PAULA, Silvia Maria Alves de. Avaliação da biossegurança alimentar de genótipos de feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP) suscetível e resistente ao Callosobruchus maculatus (FABR. 1775 ). 2008. 162 f. Tese (Doutorado em bioquímica)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-28T13:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_smapaula.pdf: 1435245 bytes, checksum: 8706d641a20843b4c4cd627f6208a22c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T14:56:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_smapaula.pdf: 1435245 bytes, checksum: 8706d641a20843b4c4cd627f6208a22c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T14:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tese_smapaula.pdf: 1435245 bytes, checksum: 8706d641a20843b4c4cd627f6208a22c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Brazil is one of the largest producers of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], a very important legume for human dietary protein and carbohydrate supply. Nevertheless, there are some factors which limit its productivity and utilization. The insect Callosobuchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) is considered the principal pest that attacks stored grains. In the Northeast of Brazil, breeding efforts involving cowpea have been directed towards the selection of high yielding varieties associated with traits of resistance to diseases and pests. However, studies on the nutritional quality of these improved genotypes are scanty. In this study, the research was conducted with two cowpea genotypes, BR9 Longá e IT81D 1053, susceptible and resistant to cowpea weevil, respectively, to evaluate whether the probable factors related to the resistance would interfere with the nutritional value. Proximate composition showed that both genotypes are good sources of proteins (23.45 and 26.61 g/100 g dry matter), carbohydrates (61.62 and 62.94 g/100 g dry matter) and crude fiber (4.32 and 5.20 g/100 g dry matter), presenting low contents of oil (3.30 and 3.89 g/100 g dry matter). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the seed flours showed similar patterns for both genotypes, except for the presence of a very prominent 29 kDa band in the resistant genotype. The presence of antinutritional factors such as lectin, urease and trypsin inhibitor was detected in both cowpea genotypes. Lectin (0.10 UH/mgF) and urease (25.13 and 25.41 U/gF) amounts were similar in the susceptible and resistant genotypes. The resistant genotype presented a higher content of trypsin inhibitor (18.55 mg trypsin inhibited/gF) than the susceptible one (12.57 mg trypsin inhibited/gF). Feeding trial conducted with rats fed the experimental diets containing seed flour of BR9 Longá and IT81D 1053 as the sole protein source, at 10% level, were not sufficient to promote animal growth compared to the animals fed the high quality diet containing egg white. However, when compared the treatments containing susceptible and resistant cowpea genotypes most of parameters analyzed were similar. Diets containing the chitin binding proteins (CBP), purified from susceptible and resistant cowpea genotypes and complemented. / O Brasil é um dos grandes produtores de feijão caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], uma importante leguminosa para consumo humano por ser boa fonte proteínas e carboidratos. Todavia, há vários fatores que limitam a produtividade e utilização dessa cultura, destacando-se o ataque pelo inseto Callosobruchus maculatus (gorgulho), conhecido como uma das principais pragas de armazenamento. No Nordeste do Brasil, genótipos de feijão caupi foram criados através de melhoramento genético, visando aumento da produtividade e resistência a doenças e pragas. Porém, é detectada a escassez de informações relacionando resistência e valor nutricional. Assim sendo, no presente estudo, dois genótipos melhorados geneticamente, BR9 Longá e IT81D 1053, suscetível e resistente ao gorgulho, respectivamente, foram selecionados, para verificar se as alterações promovidas pelo melhoramento afetariam sua qualidade nutricional. Os dados de composição centesimal mostraram que ambos os genótipos constituem-se em boa fonte de proteínas (23,45 e 26,61 g/100 g de matéria seca), carboidratos (61,62 e 62,94 g/100 g de matéria seca) e fibra bruta (4,32 e 5,20 g/100 g de matéria seca), apresentando baixos conteúdos de lipídios (3,30 e 3,89 g/100 g de matéria seca). Os perfis eletroforéticos da farinha de sementes dos dois genótipos mostraram-se muito semelhantes entre si, exceto a existência de uma banda mais proeminente na região de 29 kDa verificada no genótipo resistente. Fatores antinutricionais tais como lectina, urease e inibidor de tripsina foram verificados nos dois genótipos de feijão caupi avaliados. Os teores de lectina (0,10 UH/mgF) e de urease (25,13 e 25,41 U/gF) se mostraram bem similares nos genótipos suscetível e resistente. Já os conteúdos de inibidor de tripsina foram diferentes, tendo o genótipo resistente apresentado maior atividade (18,55 mg de tripsina inibida/gF) em comparação ao suscetível (12,57 mg de tripsina inibida/gF). Farinhas dos genótipos BR9 Longá e IT81D 1053, quando incluídas em dietas para ratos como única fonte protéica, a 10%, não foram capazes de promover o crescimento dos animais de forma similar à albumina da clara do ovo (proteína padrão). Todavia, quando comparado o tratamento Avaliação da Biossegurança Alimentar de Genótipos... contendo farinha do genótipo suscetível com aquele contendo o genótipo resistente, para a maioria dos parâmetros analisados, as respostas foram bem parecidas. Dietas contendo proteínas ligantes à quitina (PLQ), purificadas do genótipo suscetível e do resistente, complementadas com albumina da clara do ovo, apresentaram valor nutricional igual ou superior ao padrão (somente clara do ovo). Diante dos parâmetros analisados, os resultados permitem concluir que o melhoramento genético do feijão caupi, o qual conferiu resistência ao Callosobruchus maculatus, não foi capaz de alterar a qualidade nutricional dessa leguminosa. Além disso, diferentemente ao verificado com o Callosobruchus maculatus, não foram observados efeitos antinutricionais, tóxicos e/ou alergênicos para os animais testados (ratos e camundongos), associados ao consumo das PLQ provenientes do genótipo suscetível ou do resistente.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Brazil is one of the largest producers of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], a very important legume for human dietary protein and carbohydrate supply. Nevertheless, there are some factors which limit its productivity and utilization. The insect Callosobuchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) is considered the principal pest that attacks stored grains. In the Northeast of Brazil, breeding efforts involving cowpea have been directed towards the selection of high yielding varieties associated with traits of resistance to diseases and pests. However, studies on the nutritional quality of these improved genotypes are scanty. In this study, the research was conducted with two cowpea genotypes, BR9 Longà e IT81D 1053, susceptible and resistant to cowpea weevil, respectively, to evaluate whether the probable factors related to the resistance would interfere with the nutritional value. Proximate composition showed that both genotypes are good sources of proteins (23.45 and 26.61 g/100 g dry matter), carbohydrates (61.62 and 62.94 g/100 g dry matter) and crude fiber (4.32 and 5.20 g/100 g dry matter), presenting low contents of oil (3.30 and 3.89 g/100 g dry matter). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the seed flours showed similar patterns for both genotypes, except for the presence of a very prominent 29 kDa band in the resistant genotype. The presence of antinutritional factors such as lectin, urease and trypsin inhibitor was detected in both cowpea genotypes. Lectin (0.10 UH/mgF) and urease (25.13 and 25.41 U/gF) amounts were similar in the susceptible and resistant genotypes. The resistant genotype presented a higher content of trypsin inhibitor (18.55 mg trypsin inhibited/gF) than the susceptible one (12.57 mg trypsin inhibited/gF). Feeding trial conducted with rats fed the experimental diets containing seed flour of BR9 Longà and IT81D 1053 as the sole protein source, at 10% level, were not sufficient to promote animal growth compared to the animals fed the high quality diet containing egg white. However, when compared the treatments containing susceptible and resistant cowpea genotypes most of parameters analyzed were similar. Diets containing the chitin binding proteins (CBP), purified from susceptible and resistant cowpea genotypes and complemented / O Brasil à um dos grandes produtores de feijÃo caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], uma importante leguminosa para consumo humano por ser boa fonte proteÃnas e carboidratos. Todavia, hà vÃrios fatores que limitam a produtividade e utilizaÃÃo dessa cultura, destacando-se o ataque pelo inseto Callosobruchus maculatus (gorgulho), conhecido como uma das principais pragas de armazenamento. No Nordeste do Brasil, genÃtipos de feijÃo caupi foram criados atravÃs de melhoramento genÃtico, visando aumento da produtividade e resistÃncia a doenÃas e pragas. PorÃm, à detectada a escassez de informaÃÃes relacionando resistÃncia e valor nutricional. Assim sendo, no presente estudo, dois genÃtipos melhorados geneticamente, BR9 Longà e IT81D 1053, suscetÃvel e resistente ao gorgulho, respectivamente, foram selecionados, para verificar se as alteraÃÃes promovidas pelo melhoramento afetariam sua qualidade nutricional. Os dados de composiÃÃo centesimal mostraram que ambos os genÃtipos constituem-se em boa fonte de proteÃnas (23,45 e 26,61 g/100 g de matÃria seca), carboidratos (61,62 e 62,94 g/100 g de matÃria seca) e fibra bruta (4,32 e 5,20 g/100 g de matÃria seca), apresentando baixos conteÃdos de lipÃdios (3,30 e 3,89 g/100 g de matÃria seca). Os perfis eletroforÃticos da farinha de sementes dos dois genÃtipos mostraram-se muito semelhantes entre si, exceto a existÃncia de uma banda mais proeminente na regiÃo de 29 kDa verificada no genÃtipo resistente. Fatores antinutricionais tais como lectina, urease e inibidor de tripsina foram verificados nos dois genÃtipos de feijÃo caupi avaliados. Os teores de lectina (0,10 UH/mgF) e de urease (25,13 e 25,41 U/gF) se mostraram bem similares nos genÃtipos suscetÃvel e resistente. Jà os conteÃdos de inibidor de tripsina foram diferentes, tendo o genÃtipo resistente apresentado maior atividade (18,55 mg de tripsina inibida/gF) em comparaÃÃo ao suscetÃvel (12,57 mg de tripsina inibida/gF). Farinhas dos genÃtipos BR9 Longà e IT81D 1053, quando incluÃdas em dietas para ratos como Ãnica fonte protÃica, a 10%, nÃo foram capazes de promover o crescimento dos animais de forma similar à albumina da clara do ovo (proteÃna padrÃo). Todavia, quando comparado o tratamento AvaliaÃÃo da BiosseguranÃa Alimentar de GenÃtipos... contendo farinha do genÃtipo suscetÃvel com aquele contendo o genÃtipo resistente, para a maioria dos parÃmetros analisados, as respostas foram bem parecidas. Dietas contendo proteÃnas ligantes à quitina (PLQ), purificadas do genÃtipo suscetÃvel e do resistente, complementadas com albumina da clara do ovo, apresentaram valor nutricional igual ou superior ao padrÃo (somente clara do ovo). Diante dos parÃmetros analisados, os resultados permitem concluir que o melhoramento genÃtico do feijÃo caupi, o qual conferiu resistÃncia ao Callosobruchus maculatus, nÃo foi capaz de alterar a qualidade nutricional dessa leguminosa. AlÃm disso, diferentemente ao verificado com o Callosobruchus maculatus, nÃo foram observados efeitos antinutricionais, tÃxicos e/ou alergÃnicos para os animais testados (ratos e camundongos), associados ao consumo das PLQ provenientes do genÃtipo suscetÃvel ou do resistente

Le comportement géomécanique des ouvrages géotechniques à l’exemple des rideaux de palplanches est entaché d’incertitudes épistémiques liées aux hypothèses régissant le modèle géomécanique de calcul, mais aussi d’incertitudes aléatoires liées à la variabilité spatiale du sol. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux appréhender l’effet de ces incertitudes sur le comportement d’un rideau de palplanches. Pour cela le présent mémoire s’articule autour de quatre points principaux : Le premier point est relatif d’une part à l’analyse des hypothèses utilisées pour la modélisation géomécanique d’un rideau de palplanches et d’autre part à l’extension de la méthode des coefficients de réaction d’un système unidimensionnel basé sur une poutre et des appuis élastoplastiques à un système bidimensionnel de plaque orthotrope sur le même type d’appuis (MISS-CR-PLQ). Le deuxième point concerne la modélisation de la variabilité spatiale du sol. Après une comparaison entre deux méthodes de génération de champs aléatoires nous avons retenu la méthode Circulant Embedding pour son efficience. Plusieurs études paramétriques ont été menées pour analyser les effets des hypothèses prises lors de la génération des champs aléatoires. Le troisième point concerne la mise en place d’une démarche mécano-fiabiliste permettant d’intégrer la variabilité spatiale du sol pour le cas des rideaux de palplanches. Le quatrième point est consacré à l’application de la démarche développée pour un cas d’étude à travers des analyses probabilistes et fiabilistes. L’influence des paramètres statistiques (e.g. les longueurs de corrélations, la corrélation croisée, …), mécanique et géométrique a été étudiée. / The geomechanical behaviour of geotechnical structures such as sheet pile walls is subjected to epistemic uncertainties due to geomechanical models’ assumptions and also the aleatory uncertainties which could be related to the soil spatial variability. The main objective of this thesis is to gain more insight into the effect of these uncertainties on the sheet pile behaviour. To this end, this thesis focuses on four main issues: The first one is related on the one hand to the analysis of the used geomechanical hypotheses for modelling of retaining walls. On the other hand, to extend the one-dimensional subgrade reaction method which is based on a beam relying on elastoplastic supports to a two-dimensional system that call to an orthotropic plate relying on the same supports (MISS-CR-PLQ). The second issue concerns the soil spatial variability modelling. After a key comparison between two random field generation methods, we selected the Circulating Embedding method for its efficiency. Several parametric studies have been conducted to analyse the effects of different assumptions of random field generation. The third issue is related to the implementation of the proposed mechanical-reliability approach taking into account the soil spatial variability. The last issue is devoted to the application of the developed approach to a case study through probabilistic and reliability analyses. The influence of statistical parameters (e.g. correlation lengths, cross-correlation,...), mechanical and geometrical has been examined.

After introducing concepts from convex analysis, we study how to continuously transform one convex function into another. A natural choice is the arithmetic average, as it is pointwise continuous; however, this choice fails to average functions with different domains. On the contrary, the proximal average is not only continuous (in the epi-topology) but can actually average functions with disjoint domains. In fact, the proximal average not only inherits strict convexity (like the arithmetic average) but also inherits smoothness and differentiability (unlike the arithmetic average). Then we introduce a computational framework for computer-aided convex analysis. Motivated by the proximal average, we notice that the class of piecewise linear-quadratic (PLQ) functions is closed under (positive) scalar multiplication, addition, Fenchel conjugation, and Moreau envelope. As a result, the PLQ framework gives rise to linear-time and linear-space algorithms for convex PLQ functions. We extend this framework to nonconvex PLQ functions and present an explicit convex hull algorithm. Finally, we discuss a method to find primal-dual symmetric antiderivatives from cyclically monotone operators. As these antiderivatives depend on the minimal and maximal Rockafellar functions [5, Theorem 3.5, Corollary 3.10], it turns out that the minimal and maximal function in [12, p.132,p.136] are indeed the same functions. Algorithms used to compute these antiderivatives can be formulated as shortest path problems.

After introducing concepts from convex analysis, we study how to continuously transform one convex function into another. A natural choice is the arithmetic average, as it is pointwise continuous; however, this choice fails to average functions with different domains. On the contrary, the proximal average is not only continuous (in the epi-topology) but can actually average functions with disjoint domains. In fact, the proximal average not only inherits strict convexity (like the arithmetic average) but also inherits smoothness and differentiability (unlike the arithmetic average). Then we introduce a computational framework for computer-aided convex analysis. Motivated by the proximal average, we notice that the class of piecewise linear-quadratic (PLQ) functions is closed under (positive) scalar multiplication, addition, Fenchel conjugation, and Moreau envelope. As a result, the PLQ framework gives rise to linear-time and linear-space algorithms for convex PLQ functions. We extend this framework to nonconvex PLQ functions and present an explicit convex hull algorithm. Finally, we discuss a method to find primal-dual symmetric antiderivatives from cyclically monotone operators. As these antiderivatives depend on the minimal and maximal Rockafellar functions [5, Theorem 3.5, Corollary 3.10], it turns out that the minimal and maximal function in [12, p.132,p.136] are indeed the same functions. Algorithms used to compute these antiderivatives can be formulated as shortest path problems.

After introducing concepts from convex analysis, we study how to continuously transform one convex function into another. A natural choice is the arithmetic average, as it is pointwise continuous; however, this choice fails to average functions with different domains. On the contrary, the proximal average is not only continuous (in the epi-topology) but can actually average functions with disjoint domains. In fact, the proximal average not only inherits strict convexity (like the arithmetic average) but also inherits smoothness and differentiability (unlike the arithmetic average). Then we introduce a computational framework for computer-aided convex analysis. Motivated by the proximal average, we notice that the class of piecewise linear-quadratic (PLQ) functions is closed under (positive) scalar multiplication, addition, Fenchel conjugation, and Moreau envelope. As a result, the PLQ framework gives rise to linear-time and linear-space algorithms for convex PLQ functions. We extend this framework to nonconvex PLQ functions and present an explicit convex hull algorithm. Finally, we discuss a method to find primal-dual symmetric antiderivatives from cyclically monotone operators. As these antiderivatives depend on the minimal and maximal Rockafellar functions [5, Theorem 3.5, Corollary 3.10], it turns out that the minimal and maximal function in [12, p.132,p.136] are indeed the same functions. Algorithms used to compute these antiderivatives can be formulated as shortest path problems. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate