Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:31:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rall_r_me_botfca.pdf: 1793711 bytes, checksum: a4c14c03361a877780541fb1c0f5f82a (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A utilização de Pinus (de reflorestamentos) na indústria madeireira brasileira tem sido crescente nos últimos anos. A produção de madeira em ciclos mais curtos tem tornado comum o decréscimo constante na oferta de árvores adultas, com grandes diâmetros. As árvores, provenientes de plantios em ciclos mais curtos, revelam uma porcentagem relativa de madeira juvenil cada vez maior. Do ponto de vista das propriedades físico-mecânicas (densidade, resistência e rigidez) a madeira juvenil apresenta valores inferiores em relação à madeira adulta. Levando-se em conta esse problema e o projeto de revisão do anexo G da norma NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997), que trata da classificação visual de madeira serrada de coníferas, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência das características dos anéis de crescimento (número de anéis por polegada, proporção de lenho tardio e sua disposição na peça) na densidade, resistência e rigidez à flexão da madeira de Pinus taeda L. Tem ainda como objetivo secundário aplicar a técnica de visão artificial (análise computadorizada de imagens digitais) na mensuração dessas características. O material utilizado para o estudo foi a madeira extraída de seis árvores de Pinus taeda com 37 anos de idade, provenientes do Horto Florestal de Manduri - SP. As árvores foram desdobradas em pranchas e tábuas, que originaram 656 corpos-de-prova, nos quais foram mensuradas as densidades, avaliadas a resistência e rigidez à flexão e, finalmente, por meio do processamento digital de imagens, foram medidos os ângulos de 2 inclinação dos anéis, o número de anéis por polegada e a proporção de lenho tardio na seção transversal íntegra mais próxima da ruptura à flexão. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma grande correlação entre as características mensuradas no lenho (número de anéis por polegada e proporção de lenho... / The use of Pinus (from reforestation) in the Brazilian wood industry has increased in the last years. The wood production in shorter cycles has became common the constant decrease in the offering of mature wood, with bigger diameters. The trees, coming from short cycle plantation reveal larger relative percentage of juvenile wood, which presents lower mechanical performance (MOR, MOE and density, e.g.) Considering these facts and the project of revision of the Brazilian code for wood and wooden structures (specifically the appendix G - Visual classification of sawed wood from conifers) the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the characteristics of the growth rings (number of rings per inch, percentage of mature wood and the disposition of growth rings in the piece) in the density, MOR and MOE of the wood of Pinus taeda L. Aiming this purpose it was also evaluated the opportunity of using artificial vision (computerized analysis of digital images) in the measurement of the growth rate characteristics. The experimental program was performed using wood from six trees of Pinus taeda with 37 years old, from Horto Florestal of Manduri - SP (latitude 23º00' south, longitude 49º19' west and altitude 700m). Trees were sawed in boards, producing 656 specimens that were tested in flexure (MOR and MOE).. After mechanical tests, using digital images analysis, the inclination of growth rings, the number of growth rings per inch and the percentage of latewood in the complete transverse section closer to the rupture surface were evaluated. 4 The results showed a great correlation among the growth characteristics of wood (number of growth rings per inch and percentage of late wood, analyzed simultaneously) and its physic-mechanical properties. It was yet showed that with little alterations, it is pertinent the adoption of the density classes suggested... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: No Brasil, a utilização de Pinus (de reflorestamentos) na indústria madeireira tem sido crescente nos últimos anos. Particularmente para a madeira serrada desse gênero, a produção nacional de madeira serrada de Pinus atingiu 9,46 milhões de m³ em 2008. O crescimento da produção no período de 1999 a 2008 foi de 40,6%. A produção de madeira em ciclos mais curtos tem tornado comum o decréscimo constante na oferta de árvores adultas com grandes diâmetros. Além do aspecto da juvenilidade, nota-se que a madeira hoje disponível para uso industrial e comercial apresenta uma incidência muito grande de nós e outros defeitos, que comprometem significativamente seu desempenho físico mecânico e sua qualidade. Diante dos números que apontam uma crescente demanda por produtos de madeira serrada de Pinus, é natural que a indústria busque formas mais eficientes de garantir a qualidade dos produtos por ela gerados; neste sentido a atividade de inspeção assume um papel importante no processo produtivo. De fato, a classificação de madeira serrada é afetada sensivelmente pela qualidade do trabalho desempenhado pelos graduadores humanos (trabalhadores das serrarias), pois essa é uma atividade estressante, exigindo grande atenção por longos períodos de tempo. O objetivo geral foi o desenvolvimento de técnicas de processamento de imagens digitais para detecção de defeitos na madeira serrada de coníferas. Os objetivos específicos foram, por meio da análise digital das imagens, analisar quais os parâmetros devem ser empregados para a detecção de defeitos na madeira serrada de coníferas, além de desenvolver um software de visão de máquina para a detecção de defeitos na madeira serrada de coníferas. O material utilizado para o estudo foi a madeira extraída de seis árvores de Pinus taeda com 37 anos de idade, provenientes do Horto Florestal de Manduri - SP. As árvores... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, the use of Pinus (reforestation) in the timber industry has been growing in recent years. Estimates indicate that the volume of lumber produced in the country, estimated at about 22 million m3, more than 35% is made of pinewood. Timber production in shorter cycles has become common for the steady decline in the supply of mature trees with large diameters (ABRAF, 2009). In the aspect of juvenility, it is noted that the wood available today for industrial and commercial use has a very high number of knots and other defects that significantly impair their physical performance and mechanical quality. Given the numbers that indicate a growing demand for sawn timber products from pine, it is natural that the industry seek more efficient ways to ensure the quality of products generated by it, meaning that the inspection activity plays an important role in the production process. In fact, the classification of lumber is affected significantly by the quality of work performed by human graders (sawmill workers), because this is a stressful activity, requiring close attention for long periods of time. So, the aim of this study was to develop techniques of digital imaging to detect defects in lumber conifers. The specific objectives were, through the analysis of digital images, analyze which parameters should be taken to detect defects in lumber conifers, and develop a software for machine vision detection of defects in lumber conifers. The material used for the study was the wood from six trees of Pinus taeda with 37 years of age, from the forest nursery of Manduri - SP. The trees were split into planks, which led to 84 samples in which they were originally analyzed manually nodes, presence of bone marrow and 17 other conditions that compromise their quality in accordance with standards established by the NBR 12297 (ABNT, 1991). In the processing of digital images acquired from these boards...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Coorientador: Antônio César Germano Martins / Banca: José Martins de Oliveira Junior / Banca: AntonioAlves Dias / Banca: Jayme Laperuta Filho / Banca: Hernando Alfonso Lara Palma / Doutor

Orientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Banca: Marcos Antonio de Rezende / Banca: Antonio Alves Dias / Resumo: A utilização de Pinus (de reflorestamentos) na indústria madeireira brasileira tem sido crescente nos últimos anos. A produção de madeira em ciclos mais curtos tem tornado comum o decréscimo constante na oferta de árvores adultas, com grandes diâmetros. As árvores, provenientes de plantios em ciclos mais curtos, revelam uma porcentagem relativa de madeira juvenil cada vez maior. Do ponto de vista das propriedades físico-mecânicas (densidade, resistência e rigidez) a madeira juvenil apresenta valores inferiores em relação à madeira adulta. Levando-se em conta esse problema e o projeto de revisão do anexo G da norma NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997), que trata da classificação visual de madeira serrada de coníferas, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência das características dos anéis de crescimento (número de anéis por polegada, proporção de lenho tardio e sua disposição na peça) na densidade, resistência e rigidez à flexão da madeira de Pinus taeda L. Tem ainda como objetivo secundário aplicar a técnica de visão artificial (análise computadorizada de imagens digitais) na mensuração dessas características. O material utilizado para o estudo foi a madeira extraída de seis árvores de Pinus taeda com 37 anos de idade, provenientes do Horto Florestal de Manduri - SP. As árvores foram desdobradas em pranchas e tábuas, que originaram 656 corpos-de-prova, nos quais foram mensuradas as densidades, avaliadas a resistência e rigidez à flexão e, finalmente, por meio do processamento digital de imagens, foram medidos os ângulos de 2 inclinação dos anéis, o número de anéis por polegada e a proporção de lenho tardio na seção transversal íntegra mais próxima da ruptura à flexão. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma grande correlação entre as características mensuradas no lenho (número de anéis por polegada e proporção de lenho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of Pinus (from reforestation) in the Brazilian wood industry has increased in the last years. The wood production in shorter cycles has became common the constant decrease in the offering of mature wood, with bigger diameters. The trees, coming from short cycle plantation reveal larger relative percentage of juvenile wood, which presents lower mechanical performance (MOR, MOE and density, e.g.) Considering these facts and the project of revision of the Brazilian code for wood and wooden structures (specifically the appendix G - Visual classification of sawed wood from conifers) the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the characteristics of the growth rings (number of rings per inch, percentage of mature wood and the disposition of growth rings in the piece) in the density, MOR and MOE of the wood of Pinus taeda L. Aiming this purpose it was also evaluated the opportunity of using artificial vision (computerized analysis of digital images) in the measurement of the growth rate characteristics. The experimental program was performed using wood from six trees of Pinus taeda with 37 years old, from Horto Florestal of Manduri - SP (latitude 23º00' south, longitude 49º19' west and altitude 700m). Trees were sawed in boards, producing 656 specimens that were tested in flexure (MOR and MOE).. After mechanical tests, using digital images analysis, the inclination of growth rings, the number of growth rings per inch and the percentage of latewood in the complete transverse section closer to the rupture surface were evaluated. 4 The results showed a great correlation among the growth characteristics of wood (number of growth rings per inch and percentage of late wood, analyzed simultaneously) and its physic-mechanical properties. It was yet showed that with little alterations, it is pertinent the adoption of the density classes suggested... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees has potential for replacing or reducing the use of aged pine bark (PB) and peat moss as container substrates for horticulture crop production. The objective of this work was to determine the factors influencing nutrient availability in PTS compared to PB or peat substrates. Chapter two reports data on the response of japanese holly and azalea to fertilizer rate when grown in PTS and PB. This study demonstrated that an additional 2.4 kg·m-3 of Osmocote Plus (15N-3.9P-10K) controlled release fertilizer is required for both species when grown in PTS compared to PB. Data are reported in chapter three on the effects of fertilizer rate, substrate particle size, and peat amendment on growth and floral quality, and on post-production time-to-wilting of poinsettias. Data from this work show that PTS requires an additional 100 mg·L-1 N to grow poinsettias comparable to plants grown in peat unless the particle size of PTS was decreased or 25% peat was added, in which case no additional fertilizer was needed. Results also indicated that PTS shrinkage was similar to that of peat, and that post-production time-to-wilting in PTS plants was similar as plants grown in peat. Data in chapter four compares nitrogen (N) immobilization rates, substrate carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux levels, and nutrient leaching in peat, PB, and PTS over time. Data from these studies indicated that more N immobilization occurs in PTS than in PB or peat and that the substrate CO₂ efflux levels (estimate of microbial activity) corresponds to N immobilization in all substrates. Nutrient availability, changes in physical and chemical properties, substrate shrinkage, and microbial activity in PTS compared to PB during long-term nursery production are reported in chapter five. Results showed that substrate nutrient levels remain lower in PTS and that pH levels of PTS decrease considerably over two growing seasons compared to PB. Results also indicate that PTS does decompose over time in containers, but substrate shrinkage of PTS is similar to that of PL and PB during crop production. / Ph. D.

Pine tree substrate (PTS) is a relatively new substrate for container crop production. There are no detailed studies that elucidate how storage time impacts PTS chemical, physical, and biological aspects. The objective of this research was to determine how PTS storage time influenced PTS chemical and physical properties, nitrification, and plant growth. Pine tree substrate was manufactured by hammer-milling chips of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) through two screen sizes, 4.76 mm (PTS) and 15.9 mm amended with peat (PTSP). PTS and PTSP were amended with lime at five rates. A peat-perlite mix (PL) served as a control treatment. Prepared substrates were placed in storage bags and stored in an open shed in Blacksburg, Virginia. Subsamples were taken at 1, 42, 84, 168, 270, and 365 days. At each subsampling day, twelve 1-L containers were filled with each substrate. Six containers were left fallow and six were planted with marigold (Tagetes erecta L. "Inca Gold") seedlings. Substrate was also collected from select treatments for Most Probable Number assays to estimate density of nitrifying microorganisms, and for chemical and physical property analyses. Pour-through extracts were collected from fallow containers at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, and from marigold containers at harvest for determination of pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium-N and nitrate-N. At harvest, marigold height, width, and dry weight were measured. At least 1 kg·m-3 lime for PTS, and 2 to 4 kg·m-3 lime for PTSP were needed to maintain pH values ≥ 5.5 for 365 days. Bound acidity of unlimed PTS increased but cation exchange capacity for unlimed PTS and PTSP decreased over 365 days. Carbon to nitrogen ratio and bulk density values were unchanged over time in all treatments. There were minor changes in particle size distribution for limed PTS and unlimed and limed PTSP. Marigold growth in PTS and PTSP was ≥ PL in all limed treatments, except at day 1. Nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were present and nitrification occurred in PTS and PTSP at all subsampling days. Pine tree substrate is relatively stable in storage, but pH decreases, and lime addition may be necessary to offset this decrease. / Ph. D.