Thesis advisor: Josh Seim / In this thesis, I examine what motivated individuals to join the movement against the expansion of the Line 3 pipeline in Northern Minnesota and to stay in the movement even after the pipeline was successfully expanded in 2021. Drawing from a digital ethnography and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 11 members of the Line 3 movement, I find that individuals joined the Line 3 movement because they had relationships with members of the movement and because they were concerned that the Line 3 pipeline expansion would harm the environment and Indigenous people in Minnesota. Moreover, while many people were disappointed that the movement failed to stop the expansion of the Line 3 pipeline, I find that people stayed in the Line 3 movement even after the pipeline was expanded because they believed the movement was capable of success and because they felt that they needed to monitor and shut down the Line 3 pipeline and other pipelines in the area. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Sociology.

Every project uses some form of production pipeline, whether on purpose or not. It is a broad concept best defined as the management of the flow of data and the data itself. This study was made with the intention of finding out what makes a good iterative pipeline. Through literary research for larger and smaller groups and a practical study for smaller and individual projects, the following was found to be useful: Consistent naming conventions throughout the entirety of the production process that carry across both project files and scenes as well as exported data. Intuitive and easy-to-navigate folder structure. An iterative production process with regular feedback loops or other options in place for reviews is also of great importance. / Alla projekt använder någon form av produktions pipeline, oavsett om det är avsiktligt eller inte. Det är ett brett begrepp som simplifierat kan definieras som hanteringen av data och arbete. Den här studien gjordes i ett försök att ta reda på vad som kännetecknar en bra iterativ pipeline. Följande saker har visat sig vara användbara genom både en litterär och praktisk studie: Konsekventa namngivnings standarder genom hela produktionsprocessen som gäller för såväl projektfiler som exporterade data. Tydliga och lättanvända mappar. Iterativt flödesschema med regelbundna feedbackloopar, eller annat alternativ på plats.

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Three-dimensional scour propagation along offshore pipelines is a major reason to pipeline failures in an offshore environment. Although the research on scour in both numerical and experimental aspect has been extensive over the last three decades, the focus of the investigation has been limited to the two-dimensional aspect. The knowledge on three-dimensional scour is still limited. This dissertation presents the results of an experimental investigation on threedimensional scour along offshore pipelines in (1) steady currents (2) waves only and (3) combined waves and current. The major emphasis of the investigation is to investigate the propagation of the scour hole along the pipeline after the initiation of scour. Physical experiments conducted were used to quantify the effects of various parameters on scour propagation velocities along the pipeline. The problem of monitoring real time scour below a pipeline was solved by using specifically developed conductivity scour probes. Effects of various parameters such as pipeline embedment depth, incoming flow Shields parameter, Keuglegan- Carpenter (KC) number and flow incident angle to the pipeline on scour propagation velocities along the pipeline were investigated. The investigations clearly reveal that scour propagation velocities generally increase with the increase of flow but decrease with the increase of the pipeline embedment depth. A general predictive formula for scour propagation velocities is proposed and validated against the experimental results. There are still some common issues related to pipeline scour that is lacking in the literature to date. One of these issues is the effects of Reynolds number on two-dimensional scour beneath pipelines. A numerical approach was adopted to investigate the Reynolds-number dependence of two-dimensional scour beneath offshore pipelines in steady currents. A novel wall function is proposed in calculating the suspended sediment transport rate in the model. The effects of Reynolds number were investigated by simulating the same undisturbed Shields parameters in both model and prototype but with different values of Reynolds number in two separate calculations. The results revealed that scour depths for prototype pipelines are about 10~15% smaller than those for model pipelines. The normalized time scales was found to be approximately the same, and the simulated scour profiles for the model pipelines agree well with the experimental results from an independent study. The backfilling of pipeline trenches is also an important issue to the design and management of offshore pipelines. A numerical model is developed to simulate the self-burial of a pipeline trench. Morphological evolutions of a pipeline trench under steady-current or oscillatory-flow conditions are simulated with/without a pipeline inside the trench. The two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged continuity and Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k-e turbulence closure, as well as the sediment transport equations, are solved using finite difference method in a curvilinear coordinate system. Different time-marching schemes are employed for the morphological computation under unidirectional and oscillatory conditions. It is found that vortex motions within the trench play an important role in the trench development.

This research investigates the mechanism of transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) on fuel transmission pipelines. This research proposes that in near-neutral pH environments, hydrogen can be generated by the dissociation of carbonic acid and the reaction of metal ions with bicarbonate solutions, significantly increasing the available hydrogen for diffusion into the pipeline steel. This research has shown that TGSCC of pipeline steels is possible in simple groundwater solutions containing bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide. Microstructural characterization coupled with hydrogen permeation indicates that the level of strain in the microstructure has the most influence on hydrogen diffusivity. Hydrogen accumulation occurs preferentially in at high energy discontinuous interfaces such as inclusion interfaces. It was determined that a stress concentration is required to facilitate sufficient hydrogen accumulation in the pipeline steel in order to initiate TGSCC. It was discovered that these stress concentrations develop from inclusions falling out of the pipeline surface. Slow strain rate tests found that TGSCC occurred in a wide range of compositions and temperatures as long as near-neutral conditions were maintained. Microcracks ahead of the crack tip provide evidence of hydrogen in these cracking processes. Morphology of these microcracks indicates that cracks propagate by the coalescence of microcracks with the main crack tip. Further research findings, scientific impact, and potential future work are also discussed.

Thesis (M. Eng.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 204-205.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Dr. J. David Frost, Committee Chair ; Dr. G. Wayne Clough, Committee Co-Chair ; Dr. William F. Marcuson III, Committee Member ; Dr. Paul W. Mayne, Committee Member ; Dr. Susan Burns, Committee Member.

Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T23:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BertoJunior_CarlosAntonio_D.pdf: 2425966 bytes, checksum: 071fb6c53f93b46c3eddd3e485d7d69d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O trabalho apresenta a metodologia aplicada à automação de partes do processo de inspeção das tubulações de gasodutos, utilizando técnicas de processamento de imagem para identificar corrosão. Como o gás natural possui alguns contaminantes que, além de serem corrosivos, comprometem a qualidade para o consumo, dessa forma, a condensação de água residual presente no gás pode iniciar um processo corrosivo localizado, que acarreta prejuízo à estrutura dos gasodutos. Devido à grande extensão dos dutos, os corrosivos comprometem a qualidade do gás e causam grandes transtornos de ordem operacional. Para avaliar a redução da espessura da parede metálica do duto, proveniente de efeitos corrosivos foi avaliada imagens, que são processadas digitalmente e analisadas por um software desenvolvido para tal finalidade que é utilizado na verificação das imagens e, ao mesmo tempo, na identificação das não-conformidades presentes e na orientação do processo de manutenção. Atualmente as técnicas adotadas para tal avaliação consistem na inclusão de um corpo de prova, conhecido como pipeline inspection gauge (PIG), com varredura por meio de ultra-som, termografia, sensores ópticos, sensores de efeito Hall e sensores para análise de resistência elétrica, além de levantamentos de campo especiais realizados sobre a superfície do solo. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como norteador a otimização do processo de detecção, com vistas à redução de custos e precisão na identificação das falhas. Para tal, foi implementado um PIG autônomo para o monitoramento contínuo da região interna dos dutos dotado de câmeras infra-vermelho, o que diferencia este equipamento dos atuais para o mesmo fim. As câmeras fornecem imagens que são processadas digitalmente e gravadas em uma memória não-volátil presente no equipamento. Um software é utilizado para verificar as imagens e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar as não-conformidades presentes. Estas informações serão utilizadas como orientador na tomada de decisão acerca do processo de manutenção que deverá ser utilizado para a solvência dos problemas encontrados / Abstract: This thesis presents a methodology applied to automate the pipeline inspection process, using image processing techniques to identify the corrosion. As natural gas has some contaminants, besides being corrosive, affect the quality for consumption, thus the condensation of residual water present in the gas corrosion process can initiate a localized, which results in damage to the pipeline structure. Due to the large extension of the ducts, the corrosive affect the quality of the gas and cause major disruptions in operational order. To evaluate the reduction of the wall thickness of the metal, from the corrosive effects were evaluated images which are digitally processed and analyzed by software developed for this purpose which is used to verify the images and at the same time, the identification the problems and guidance of maintenance process. Currently the techniques adopted for this assessment consist to insert a robot, known as pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) with scanning through ultrasound, thermography, optical sensors, Hall Effect sensors and sensors for electrical resistance analysis, plus special field surveys conducted on the soil surface. Thus, the present study was guiding to reduce the costs for maintenance and provide a precise identification of failures. It was implemented a standalone PIG for continuous monitoring of the internal region of the ducts, that fitted with infra-red cameras, what distinguishes this machine from the current for the same purpose. The cameras provide images that are digitally processed and stored in a nonvolatile memory in this machine. The software is used to verify the images and at the same time, identify nonconformities present. This information will be used as a guide in making decisions about the maintenance process that should be used for the solvency of the problems encountered / Doutorado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Doutor em Engenharia Química