A atual situação sócio econômica do país tem levado as empresas construtorasa buscarem eficiência no seu processo de produção. Nesse contexto, o uso das chapas de gesso acartonado como componente de vedação vertical interna vem se tornando cada vez mais intenso, substituindo a tradicional vedação em alvenaria. Apesar da utilização crescente desse componente, há uma carência no país sobre o conhecimento da tecnologia construtiva das divisórias de gesso acartonado, que já é largamente difundida em vários países. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho caracteriza o método construtivo da vedação vertical interna de chapas de gesso acartonado, abordando sobre o seu desempenho; analisando os materiais, componentes, equipamentos e ferramentas necessários para a sua execução; apresentando os procedimentos de montagem da divisória e propondo algumas diretrizes para a elaboração de um projeto para produção e o estabelecimento de parâmetros de controle durante o processo de execução. Espera-se dessa forma contribuir para o avanço da tecnologia de produção das vedações verticais e, em especial, das divisórias de gesso acartonado. / Due to the current social and economic situation in Brazil, building construction companies are seeking ways to improve efficiency in their production processes. For this reason, gypsum plasterboard is beginning to be widely used for internal walls as a substitute for traditional masonry. In spite of the increasing utilization of this component, which is common in other countries, little research regarding gypsum plasterboard construction technology has been carried out here. In this way, this study deals with the gypsum plasterboard construction method, analyzing its performance, materials, components, equipment and tools required for installation. It also describes the procedure for assembling these partitions. Finally, some guidelines for the production design elaboration and the parameters to help to control the execution process are proposed. This study aims to contribute to improving internal wall technologies, especially gypsum plasterboard partition construction.

Οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις από τη λατόμευση και επεξεργασία γύψου στις μονάδες παραγωγής γυψοσανίδων,αφορούν το έδαφος, την ατμόσφαιρα, αλλά και τους επιφανειακούς υδάτινους σχηματισμούς (λιμνοθάλασσα, λίμνες). Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται προσπάθεια να ποσοτικοποιηθούν οι παραγώμενοι ρύποι και να περιγραφεί η αλληλεπίδραση των ρύπων με την γεώσφαιρα, υδρόσφαιρα, ατμόσφαιρα και βιόσφαιρα. / The environmental impacts of the gypsum extraction and processing that produces plaster board, inside the gypsum plants, not only affects the soil and the atmosphere,but also the surface water reservoir. With this present task I try to give emphasis to the quantification of the derivative pollutants and a description of the interaction of the pollutants as far as it concerns the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

A atual situação sócio econômica do país tem levado as empresas construtorasa buscarem eficiência no seu processo de produção. Nesse contexto, o uso das chapas de gesso acartonado como componente de vedação vertical interna vem se tornando cada vez mais intenso, substituindo a tradicional vedação em alvenaria. Apesar da utilização crescente desse componente, há uma carência no país sobre o conhecimento da tecnologia construtiva das divisórias de gesso acartonado, que já é largamente difundida em vários países. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho caracteriza o método construtivo da vedação vertical interna de chapas de gesso acartonado, abordando sobre o seu desempenho; analisando os materiais, componentes, equipamentos e ferramentas necessários para a sua execução; apresentando os procedimentos de montagem da divisória e propondo algumas diretrizes para a elaboração de um projeto para produção e o estabelecimento de parâmetros de controle durante o processo de execução. Espera-se dessa forma contribuir para o avanço da tecnologia de produção das vedações verticais e, em especial, das divisórias de gesso acartonado. / Due to the current social and economic situation in Brazil, building construction companies are seeking ways to improve efficiency in their production processes. For this reason, gypsum plasterboard is beginning to be widely used for internal walls as a substitute for traditional masonry. In spite of the increasing utilization of this component, which is common in other countries, little research regarding gypsum plasterboard construction technology has been carried out here. In this way, this study deals with the gypsum plasterboard construction method, analyzing its performance, materials, components, equipment and tools required for installation. It also describes the procedure for assembling these partitions. Finally, some guidelines for the production design elaboration and the parameters to help to control the execution process are proposed. This study aims to contribute to improving internal wall technologies, especially gypsum plasterboard partition construction.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

Une plaque de plâtre allégée est un produit constituée d’un cœur, « mousse de plâtre », dont la porosité peut atteindre 75% et de revêtements de carton. Il est important de comprendre et caractériser le comportement mécanique de la plaque de plâtre pour optimiser le compromis résistance thermique / tenue mécanique. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des méthodologies spécifiques de corrélation d’images numériques et d’identification du comportement mécanique dans des régimes fortement non-linéaires (endommagement, effondrement de la porosité, fissuration macroscopique…) ont été développées et mises en œuvre. Une première classe de propriétés mécaniques, conditionnant la manutention et la pose des plaques, concerne la tenue à la flexion. Des essais de flexion trois et quatre points ont été réalisés jusqu’à la rupture. La corrélation d’images numériques 2D a été utilisée pour suivre la cinématique de l’essai. Le comportement de la plaque de plâtre en flexion a été identifié grâce à une description continue et homogénéisée de type poutre où la dégradation progressive de la rigidité de la plaque est décrite par une loi d’endommagement. Une procédure d’identification spécifique est présentée où imperfections expérimentales et brisures éventuelles de symétrie sont prises en compte. L’analyse montre que le comportement de la plaque en flexion est essentiellement piloté par les propriétés mécaniques de la face cartonnée et de la qualité de l’interface papier-plâtre. Le mécanisme de rupture en flexion a été également identifié par des essais in-situ dans un tomographe. Une deuxième catégorie de propriétés mécaniques concerne un essai normatif d’arrachement. Grâce à des tests réalisés au sein d’un tomographe, et à l’analyse de la cinématique par corrélation d’images volumiques, les différentes étapes clefs ont été identifiées, et la compaction du cœur par effondrement de la porosité sous compression a été reconnu comme le facteur limitant. Dans le but de mieux comprendre ce mécanisme de ruine des essais d’indentation sphérique tomographiés ont été réalisés sur des échantillons de mousse constitutive du cœur de la plaque. Sous l’indenteur, une transition brutale entre comportement élastique et compaction forte accompagnée d’un effondrement de la porosité est visible. Pour répondre à la nécessité d’estimer finement l’état de déformation multiaxiale qui caractérise cette transition, une procédure originale de corrélation d’images volumiques intégrée a été développée. Elle s’appuie sur un code commercial d’éléments finis comme moyen de générer une base cinématique adaptée à l’essai d’indentation sphérique. Le couplage d’essais mécaniques in-situ, la corrélation d’images volumiques et la simulation numérique d’une part, et l’intégration d’informations connues a priori dans la démarche d’identification d’autre part ont permis d’identifier un critère de ruine local. Le comportement triaxial du plâtre poreux a été caractérisé également via des essais triaxiaux homogènes, en suivant différents trajets de chargement. Le comportement triaxial du plâtre moussé a été identifié. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec les résultats de l’identification conduite sur l’essai d’indentation. / Lightweight plasterboard is a product composed of a "plaster foam" core whose porosity can reach 75% lined with two sheets of paper. To optimize the compromise between thermal resistance and mechanical strength, it is important to understand and characterize the mechanical behavior of the plasterboard. In the present work, specific methodologies for digital image correlation and identification of the mechanical behavior in highly nonlinear regimes (damage, collapse of porosity, macroscopic cracking ...) have been developed and implemented. A first set of mechanical properties, crucial for handling and placarding, concerns the bending strength. Three and four points bending tests were performed until failure. Digital image correlation was used to follow the kinematic of the test. The behavior of the plasterboard has been identified through a homogenized continuum description based on plate kinematic where the progressive degradation of bending stiffness is described through a damage law. A specific procedure for identification is presented where experimental imperfections and symmetry breakdown are tolerated and accounted for. The analysis shows that the mechanical behavior of the plasterbaord in bending test is controlled primarily by the mechanical properties of the paper lining and the quality of gypsum / paper interface. The failure mechanism in bending test was also identified through in-situ tests performed inside the tomograph. A second category of mechanical properties relates to a normative test “Nail pull test”. Through tests conducted inside the tomograph and the analysis of the kinematics by digital volume correlation, the different key stages of the failure mechanism have been identified. The compaction of the core by the collapse of porosity in compression has been recognized as the limiting factor. In order to better understand the compaction mechanism in-situ spherical indentation tests were performed on foamed samples prepared from the board core. The results from the in-situ experiment show that a compacted zone develops under the indenter, displaying a very sharp boundary with the undamaged material that behaves elastically. To meet the need for estimating accurately the state of multiaxial strain that characterizes this transition, a new methodology is presented. It is an integrated digital volume correlation based on a library of fields adapted to the spherical indentation test and computed from commercial finite element software. Coupling in-situ mechanical tests, digital volume correlation and numerical simulations on the one hand, and integration a priori known information in the identification process on the other hand allowed us to identify a local failure criterion. The behavior of porous plaster was also characterized via homogeneous triaxial tests, by following different loading paths. The triaxial behavior of foamed plaster has been identified. The results are in agreement with those obtained via the identification procedure conducted on the spherical indentation tests.

Master thesis contains project documentation of low-energy multifunctional house with a full basement, three floors and finished with a flat roof. It is a detached house situated in a residential building area in capital city of Slovakia - Bratislava, district Podunajské Biskupice. The basement walls and columns are made of reinforced concrete. The basement is used as a garage with twenty-two parking spaces for flats owners and there is also placed a workshop room. Above-ground floors are designed as a reinforced concrete frame filled circumferentially with light-weight concrete blocks. Exterior cladding is covered by heat insulation. The interior vertical, non-load-bearing walls are made of plasterboard. On the ground floor are two shops and a restaurant with a terrace. There are eleven flats on the other two floors. On the second floor are seven double-bedroom flats with an open plan kitchen lounge area, four of them have a balcony. On the third floor are four flats with a terrace, three of them are two double bedroom flats with an open plan kitchen lounge area, and the fourth one is a one double bedroom flat with open plan kitchen lounge area. The entrance for shops and main entrance for flats are on the north-west side. The entrance for the restaurant is on the north-east side.

The master’s thesis topic is a project of a low-energy cottage. The cottage is situated in Kralický Sněžník near Jeseník and it is designed for forty customers. The house is designed as a detached house with two floors and with one basement and with a gable roof. A substructure is from a system blockpanel of a concrete and a heat insulations. The structural system of a superstructure is designed from a timber frame and a heat insulations. The indoor shell is formed from a plasterboard. The house shell is covered by heat insulations. The main entrance is located to the south. It leads to a hall with a reception. On the ground floor we can find a restaurant which is situated in the left part of the cottage. On the ground floor we can also find a room for disabled people and in the north-eastern corner are situated WC for people. The first floor is reachable via stairs from the entry hall. Upstairs there are seven rooms and four bathrooms with toilets. Two rooms of them have a ensuite bathroom. All of the rooms are enterable from the hall. Five of them have a window to the south side and other two rooms have a window to the north side. In the basement there is an utility room a boiler room a laundry a workshop and stocks.

Les éléments séparatifs à base de plaques de plâtre (cloisons, bloc-porte…) sont d’abord destinés à délimiter les espaces à l’intérieur d’une construction. Ils contribuent aux exigences essentielles pesant sur l’ouvrage en termes de sécurité en cas d’incendie, d’isolation thermique et acoustique. La réglementation française stipule que la vérification de la résistance au feu des ces éléments doit être vérifiée par des essais en vraie grandeur menées selon des procédures normalisées et qui sont souvent onéreux pour les industriels. De plus, la limite du four (5 m de hauteur et 7 m de largeur actuellement) pose un problème pour les fabricants quand ils veulent valider des cloisons plus grandes. Par conséquent, la tendance industrielle est de développer une méthode prédictive du comportement au feu des éléments séparatifs. Cette thèse présente une étude dans le cadre du projet de recherche de EFECTIS France, ce qui conduit à l'élaboration d'un modèle numérique capable de prédire le comportement thermo-mécanique des cloisons en plaques de plâtre se composant d’une ossature métallique vissée sur des parements en plaques de plâtre, quand elles sont soumises à une action thermique normalisée de EN 1363-1 sur une face. Dans cette étude, on présente d’abord des programmes d’essais qui permettent d’une part, d’identifier les propriétés thermo-physiques et thermo-mécaniques de plaques de plâtre cartonné, à température ambiante et à haute température, et d’autre part de caractériser la liaison cinématique de la fixation par vissage des parements en plaques de plâtre sur les montants acier de l’ossature interne, à température ambiante. En suite, on présente le développement des modèles thermique et mécanique avec le logiciel CAST3M en utilisant les paramètres mesurés lors des programmes d’essais sur les matériaux et les assemblages. Les modèles développés permettent de prendre en compte : (i) les phénomènes de transfert thermique par conduction, rayonnement et convection au travers d’une cloison - (ii) la chute du parement exposé de la cloison pendant l’essai - (iii) le comportement mécanique de la cloison elle-même, c'est-à-dire le comportement thermo-mécanique de ses éléments constitutifs (plaques de plâtre cartonné et montants métalliques) ainsi que celui des assemblages vissés des plaques de parements sur les montants d’ossature. / The fire resistance of building elements (partition walls, door sets ...) by means of tests according to standard procedures is often expensive for manufacturers. In consequence, Efectis France is conducting a specific research project aiming to develop an efficient and economical tool in order to carry out the preliminary design of new products as well as their optimization and extend the application of experimental results to configurations different from those of the test (change of size, of component, of boundary conditions ...). This thesis presents a study in the scope of above research project, which led to the development of a numerical model capable of predicting the thermo-mechanical behavior of separating elements such as flexible partitions made with internal steel studs and plasterboard facings, when they are subjected to standard thermal action of EN 1363-1 on one side. This study is organized in three steps. The first one is an experimental investigation relative to the characterization of thermo-physical and of thermo-mechanical properties of plasterboards used in above mentioned partition walls. In the second step, a specific numerical model for the analysis of plasterboard partition fire behavior is developed. This model allows treating not only nonlinear heat transfer but also the nonlinear structural behavior of the partitions from thermal stresses taking into account the degradation of rigidities for the punctual screwing of plasterboards on the steel studs. In the third step, the prediction of the numerical model is compared with experimental results in terms of temperature and displacements of the partitions. The comparisons enable to show the validity of the numerical model to predict appropriately the fire behavior of plasterboard partitions.