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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Otimização da programação de operações dutoviárias: formulações eficientes e considerações hidraúlicas. / Optimization of pipeline scheduling operations: efficient formulations and hydraulic considerations.

Rubens Rejowski Junior 02 April 2007 (has links)
Sistemas de dutos correspondem atualmente ao modo mais eficaz para o transporte de grandes quantidades de fluidos líquidos e gasosos por longas distâncias. Dutos são utilizados pela Indústria Petrolífera para o transporte de petróleo e de seus produtos derivados. O presente trabalho aborda o scheduling de distribuição dutoviária de um sistema que opera com um duto que transporta produtos de uma refinaria para depósitos com localizações geográficas distintas através de modelos de programação matemática. O sistema é composto pela Refinaria do Planalto (REPLAN) da Petrobras localizada em Paulínia (SP). A ela é conectado um duto (OSBRA) que se estende por cerca de 1000 quilômetros. O maior detalhamento do modelo matemático para operações dutoviárias desenvolvido por Rejowski Jr. (Dissertação de Mestrado, EPUSP, São Paulo, 2001) se torna primordial nessa complexa operação logística. Um fator de extrema importância é a contaminação dos produtos dentro da linha dutoviária. Desta forma, são desenvolvidas restrições especiais que impõem paradas aos segmentos do duto somente quando os mesmos não possuem interfaces. Estas restrições fazem com que a formulação proposta encontre a solução ótima do problema proposto. O aprimoramento destas formulações se torna fundamental, pois os modelos gerados possuem um número elevado de decisões a serem otimizadas. Relações lógicas envolvendo o estoque inicial nos depósitos e na linha dutoviária e a demanda de cada um dos produtos são propostas. Estas relações melhoram o desempenho computacional para os modelos propostos em cenários de demandas altas. Posteriormente, as restrições especiais de contaminação dos produtos e as relativas ao atendimento das demandas nas bases de distribuição são relaxadas e transformadas em penalidades na função objetivo. Estas penalidades aumentam o esforço de resolução dos modelos e ao mesmo tempo possuem grande influência nos resultados operacionais do sistema. Outro fator de extrema importância para o scheduling de operações dutoviárias é a sua representação em tempo contínuo. Adicionalmente, esta representação faz com que a incorporação de restrições hidráulicas de maneira simplificada seja possibilitada. Desta forma, uma estratégia simplificada e eficaz para se determinar a vazão do duto, envolve incluir a curva de rendimento das estações de bombeamento. Esta formulação, que é modelada como um MINLP (Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming), é comparada com uma formulação MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) em tempo discreto com vazões e rendimentos fixos proposta por Rejowski Jr. e Pinto (Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2004, v.28/8 p.1511-1528). Foi mostrado que a presente formulação forneceu soluções de melhor qualidade. A formulação MILP em tempo discreto é caracterizada como um caso particular da presente formulação proposta. A formulação MINLP sofre forte influência do número de intervalos de tempo que a compõem e este fator deve sempre ser considerado para que a melhor solução possa ser encontrada em tempo computacional factível. Esta formulação ainda é aplicada com sucesso a um caso sob diversas configurações de bombeamento com diferentes custos unitários e curvas de rendimento. Duas formulações que consideram a programação de operações de dutos com a incorporação dos aspectos hidráulicos calculados de maneira rigorosa são apresentadas. A primeira delas resulta em um modelo MINLP e considera variações na duração dos intervalos de tempo e na vazão operacional do sistema. Uma segunda formulação apresentada como um modelo MILP é desenvolvida. Resultados computacionais para ambos os modelos são apresentados, assim como as suas soluções geradas são discutidas. O impacto de variações no relevo do sistema dutoviário é analisado. Foram detectadas alterações na vazão de operação do sistema dutoviário, na escolha dos intervalos de tempo em que o sistema é ativado, no rendimento das estações de bombeamento e no tempo total de operação do sistema. Posteriormente, em um outro exemplo, é mostrado que variações no relevo também podem alterar a seqüência dos produtos alimentados pela refinaria ao duto. Finalmente, as formulações têm os seus resultados comparados aos de modelos com considerações hidráulicas simplificadas, cujos resultados podem levar a soluções subótimas e até mesmo inviáveis. / Pipeline systems correspond nowadays to the most efficient mode for the transportation of large amounts of liquid and vapor products for long distances. Pipelines are utilized by the Petroleum Industry to transport petroleum and its product derivatives. The present work addresses the scheduling of pipeline distribution of a system that operates with a pipeline that transports products from a refinery to depots at different geographical locations by mathematical programming models. The system is composed by the Planalto Refinery (REPLAN) from Petrobras. A pipeline (OSBRA) is connected to the refinery that extends for approximately 1000 kilometers. A higher level of detail in the mathematical model for pipeline operations developed by Rejowski Jr. (MS Dissertation, EPUSP São Paulo, 2001) becomes essential in this complex logistic operation. A factor of extreme importance is product contamination inside the pipeline. Therefore, special constraints are developed that impose the segments of the pipeline to operate continuously when they do not contain interfaces. These constraints help the proposed formulation to find the optimal solution of the problem. The improvement of logical formulations becomes paramount because the generated models encompass a large number of decisions to be optimized. Logical relations involving the initial inventory at the depots and at the pipeline, as well as the demands for each product are proposed. These relations improve the computational performance of the proposed models in scenarios of high-demand. Then, the special constraints and the demand satisfaction at the depots at the end of the operational horizon are relaxed and added as penalties in the objective function. These penalties increase the solution effort of the proposed models and at the same time have great influence on the operational results of the system. Another factor of extreme importance for the pipeline operation scheduling is its continuous time representation. Additionally, this representation enables the models to incorporate simplified hydraulic constraints. Therefore, a simplified and efficient strategy to determine the pipeline flow rate is to include the yield curves of the pumping stations. This formulation, that is modeled as an MINLP (Mixed Integer Non Linear Programming), is compared to an MILP (Mixed Integer Linear Programming) with discrete time and fixed flow and yield rates proposed by Rejowski Jr. and Pinto (Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2004, v.28/8 p.1511-1528). It is shown that the present formulation provides better quality results. The MILP formulation with discrete time is characterized as a particular case of the proposed formulation. The MINLP is greatly influenced by the number of time intervals that compose it and this factor has always to be considered so that the best solution can be found with feasible computational effort. This formulation is also applied to a case with several pumping station configurations with different unit costs and yield curves. Two formulations that consider the scheduling of pipeline operations with the incorporation of the hydraulic aspects calculated rigorously are presented. The first one results in an MINLP model and considers variations on the time interval durations and in the pipeline flow rate. A second MILP formulation is developed. Computational results for both models are shown as well as the generated solutions discussed. The impact of variations on the topographical profile of the pipeline system is analyzed in the obtained results by the models. Changes in the flow rate of the pipeline, in the decision of the time intervals that the system is activated, in the pumping station yields and in the time interval durations were detected. Then, in another example it is shown that the changes in the topographical profile can alter the sequence of products sent by the refinery to the pipeline. Finally, both formulations have their results compared to models with simplified hydraulic considerations, whose results can lead to suboptimal and even to infeasible solutions.
182

Análise de viabilidade econômico-financeira de alcoodutos no Brasil / Economic and Financial Feasibility Analysis of Ethanol Pipelines in Brazil

Marina Andriolli 03 April 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi delimitar índices de rentabilidade, tais como Taxa Interna de Retorno - TIR, Valor Presente Líquido - VPL e payback, para duas alternativas de traçado de alcoodutos selecionadas pela equipe do trabalho de UNICA et al. (2006), além de analisar se tais projetos são economicamente viáveis diante das demais alternativas de investimentos disponíveis aos agentes envolvidos. Um importante exercício foi a análise de sensibilidade do projeto à alteração de variáveis tais como valor dos investimentos, tarifa e volume captado pelo duto. Foi realizada, ainda, uma comparação entre os índices de rentabilidade obtidos no trabalho de UNICA et al. (2006) e aqueles calculados nesta dissertação. Os principais dados necessários à análise de viabilidade das alternativas selecionadas (Dutovias Conchas/ Paulínia/Campo Limpo/Santos e Conchas/Paulínia/São Sebastião) tais como extensões dos dutos, investimentos necessários, período do projeto, início das operações, tarifa cobrada pelo transporte do etanol, capacidade dos dutos, gastos com operação e manutenção e custo de capital também foram obtidos do trabalho de UNICA et al. (2006). Diante dos dados obtidos, o método escolhido para a avaliação do investimento foi o do Fluxo de Caixa Descontado FCD. Os resultados obtidos sinalizaram que diante da estrutura de investimentos, tarifa dutoviária e capacidade modular dos dutos estabelecidos inicialmente para os projetos pela equipe da UNICA, nenhum dos traçados selecionados apresenta índices de rentabilidade satisfatórios em relação à realidade de mercado. Portanto, pode-se concluir que para projetos dessa natureza, que são essenciais para o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura econômica do Brasil, são realmente necessários subsídios por parte do governo, além da participação massiva da iniciativa privada, caracterizando a necessidade de Parcerias Público-Privadas PPP. / The goal of this work was to delimit profitability indexes, as such Internal Rate of Return IRR, Net Present Value NPV and payback, for two alternatives of ethanol pipelines grids selected by UNICAs et al. (2006) working group, and to analyze if these projects are economically feasible in comparison with other investment alternatives that are available for the involved agents. The sensitivity analysis of the project in relation to some variables changes, as the investment values, tariff and volume transported through the pipeline, was an important exercise. It was also done a comparison among the resulting profitability indexes of UNICAs et al. (2006) work and those calculated in this dissertation. The main data necessary to the feasibility analysis of the selected alternatives (Conchas/Paulínia/Campo Limpo/Santos and Conchas/Paulínia/São Sebastião pipelines) as pipelines extension, necessary investments, project period, start of operations, charged tariff for ethanol transportation, pipelines capacity, operations and maintenance spending and cost of capital was also obtained in UNICA et al. (2006) work. Considering the available data, the Discounted Cash Flow DCF method was selected to make the investments evaluation. The results indicate that, considering the investment structure, pipeline tariff and modular capacity of the pipelines initially determined to the projects by UNICAs team, none of the selected grids have satisfactory profitability indexes in relation to market reality. So, it is possible to conclude that, in case of projects of this nature, which are essential to the economic and infrastructure development in Brazil, governmental subsidies are necessary, in addition to private initiative massive participation, characterizing the need of Public- Private Partnerships - PPP.
183

An experimental model for guided microwave backscattering from wet insulation in pipelines

Bejjavarapu, Sai Munesh January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
184

Biogenic Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from the Wastewater Collection System in Cincinnati, Ohio

Fries, Anastasia E. 12 September 2017 (has links)
No description available.
185

Prediction of the flow regime transitions in high pressure, large diameter, inclined multiphase pipelines

Wilkens, Robert Joseph January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
186

Studies on oil-water flow in inclined pipelines

Vedapuri, Damodaran January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
187

Study and modeling of sweet corrosion of multiphase mixtures in horizontal pipelines

Kanwar, Sumeet January 1994 (has links)
No description available.
188

Study of two and three-phase flows in large diameter horizontal pipelines

Malhotra, Ajay January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
189

The Simulation and Water Quality Characterization of a Coal Slurry Involving Eastern Coal

Todd, Michael R. 01 January 1983 (has links) (PDF)
The water quality characteristics of a coal slurry were found to vary widely, depending upon the coal used and the use of a corrosion inhibitor. The coal-water interactions were evaluated in a pilot-plant closed-loop coal slurry pipeline. Pulverized coal from eastern Kentucky and tap water were slurred and pumped through a 40 foot (12.2 m) pipe loop for ten days. Slurry samples were collected at 3 hours, 7 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days and 10 days from the start of a run. The samples were filtered and analyzed for 29 water quality parameters, including 15 metals. Two runs were performed without adding a corrosion inhibitor and two runs were performed with the addition of a corrosion inhibitor. The coal slurry filtrate contained high levels of sulfates, total dissolved solids, conductivity, acidity, iron, magnesium, manganese, lead and aluminum. The pH dropped initially, depending upon the percent sulfur in the dry coal and the alkalinity in the slurry, but returned to 6-7 after 10 days in the pipeline. Metal concentrations were a function of the pH, which affected solubility. Organics in the filtrate were at low levels. The addition of a corrosion inhibitor increased the concentrations of most parameters.
190

Wastewater Characterization and Treatability for anEastern Coal Slurry

Flint, Mark J. 01 January 1984 (has links) (PDF)
A complete wastewater characterization study was performed on an eastern Kentucky coal slurry after a 10-day circulation period in a 40 foot (12.2 m) pilot-scale pipeline. The resulting wastewater was settled and decanted for additional lime and alum treatability studies. Easter coal slurries were characterized by high TDS, conductivity, sulfates and iron. Significant concentrations of a number of trace metals were also found; however, organics were very low. Wastewater quality varied considerably among several experiments and was presumed to be influenced by different properties of the coal and the addition of a corrosion inhibitor. The major treatment concern was removal of high concentrations of iron, manganese, and trace metals if wastewaters were to be discharged. Lime treatment was found to effectively remove iron, magnesium, manganese and many other trace metals from coal slurry wastewaters. Alum treatment methods were considerably less effective for metals removal; however, alum was more effective in removing organics, color and turbidity. The addition of a corrosion inhibitor was found to reduce treatment removals for both lime and alum treatment. Several alternative uses were proposed for slurry wastewaters based on predicted water quality and volumes.

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