Antioxidant activity of dried plum powder (DPP) at 3% was compared to rosemary extract (RE) at 0.05% in turkey breakfast sausages which were stored under three aerobic conditions: raw refrigerated (RR; 6 degrees C), raw and precooked frozen (RF and PF, respectively; -23 degrees C). Sausage links were tested on specific days over a 56 day shelf-life. Analyses included pH, proximate composition, objective color (CIE L*, a*,b*), lipid oxidation (TBARS), aerobic plate count and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria, sensory, reheat yields and shear force. All RR treatments surpassed the threshold of 3 for TBARS by day 6. Spoilage occurred by day 3 for all RR treatments (> 6.0 log10). Treatments containing DPP had lower TBARS values for RF (P < 0.05) and PF (P &lt; 0.01). DPP containing treatments had lower external and internal L* values and a* values while internal b* values were higher. Sensory scores for plum and sweet were higher, while cardboard and rancidity were lower in treatments containing DPP. Sensory scores for cardboard and rancidity were lower for RF and higher for PF treatments. Reheated cooked yields and shear force values for PF treatments held either 15 or 30 min showed an increasing trend with subsequent storage. Proximate composition data showed no significant differences for fat, moisture, and protein. DPP containing treatments were different from other treatments having a lower pH except for the PF RE treatment. The addition of DPP at 3% into a turkey breakfast sausage had an inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation in a RF and PF treatments. Inclusion of DPP darkened the external and internal appearance and increased yellowness as well as increasing the sweetness and plum flavor.

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No description available.

Gaoqi was born in 1336 and died in 1373 at age 39. In the history of literature, he was a poet as famous as Songlian and Liuji in the Ming Dynasty and lived in an extremely unruly time. Only a few theses about him can be found in Taiwan, i.e. the Study of Gaoqi¡¦s Poetry by Liu Long-hsun and the Study of Gaoqinqiu¡¦s Poetry by Tsai Mao-hsiong. More theses have been written in China, but in general, there is not much information about this great poet. Information on the Plum Blossom Poems is similar with all of Gaoqi¡¦s poems, i.e. not much literature can be found. The study took Gaoqi¡¦s Plum Blossom Poems as the main subject, but since its development was continuous, the Plum Blossom Poems from another period are also discussed. The diverse characteristics of the Plum Blossom Poems in different Dynasties were studied, so that the creative thinking characteristics and artistic performance of Gaoqi can be further understood. There are sixteen parts in six chapters in the thesis; its description is as follows: Chapter I: The introduction. It includes a foreword of the study and Gaoqi¡¦s autobiography. The project¡¦s motivation, relevant literature, and study methods are introduced. Gaoqi¡¦s background and his experiences are also described. Chapter II: The development of the Plum Blossom Poems from the South-North Dynasties (420-598) to the Yuan Dynasty. The famous poems are introduced and analyzed. Chapter III: Thoughts on Gaoqi¡¦s poems and inheritance. Discussion regarding the artistic inheritance of the Plum Blossom Poems from past periods and its creative techniques. Chapter IV: Gaoqi¡¦s Plum Blossom Poems (part I). There are a total of 33 poems. The poems, each consisting of eight lines, are discussed. They include nine poems on plum blossoms, five poems of chanting plum blossoms that follow the rhyming word that ends a line of verse written by Yianshi and two poems of chanting plum blossoms that follow the rhyming word that ends a line of verse written by Xiyuangong. Chapter V: Gaoqis¡¦ Plum Blossom Poems (part II). Discusses another poem¡¦s style including ancient poetry and poem of four lines with an analysis of Gaoqi¡¦s poems. Chapter VI: The development of the Plum Blossom Poems in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Discusses the development of the Plum Blossom Poems after Gaoqi and the conclusion of the study.

Zugl.: Halle (Saale), Univ., Diss., 2005

Orientador: Jose Tadeu Jorge / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_LucianaCaloredeBarros_D.pdf: 379392 bytes, checksum: a22e3f561980a932bf561aa17958fc1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: As perdas pós-colheita variam entre os diversos produtos vegetais, porém de modo geral entre as frutas e hortaliças tem-se perdas da ordem de 30-50%. Tais perdas estão fundamentadas ao seu manuseio inadequado desde o momento da colheita até o consumo final. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a aplicação do 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), do resfriamento rápido com ar-forçado (RR), e do armazenamento refrigerado (AR) em pêssegos a fim de avaliar seus efeitos no processo de amadurecimento desta fruta. Os parâmetros avaliados no julgamento da qualidade foram as análises fisiológicas como a perda de massa fresca, a cor de fundo, a firmeza, o pH, a acidez titulável, os sólidos solúveis, o ¿Ratio¿ e a produção de CO2 e etileno, e análises sensoriais como a cor, a textura e o sabor. O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa testou-se as concentrações de 30; 60 e 90nl l-1 de 1-MCP aplicado nas temperaturas de 0 e 20ºC; as frutas não tratadas com 1- MCP foram denominadas de controle, para as duas temperaturas estudadas. A concentração de 90nl l-1 de 1-MCP à 0ºC apresentou menor atividade respiratória nas frutas, sendo este tratamento selecionado para ser combinado com o resfriamento rápido de pêssegos na etapa seguinte. Desta forma, a segunda etapa compôs-se com os seguintes tratamentos: armazenamento refrigerado (AR) ou controle, resfriamento rápido com ar-forçado (RR), resfriamento rápido seguido da aplicação do 1-MCP (RR + 1-MCP) e aplicação do 1-MCP (1- MCP). Dentre estes, o tratamento RR + 1-MCP proporcionou frutas mais firmes em relação às frutas do tratamento controle. A taxa respiratória dos pêssegos submetidos ao RR e também ao RR + 1-MCP foi reduzida se comparada à taxa respiratória das frutas do tratamento controle / Abstract: Postharvest losses vary amid vegetables produces, however generally between fruits and vegetables there are losses ranging from 30% to 50%. Such losses are due to the inadequate handling of the produce between harvesting and final consumption. Thus, this paper aims at the aplication of 1-methylcycloprene (1-MCP), from cooling with forced air (PC), and cold storage (CS) of peaches, in order to estimate yours effects in the ripening process this fruit. The parameters evaluated in judging quality were physiological analyses such as loss of fresh mass, background color, firmness, pH, titratable acid, soluble solids, ratio and CO2 and ethylene production, and sensorials such as color, texture and flavor. The experiment was divided into two phases. In the first phase 30, 60 and 90nl l-1 of 1-MCP concentrations applied at temperatures of 0ºC and 20ºC were tested; fruits not treated with 1- MCP were denominated control for both temperatures studied. The 90nl l-1 of 1-MCP concentration at OºC showed a lower respiratory activity in the fruits, and this was selected to be combined with cooling of peaches in the following phase. For this matter, the second phase was composed by the following treatments: cold storage (CS) or control, cooling with forced air (CFA), cooling with forced air followed by 1-MCP application (CFA + 1-MCP) and 1- MCP application (1-MCP). Among these, the CFA + 1-MCP treatment gave more firmness of fruits in relation to the control fruits. The respiratory rate of peaches subjected in the CFA and CFA + 1-MCP was decrease in relation to the respiratory rate of the control fruits / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

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Ethephon, applied to two plum cultivars, 'Queen Rosa' and 'El Dorado' , at 50 and 100 ppm, gave varying responses on the ripening process. Soluble solids remained unchanged while acid levels dropped. Increased ethylene evolution, color advancement and decreased flesh pr observed.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to export South African plums to overseas markets strict quality standards must be maintained. Among these quality classifications are specifications about the presence of cavities and pieces of broken stone/pit within the flesh of the fruit. If more than 10% of the fruit in a carton are affected by severely broken stones or large flesh cavities, the fruit have to be marketed as Class 2. A substantial amount of plums destined for export from South Africa is affected by broken stones and thus have to be marketed as Class 2. Lower prices are attained for Class 2 fruit, therefore, the presence of broken stones has a detrimental effect on the income generated from these fruit. The main aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of broken stone development and compare the growth characteristics of Japanese plum cultivars differing in their susceptibility to broken stones. Stone breakage in ‘Laetitia’ was observed as soon as stone hardening was initiated. At the start of stone hardening the parts of the stone that are still ‘soft’ are not strong enough to resist the pulling forces of the growing mesocarp and the stone is subsequently pulled apart. Regression analysis indicated that lengthwise growth of the fruit, fresh weight of the endo- and mesocarp, minimum orchard temperature and orchard night temperature, and relative humidity (RH) early in the growing season could possibly be used to predict the incidence of broken stones at harvest. Differences in the incidence of broken stones were observed between ‘Laetitia’, ‘Sapphire’ and ‘Songold’ plums and between seasons. Furthermore, significant differences were observed in the density of the endocarp in different parts of the stone. For ‘Laetitia’ and ‘Songold’, stone breakage was observed when rapid increases in stone density coincided with rapid increases in fruit growth. The stones broke in positions where an interface exists between high and low density parts in the stone and when rapid radial growth takes place in the direction where the stone is least dense. In contrast, in ‘Sapphire’, stone breakage was observed before the stones had started to lignify, indicating that the endocarp was pulled apart by the expanding flesh because it was too soft to withstand the strong pulling forces created by the flesh. The incidence of broken stones was influenced by environmental factors, as higher temperatures during the stone development and hardening period could lead to more complete endocarp formation (more stone cells are formed under such conditions). Such fruit would thus have higher endocarp density, which, if coupled with rapid radial growth, could lead to a higher incidence of broken stones. Foliar and/or root applications of calcium nitrate and potassium silicate were applied to ‘Laetitia’ plums to determine whether the incidence of broken stones could be reduced by increasing the strength of the endocarp cell walls. However, no such effect was observed. Hence, neither calcium nor silicate treatments can be recommended for reducing broken stones in plums. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om Suid-Afrikaanse pruime na oorsese markte uit te voer moet vrugte aan streng kwaliteitstandaarde voldoen. Daar is ondermeer spesifikasies in verband met die teenwoordigheid van holtes en stukkies gebreekte pit binne die vrug. Indien meer as 10% van die vrugte in ʼn karton deur ernstige gebreekte pit of groot vrugholtes geaffekteer word, moet die vrugte as Klas 2 bemark word. Aangesien ʼn groot hoeveelheid van die pruime wat vir uitvoer bestem is, geaffekteer word deur gebreekte pit en gevolglik as Klas 2 bemark moet word, word aansienlike finansiële verliese gelei. Laer pryse word behaal vir Klas 2 vrugte, en dus het die teenwoordigheid van gebreekte pitte ʼn negatiewe effek op die wins wat deur die uitvoer van hierdie vrugte gegenereer kan word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die ontwikkeling van gebreekte pit in Japannese pruime te ondersoek en om die groei-patrone van kultivars wat geneig is tot gebreekte pit te vergelyk met ʼn nie-sensitiewe kultivar. Gebreekte pit in ‘Laetitia’ is opgemerk sodra die pit begin verhard het. Met die aanvangs van pit- verharding is die gedeeltes van die pit wat nog nie volkome verhard het nie, nie sterk genoeg om die sterk trekkragte van die groeiende mesokarp te weerstaan nie en die pit word gevolglik uitmekaar- getrek. Regressie-analise het gewys dat lengtegroei van die vrugte, vars massa van die endo- en mesokarp, minimum boordtemperatuur en boord-nagtemperatuur, asook relatiewe humiditeit gedurende die vruggroei-periode moontlik gebruik kan word om die voorkoms van gebreekte pit by oes te voorspel. Verskille in die voorkoms van gebreekte pit is opgemerk tussen ‘Laetitia’, ‘Sapphire’ en ‘Songold’ pruime, en ook tussen seisoene. Verder is beduidende verskille opgemerk in die digtheid van die endokarp in verskillende dele van die pit. By beide ‘Laetitia’ en ‘Songold’ is gebreekte pit opgemerk wanneer vinnige toename in pit-digtheid saamgeval het met ʼn vinnige toename in vruggroei. Die pitte breek veral in die oorgang tussen dele van die pit met hoë en lae digtheid en as dit gekombineer is met vinnige radiale vruggroei in die rigting waar die pit die minste dig is. In teenstelling hiermee is gebreekte pit in ‘Sapphire’ opgemerk selfs voordat die pitte begin verhard het. Dit dui daarop dat die endokarp uitmekaargetrek is deur die vinnig groeiende mesokarp, omdat dit te sag was om die trekkragte van die groeiende vrugvlees te weerstaan. Die voorkoms van gebreekte pit word ook deur weerstoestande beïnvloed, want hoër temperature gedurende die pit-ontwikkeling en verhardingsperiode, kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van endokarpe met meer steenselle. Hierdie vrugte sal dus ʼn hoër digtheid hê, en as dit saamval met vinnige radiale groei, kan dit lei tot ʼn groter voorkoms van gebreekte pit. Blaar- en/of worteltoedienings van kalsiumnitraat en kaliumsilikaat is gemaak om te bepaal of die voorkoms van gebreekte pit in ‘Laetitia’ verminder kon word deur die versterking van die endokarp-selwande. Geen van hierdie behandelings het tot ʼn vermindering in gebreekte pit gelei nie en nie kalsiumnitraat of kaliumsilikaat kan dus aanbeveel word om gebreekte pit in pruime te verminder nie.