A ativação de Receptores de Hidrocarbonetos de Arila (AhR) é associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), dentre elas a aterogênese. Entretanto, não foi elucidado se a ativação do AhR por compostos/moléculas endógenas influenciaria o desenvolvimento de placas vulneráveis. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo testou a hipótese que a ativação do AhR mediada por compostos/moléculas endógenas contribui para o processo aterogênico e vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica de camundongos nocautes para apoliproteína E (ApoE-/-). Nosso estudo mostrou que um dispositivo cilíndrico (cast), que promove estresse de cisalhamento baixo (ECB) e estresse de cisalhamento oscilatório (ECO), causa o desenvolvimento de placas ateroscleróticas com fenótipos vulnerável e estável de forma tempo dependente, em carótidas de camundongos ApoE-/- submetidos a dieta western. Regiões com ECB, apresentaram aumento na expressão de IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 e do AhR, sugerindo que este receptor contribui com o processo inflamatório em placas vulneráveis, posto que ele regula a expressão gênica de mediadores pró-inflamatórios. O tratamento com CH223191 (antagonista AhR) diminuiu a vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica, pois reduziu a quantidade de macrófagos, lipídeos, a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e aumentou a quantidade de células de musculo liso (CML) em regiões com ECB. Além disso, o CH223191 reduziu a expressão de IL-1? em placas ateroscleróticas presentes no arco aórtico e a hipercolesterolemia dos camundongos ApoE-/-. Outrossim, nossos achados apontam que o CH223191 evita o prejuízo induzido por oxLDL na vasodilatação da artéria aorta de camundongos C57BL/6J. Em células endoteliais, a ativação do AhR mediada por oxLDL é responsável pela produção de IL-1?, evento bloqueado pelo CH223191. Nossos achados destacam o AhR como alvo promissor na compreensão de DCV e possível alvo terapêutico na aterosclerose. / Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules plays a role in the development and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaque. We hypothesized that AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules promotes atherogenesis and contributes to the formation of vulnerable plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-). A shear stress modifier (cylindrical device referred to as cast) was placed in the carotid arteries of ApoE-/- mice, creating areas of lower shear stress (LSS) and oscillatory shear stress (OSS), and inducing the development of atherosclerotic vulnerable and stable plaques, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. LSS regions exhibited increased expression of IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 and AhR. Considering that AhR activation leads to transcription of proinflammatory markers transcription, it is possible that AhR expression in LSS regions is associated with the inflammatory process. Treatment with an AhR antagonist (CH223191) reduced lipid and macrophage accumulation and increased the smooth muscle cell content in LSS regions. Additionally, CH223191 reduced IL-1? expression in atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic arch from hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, CH223191 prevented oxLDL-induced vascular dysfunction (reduced ACh vasodilation) in C57BL/6J. In endothelial cells, oxLDL induced IL-1? release by mechanisms dependent on AhR activation, an effect prevented by CH223191. Our findings point to AhR as a possible new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis.

A ativação de Receptores de Hidrocarbonetos de Arila (AhR) é associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), dentre elas a aterogênese. Entretanto, não foi elucidado se a ativação do AhR por compostos/moléculas endógenas influenciaria o desenvolvimento de placas vulneráveis. Diante do exposto, o presente estudo testou a hipótese que a ativação do AhR mediada por compostos/moléculas endógenas contribui para o processo aterogênico e vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica de camundongos nocautes para apoliproteína E (ApoE-/-). Nosso estudo mostrou que um dispositivo cilíndrico (cast), que promove estresse de cisalhamento baixo (ECB) e estresse de cisalhamento oscilatório (ECO), causa o desenvolvimento de placas ateroscleróticas com fenótipos vulnerável e estável de forma tempo dependente, em carótidas de camundongos ApoE-/- submetidos a dieta western. Regiões com ECB, apresentaram aumento na expressão de IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 e do AhR, sugerindo que este receptor contribui com o processo inflamatório em placas vulneráveis, posto que ele regula a expressão gênica de mediadores pró-inflamatórios. O tratamento com CH223191 (antagonista AhR) diminuiu a vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica, pois reduziu a quantidade de macrófagos, lipídeos, a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e aumentou a quantidade de células de musculo liso (CML) em regiões com ECB. Além disso, o CH223191 reduziu a expressão de IL-1? em placas ateroscleróticas presentes no arco aórtico e a hipercolesterolemia dos camundongos ApoE-/-. Outrossim, nossos achados apontam que o CH223191 evita o prejuízo induzido por oxLDL na vasodilatação da artéria aorta de camundongos C57BL/6J. Em células endoteliais, a ativação do AhR mediada por oxLDL é responsável pela produção de IL-1?, evento bloqueado pelo CH223191. Nossos achados destacam o AhR como alvo promissor na compreensão de DCV e possível alvo terapêutico na aterosclerose. / Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules plays a role in the development and vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaque. We hypothesized that AhR activation by endogenous compounds/molecules promotes atherogenesis and contributes to the formation of vulnerable plaques in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (ApoE-/-). A shear stress modifier (cylindrical device referred to as cast) was placed in the carotid arteries of ApoE-/- mice, creating areas of lower shear stress (LSS) and oscillatory shear stress (OSS), and inducing the development of atherosclerotic vulnerable and stable plaques, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. LSS regions exhibited increased expression of IL-1?, TNF-?, MMP-12 and AhR. Considering that AhR activation leads to transcription of proinflammatory markers transcription, it is possible that AhR expression in LSS regions is associated with the inflammatory process. Treatment with an AhR antagonist (CH223191) reduced lipid and macrophage accumulation and increased the smooth muscle cell content in LSS regions. Additionally, CH223191 reduced IL-1? expression in atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic arch from hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, CH223191 prevented oxLDL-induced vascular dysfunction (reduced ACh vasodilation) in C57BL/6J. In endothelial cells, oxLDL induced IL-1? release by mechanisms dependent on AhR activation, an effect prevented by CH223191. Our findings point to AhR as a possible new therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis.

Introduction. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture may occur without warning leading to severe clinical events such as heart attack and stroke. The mechanisms causing plaque rupture are not well understood. It is hypothesized that mechanical forces may play an important role in the plaque rupture process and that image-based computational mechanical analysis may provide useful information for more accurate plaque vulnerability assessment. The objectives of this dissertation are: a) develop in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based 3D computational models with fluid-structure Interactions (FSI) for human atherosclerotic carotid plaques; b) perform mechanical analysis using 3D FSI models to identify critical stress/strain conditions which may be used for possible plaque rupture predictions. Data, Model, and Methods. Histological, ex vivo/ in vivo MRI data of human carotid plaques were provided by the University of Washington Medical School and Washington University Medical School. Blood flow was assumed to be laminar, Newtonian, viscous and incompressible. The Navier-Stokes equations with arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation were used as the governing equations for the flow model. The vessel and plaque components were assumed to be hyperelastic, isotropic, nearly-incompressible and homogeneous. The nonlinear Mooney-Rivlin model was used to describe the nonlinear properties of the materials with parameter values chosen to match available experimental data. The fully-coupled FSI models were solved by a commercial finite element software ADINA to obtain full 3D flow and stress/strain distributions for analysis. Validation of the computational models and Adina software were provided by comparing computational solutions with analytic solutions and experimental data. Several novel methods were introduced to address some fundamental issues for construction of in vivo MRI-based 3D FSI models: a) an automated MRI segmentation technique using a Bayes theorem with normal probability distribution was implemented to obtain plaque geometry with enclosed components; b) a pre-shrink process was introduced to shrink the in vivo MRI geometry to obtain the no-load shape of the plaque; c) a Volume Component-Fitting Method was introduced to generate a 3D computational mesh for the plaque model with deformable complex geometry, FSI and inclusions; d) a method using MRI data obtained under in vitro pressurized conditions was introduced to determine vessel material properties. Results. The effects of material properties on flow and wall stress/strain behaviors were evaluated. The results indicate that a 100% stiffness increase may decrease maximal values of maximum principal stress (Stress-P1) and maximum principal strain (Strain-P1) by about 20% and 40%, respectively; flow Maximum-Shear-Stress (FMSS) and flow velocity did not show noticeable changes. By comparing ex vivo and in vivo data of 10 plaque samples, the average axial (25%) and inner circumferential (7.9%) shrinkages of the plaques between loaded and unloaded state were obtained. Effects of the shrink-stretch process on plaque stress/strain distributions were demonstrated based on six adjusted 3D FSI models with different shrinkages. Stress-P1 and Strain-P1 increased 349.8% and 249% respectively with 33% axial stretch. The effects of a lipid-rich necrotic core and fibrous cap thickness on structure/flow behaviors were investigated. The mean values of wall Stress-P1 and Strain-P1 from lipid nodes from a ruptured plaque were significantly higher than those from a non-ruptured plaque (112.3 kPa, 0.235 & 80.1 kPa, 0.185), which was 40.2% and 26.8% higher, respectively (p<0.001). High stress/strain concentrations were found at the thin fibrous cap regions. These results indicate that high stress concentrations and thin fibrous cap thickness might be critical indicators for plaque vulnerability. Conclusion. In vivo image-based 3D FSI models and mechanical image analysis may have the potential to provide quantitative risk indicators for plaque vulnerability assessment.