifenoles totales. La capacidad antioxidante de los polifenoles de los mostos fermentados con levadura UCH – M4 fue mayor que la de los demás mostos, pese a tener una menor cantidad de polifenoles totales. Por lo tanto se determinó que la actividad antioxidante de los polifenoles no tiene relación con la concentración de éstos, si no que tiene que ver con la calidad del polifenol. El color de todos los vinos fue evaluado como rojo rubí, y sus matices e intensidades colorantes correspondieron a vinos tintos de un año. En la evaluación sensorial, los vinos no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, siendo calificados en general con buena apariencia, poco dulces, acidez y astringencia normal y de buen sabor. El aroma fue calificado como normal, predominando las frutas ácidas y los berries, así como también el olor a alcohol. Respecto a la calidad general, los vinos se evaluaron por sobre la calificación “ni bueno ni malo”. Con esta investigación se concluyó que las cepas UCH-M3 y UCH-M4 pueden ser utilizadas en la producción industrial de vinos tintos Pinot Noir / Red wine from Pinot Noir wine grapes strains was obtained through fermentation process using two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (UCH-M3 and UCH-M4). The strains were obtained from the Maule Valley, Area of San Javier, Maule Region, Chile. The wine parameters such as pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, total sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide-free, alcohol content and performance meet the Chilean legal regulations and conceptual characteristics. The results were similar to those obtained by using the QA23 control yeast. The rate of fermentation was very similar for all yeast strains. The highest concentration of polyphenols was obtained when the UCH - dry M3 yeast was used. The antioxidant capacity of the musts fermented with yeast UCH - M4 was greater than the others, in spite of a lower content of total polyphenols. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of polyphenols is not related with its concentration, but with the quality of polyphenol. The color of all wines was evaluated as ruby red, and hues and color intensities were similar to one year old red wines. The sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between wines. The evaluation gave as result good appearance, low sweetness, normal acidity and astringency and good taste. The aroma was found normal with marked acid fruits and berries flavour, as well as alcohol odour. The overall quality of wines was evaluated above the score of "neither good nor bad". With this research it can be concluded that the UCH-M3 and UCH-M4 strains can be used for the production of industrial Pinot Noir wines

Cluster thinning, leaf removal and kaolin application are three commonly employed means of modifying fruit zone microclimates assumed to improve grape and wine quality. High labour costs in addition to the potential for location and varietal-specific responses make the benefits of these practices equivocal. To explore this question, I employed a stratified random block design in two Vancouver Island commercial vineyards where Pinot gris vines were manipulated with one of four experimental treatments: control, cluster thinning to one cluster per shoot, heavy leaf removal with a Kaolin clay application, or a combined heavy leaf removal – cluster thinning - Kaolin treatment. The resulting wines were subjected to detailed sensory evaluations, consumer valuation, and a cost-benefit analysis to determine their respective return-on-investment. Results indicate that despite apparent sensory changes driven by vineyard treatments, the lack of any perceived added value suggests that regional producers of Pinot gris should avoid using the assessed treatments as strategies to increase wine quality. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that heavy leaf removal combined with Kaolin clay application may provide a benefit outside of changes to wine quality. The demonstrable improvement in growing conditions under this treatment resulted in a significant decrease in rot pressure. This suggests that the treatment may be a viable option for increasing usable yields of Pinot gris without placing an insurmountable financial cost on the producer. / Graduate

This research investigated yeast populations and diversity during pre-fermentation cold maceration and alcoholic fermentation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir grapes from a commercial vineyard (Dayton, OR). Fermentations were conducted at the Oregon State University research winery in 100 L tanks while grapes from the same vineyard lot were fermented at a commercial winery. Samples were taken daily during pre-fermentation maceration (9°C) and alcoholic fermentation (27°C) and plated on WL and lysine media to determine Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces populations and diversity. Total non-Saccharomyces populations increased from 1 x 10³ cfu/mL to 1 x 10⁵ cfu/mL during pre-fermentation cold maceration and reached a maximum of 1 x 10⁷ cfu/mL during alcoholic fermentation. Thirteen distinct yeast species were tentatively identified based on appearance on WL media and were initially screened for β-glucosidase activity using 4-methyllumbelliferyl-β-D-gluconopyranoside (4-MUG) plates. The identity of the isolates screening positive for β-glucosidase activity was determined by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA gene. The five isolates identified were Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Kluveromyces thermotolerans, and two Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. β-glucosidase activity was further characterized and quantified using a liquid media representing grape must conditions (pH 3.5, 20° Brix) at two temperatures (25°C and 8°C). While increasing sugar concentration suppressed the β-glucosidase activity of H. uvarum (-99%), β-glucosidase activity still remained relatively high for M. pulcherrima, S. cerevisiae isolate 1, and S. cerevisiae isolate 2. At 8°C, β-glucosidase activity was reduced for M. pulcherrima compared to activity at 25°C, but activity increased for K. thermotolerans, S. cerevisiae isolate 1, and S. cerevisiae isolate 2. The yeast isolates possessing β-glucosidase activity were used in fermentations of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir grapes. The grapes were treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to inactivate naturally occurring yeast and bacteria. All yeast isolates grew during pre-fermentation cold maceration (7 days at 9°C) and populations increased 3 to 4 logs. Following pre-fermentation cold maceration, all ferments were warmed to 27°C and inoculated with S. cerevisiae RC212. Alcoholic fermentations were all complete within eight days and after pressing wines were analyzed for volatile aroma compounds by SPME-GC-MS. The presence of different yeast isolates during pre-fermentation cold maceration resulted in wines with unique aroma profiles. Ethyl ester concentrations were highest in the wine that did not undergo a pre-fermentation cold maceration, while concentrations of branch-chained esters were higher in the treatments with yeast present during pre-fermentation cold maceration. Pre-fermentation cold maceration with yeast isolates demonstrating β-glucosidase did not affect the concentration of β-damascenone or β-ionone. Wines that had undergone pre-fermentation cold maceration with S. cerevisiae isolate 1, S. cerevisiae isolate 2, and a combination of all isolates resulted in over twice the concentration of β-citronellol over wines that did not undergo a pre-fermentation cold maceration. / Graduation date: 2013

Fermentation of the grape must into wine is one of the most important steps in winemaking. Selected yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been used for many years to ensure complete and even fermentations. The formation of volatile compounds also occurs during fermentation and will influence the sensory perception of the wine. The main objective of the research was to study the sensory and chemical composition of 1992 Oregon Riesling, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir wines fermented with different commercial S.cerevisiae strains. In the first study, Free-Choice Profiling was used to study the sensory profiles of all three varieties after 7 and 20 months of aging. This method was used in order to utilize a panel of expert winemakers for the tastings. The sensory data analyzed through Generalized Procrustes Analysis showed that some strains were similar while others were different in terms of aroma and flavor at 7 months of age. After 20 months of aging, differences and similarities were still present although the sensory profiles were different from the young wines. This last finding showed that differences are still present after a period of aging. In the second study, the chemical composition of all three varieties and the volatile composition of selected wines of Riesling and Chardonnay were studied. In both white varieties, statistical differences in titratable acidity, residual sugar, volatile acidity and malate content resulted from fermentation with different yeast strains. The volatile composition was qualitatively similar, but some quantitative differences, as relative concentration, were found. Whether or not those differences had a sensory impact was not investigated. Results of the present study showed the need for further studies in order to understand the role of yeast in flavor development. Relationships between sensory profiles and volatile composition could help winemakers to understand the influence of a selected strain on a particular variety and to select yeast strains to optimize wine quality. / Graduation date: 1995

The effects of varying levels of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) on the cold maceration process was investigated with Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) wine. The effects of these varying levels on the wines composition and colour parameters were examined. Cold maceration is a technique whereby grapes are crushed and placed at low temperatures (4 - lO°C) in the presence 50 - 150 mgL⁻¹ SO₂. This process is believed to provide a medium for the extraction of water soluble phenolic compounds, rather than the alcoholic extraction employed in normal fermentations. The extraction of these phenolic compounds was monitored from the juice through to six months of bottle age. The changes were measured using both Spectrophotometric and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) procedures. Cold maceration wines were found to be not significantly different to the control wine in all compositional parameters other than titrateable acidity which was found to be less than the control for all the cold maceration wines. The unsulphured cold maceration wine was not significantly different from the control wine in any of the spectral measurements except natural degree of ionisation, in which it was higher, and total phenolics, in which it was lower. These results indicate that the cold maceration process alone does not alter the extraction of phenolic compounds. The HPLC analysis of the wine confirmed the spectral results indicating that their were no significant differences in the levels of extraction of anthocyanins. The sulphured cold maceration wines were significantly greater than the control in visible colour, colour density, total anthocyanins, natural degree of ionisation, ionised anthocyanins and total phenolics. These results followed similar patterns with wine ageing, at six months these wines were still significantly greater in all the measurements apart from natural degree of ionisation. The results for the sulphured cold maceration wines indicates that SO₂ is acting as a solvent for the extraction of phenolic compounds including anthocyanins. The 50 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine had similar colour and phenolic content to the 100 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine at bottling, at six months the 50 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine still retained a similar colour to the 100 mgL⁻¹ SO₂ cold maceration wine but had vastly reduced anthocyanin content. This indicates that for the grapes utilised in this study the most appropriate level of addition at cold maceration would be 50 mgL⁻¹ of SO₂. With grapes of differing phenolic content the level of addition required will vary.

Two pre-fermentation treatments were investigated in Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) wines. The effects of cold maceration and carbonic maceration on the wines' composition, colour parameters and sensory properties were examined. Cold maceration is a winemaking technique used to increase non-alcoholic extraction in Pinot noir winemaking prior to fermentation. It involves holding crushed grapes with approximately 100-150 mg l⁻¹ SO₂ at low temperatures and is thought to increase the colour, aroma and flavour of the resulting wines. Carbonic maceration uses whole bunches that have undergone anaerobic metabolism to produce characteristically fruity and spicy wines. Pre-fermentation cold maceration produces wines that are higher in titratable acidity and monomeric anthocyanin content, but lower in colour density, hue and polymeric pigments. Reducing the maceration temperature below 10°C has little effect. Carbonic maceration produces wines that are lower in titratable acidity, monomeric anthocyanin content, and colour density but are higher in colour hue and amount of polymeric pigments. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used to define the effects of these pre-fermentation maceration treatments on the sensory characteristics of the resulting wine. Trained panel members found that there were no discernable sensory differences in the compositional parameters despite measurable chemical differences. Investigation into the aroma and flavour characteristics of the wines found that carbonic maceration produces wines that were lower in berry aroma and higher in acetate or ester-type aromas than the control wines. These wines were considered to have specific raspberry, floral, sugar, cherry and chemical aromas. This chemical note was also observed in the flavour of the carbonic maceration wines. The temperature of the cold maceration process has no major effect on the aroma and flavour of the resulting wines. However, the 10°C maceration was higher in woody/tobacco aroma than the 4°C maceration, and the 10°C treatment was also higher in bitter flavour than all the other treatments. Cold maceration wines were found to have specific mixed berry, dried fruit and sweet-oxidised aroma characters, together with a blackberry flavour note.

A trial established in 2003 at Upper Moutere in Nelson, New Zealand, was used to evaluate the effect of mussel shells as reflective mulch on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir vine performance and fruit and wine quality. Shell mulch had several effects on the environment and vine growth as well as grape and wine composition in the 2006/2007 season. Soil under mulch was cooler compared to un-mulched control, but buffered the extremes in temperatures. Fruiting zone temperature over shells was slightly higher during the day and cooler at night, showing no effect on mean hourly temperature. Shell mulch reflected greater amounts of UV-A, UV-B and PAR radiation into the fruiting zone. Shell reduced weed growth compared to control. Leaf petiole and blade samples showed higher amounts of calcium compared to control. Leaf SPAD values were higher in the shell treatment during veraison, previous and postharvest, but lower post budburst. While date of budburst was not affected by treatments, dates of flowering and veraison appeared to be slightly advanced over shells. Fruit set was similar between treatments and was considered poorer in shell bunches due to a larger population of seedless berries. Vine growth was not affected in terms of the number of nodes laid at pruning, flower cluster and shoot number pre shoot thinning, early shoot growth and lateral shoots development. Vigour was not increased by shells as demonstrated by pruning weights, canopy density and trunk circumferences being similar, though internode lengths in shell shoots were greater in 2007 and lower in 2006. Berry weights, bunch weights and vine yields were lower in shell than control, though greater berry numbers were recorded. There were slight differences between treatments in fruit and wine composition. Grape pH only varied in the middle of the sampling time, being higher the 2nd week and lower the 3rd week in shell grapes and TA was greater at harvest time. However, °Brix was only higher in shell grapes in the middle of the sampling period, being similar to control at veraison and harvest. Peduncle lignification was delayed at veraison as well as at harvest time. Shell must after crushing was greater in Brix but similar to control in pH and TA. Similarly, shell wines pre bottling showed higher alcohol and no differences for pH and TA. HPLC-DAD analyses of commercial-scale and microvin wines showed consistent differences of the individual flavonoid composition. Shell microvin wines were greater than control in quercetin and resveratrol. However, commercial shell wines were lower in epicatechin, gallic acid, resveratrol, and catechin than control. Leaf phenolic composition was also different between treatments. However, further analyses by HPLC-MS in wines as well as in leaves are necessary to identify individual compounds. Total anthocyanins and total phenolics were no different between treatments. Sensory analyses of microvin and commercial shell wines exhibited consistently lower levels of green and unripe tannins, and greater smoothness and complexity as well. Further analysis by GC-MS and HPLC-MS is warranted. Shell mulch improved sensory characteristics of the resulting wines.