Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto Dulnik.pdf: 5194305 bytes, checksum: 354a67d6b39920693b0d770fe0b5dd6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-13 / This paper objective was to develop a pluviograph with an optical sensor. The chosen modal to be developed was the bascule type for being versatile for the automatization process. To build the bascule, galvanized material was used. Te bascule, for precipitation measurement, has a sensibility of 0.3mm of liquid, that is, for every 0.3mm of rain precipitation there is collected water rejection and optical sensors, made of emission-receptor sets, send out pulses that are registered by an electronic counter and by a Personal Computer (PC). To build the receptor surface a 200 cm2-collecting ring was used and it is one of the most important parts of the instrument. This 200 cm2-receptor area is one of the most employed among pluviographs used in the country. The bascule system components were structured with bolted, removable parts without the use of soldering so it wouldn t cause deformity and to facilitate adjustments during building and testing. The electronic counter totals precipitation amount through the number of operations of the bascule system that are shown in a display. Through its parallel port, the computer uses a routine program and registers the amount of rain precipitation with the help of a transductional circuit. The computer software was developed in Visual Basic platform and named Monitor. On the computer screen, a table with the record of the 12 last operations performed by the bascule system is shown, and next to it, a three-indicator bar chart shows precipitation that occurred in the last minute, the last hour and in the last 24 hours (day). To validate the workability of the instrument, for comparative measurements, other two instruments were used: a Ville-de-Paris Conventional Pluviometer and a R. Fuess Siphon Pluviograph with readings taken at 9 AM. With these references, a considerable good performance was obtained, showing the record of the precipitation phenomenon with good regularity, which falls within this research expectation. Error relative to precipitation quantity pattern during measurements fell between 0mm and 1.9mm intervals. Error relative to the R. Fuess Siphon Pluviograph fell between 0mm and 2.1mm intervals. The least intense precipitation registered during this period(03/03/2006 04/14/2006) was 0.3mm, whereas the most intensive was 57mm. / Este trabalho estabeleceu como objetivo desenvolver um pluviógrafo com sensor ótico. O modelo escolhido para desenvolver foi o de caçambas (báscula), por ser bastante versátil para o processo de automatização. O material utilizado para construção da báscula foi chapa galvanizada. A báscula para medição da precipitação tem uma sensibilidade de 0,3 mm, isto é, a cada 0,3 mm de chuva acontece um descarte da água coletada e sensores óticos, formados por conjuntos emissor-receptor, emitem pulsos, contabilizados por um contador eletrônico e um microcomputador pessoal (PC). Para a construção da superfície receptora utilizou-se um anel de captação com área de 200 cm2, sendo uma das partes mais importantes do instrumento. Essa área de captação é uma das mais difundidas entre os pluviógrafos utilizados no Brasil. Os componentes do sistema basculante foram estruturados com peças totalmente desmontáveis, parafusadas e sem utilização de solda para não haver deformações e facilitar o ajuste durante a construção e testes. O contador eletrônico totaliza a quantidade precipitada pelo número de operações do sistema basculante, mostrado em um display. O computador, por meio de sua porta paralela, utiliza uma rotina de programa e registra no tempo a quantidade de chuva precipitada, com o auxílio de um circuito transdutor. O software foi desenvolvido em linguagem Visual Basic e denominado Monitor. Na tela do Monitor são mostrados uma tabela com o registro das últimas 12 operações realizadas pelo sistema basculante e, ao seu lado, um gráfico de barras com três indicações: a precipitação ocorrida no último minuto, na última hora e nas últimas 24 horas (dia). Para validar o funcionamento do instrumento foram utilizados, para medidas comparativas, outros dois instrumentos: como referência (padrão) um pluviômetro convencional tipo ville de Paris, além de um pluviógrafo de sifão (R. Fuess). Foram realizadas leituras a cada dia sempre às 9 horas. Com essas referências obteve-se um desempenho considerado bom, apresentando o registro do fenômeno da precipitação com boa regularidade, ficando dentro das expectativas deste trabalho de pesquisa. O erro relativamente ao padrão da quantidade de precipitação, durante as medições efetuadas, ficou compreendido entre o intervalo de 0 mm e 1,9 mm. O erro relativamente ao pluviógrafo de sifão (R. Fuess) ficou compreendido entre o intervalo de 0 mm e 2,1 mm. A precipitação menos intensa registrada nesse período( 03/03/2006 14/04/2006) foi de 0,3 mm e a mais intensa foi de 57 mm.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto Dulnik.pdf: 5194305 bytes, checksum: 354a67d6b39920693b0d770fe0b5dd6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-13 / This paper objective was to develop a pluviograph with an optical sensor. The chosen modal to be developed was the bascule type for being versatile for the automatization process. To build the bascule, galvanized material was used. Te bascule, for precipitation measurement, has a sensibility of 0.3mm of liquid, that is, for every 0.3mm of rain precipitation there is collected water rejection and optical sensors, made of emission-receptor sets, send out pulses that are registered by an electronic counter and by a Personal Computer (PC). To build the receptor surface a 200 cm2-collecting ring was used and it is one of the most important parts of the instrument. This 200 cm2-receptor area is one of the most employed among pluviographs used in the country. The bascule system components were structured with bolted, removable parts without the use of soldering so it wouldn t cause deformity and to facilitate adjustments during building and testing. The electronic counter totals precipitation amount through the number of operations of the bascule system that are shown in a display. Through its parallel port, the computer uses a routine program and registers the amount of rain precipitation with the help of a transductional circuit. The computer software was developed in Visual Basic platform and named Monitor. On the computer screen, a table with the record of the 12 last operations performed by the bascule system is shown, and next to it, a three-indicator bar chart shows precipitation that occurred in the last minute, the last hour and in the last 24 hours (day). To validate the workability of the instrument, for comparative measurements, other two instruments were used: a Ville-de-Paris Conventional Pluviometer and a R. Fuess Siphon Pluviograph with readings taken at 9 AM. With these references, a considerable good performance was obtained, showing the record of the precipitation phenomenon with good regularity, which falls within this research expectation. Error relative to precipitation quantity pattern during measurements fell between 0mm and 1.9mm intervals. Error relative to the R. Fuess Siphon Pluviograph fell between 0mm and 2.1mm intervals. The least intense precipitation registered during this period(03/03/2006 04/14/2006) was 0.3mm, whereas the most intensive was 57mm. / Este trabalho estabeleceu como objetivo desenvolver um pluviógrafo com sensor ótico. O modelo escolhido para desenvolver foi o de caçambas (báscula), por ser bastante versátil para o processo de automatização. O material utilizado para construção da báscula foi chapa galvanizada. A báscula para medição da precipitação tem uma sensibilidade de 0,3 mm, isto é, a cada 0,3 mm de chuva acontece um descarte da água coletada e sensores óticos, formados por conjuntos emissor-receptor, emitem pulsos, contabilizados por um contador eletrônico e um microcomputador pessoal (PC). Para a construção da superfície receptora utilizou-se um anel de captação com área de 200 cm2, sendo uma das partes mais importantes do instrumento. Essa área de captação é uma das mais difundidas entre os pluviógrafos utilizados no Brasil. Os componentes do sistema basculante foram estruturados com peças totalmente desmontáveis, parafusadas e sem utilização de solda para não haver deformações e facilitar o ajuste durante a construção e testes. O contador eletrônico totaliza a quantidade precipitada pelo número de operações do sistema basculante, mostrado em um display. O computador, por meio de sua porta paralela, utiliza uma rotina de programa e registra no tempo a quantidade de chuva precipitada, com o auxílio de um circuito transdutor. O software foi desenvolvido em linguagem Visual Basic e denominado Monitor. Na tela do Monitor são mostrados uma tabela com o registro das últimas 12 operações realizadas pelo sistema basculante e, ao seu lado, um gráfico de barras com três indicações: a precipitação ocorrida no último minuto, na última hora e nas últimas 24 horas (dia). Para validar o funcionamento do instrumento foram utilizados, para medidas comparativas, outros dois instrumentos: como referência (padrão) um pluviômetro convencional tipo ville de Paris, além de um pluviógrafo de sifão (R. Fuess). Foram realizadas leituras a cada dia sempre às 9 horas. Com essas referências obteve-se um desempenho considerado bom, apresentando o registro do fenômeno da precipitação com boa regularidade, ficando dentro das expectativas deste trabalho de pesquisa. O erro relativamente ao padrão da quantidade de precipitação, durante as medições efetuadas, ficou compreendido entre o intervalo de 0 mm e 1,9 mm. O erro relativamente ao pluviógrafo de sifão (R. Fuess) ficou compreendido entre o intervalo de 0 mm e 2,1 mm. A precipitação menos intensa registrada nesse período( 03/03/2006 14/04/2006) foi de 0,3 mm e a mais intensa foi de 57 mm.

Flood estimation is often required in hydrologic design and has important economic significance. For example, in Australia, the annual spending on infrastructure requiring flood estimation is of the order of $650 million ARR (I.E. Aust., 1998). Rainfall-based flood estimation techniques are most commonly adopted in practice. These require several inputs to convert design rainfalls to design floods. Of all the inputs, loss is an important one and defined as the amount of precipitation that does not appear as direct runoff. The concept of loss includes moisture intercepted by vegetation, infiltration into the soil, retention on the surface, evaporation and loss through the streambed and banks. As these loss components are dependent on topography, soils, vegetation and climate, the loss exhibits a high degree of temporal and spatial variability during the rainfall event. In design flood estimation, the simplified lumped conceptual loss models were used because of their simplicity and ability to approximate catchment runoff behaviour. In Australia, the most commonly adopted conceptual loss model is the initial losscontinuing loss model. For a specific part of the catchment, the initial loss occurs prior to the commencement of surface runoff, and can be considered to be composed of the interception loss, depression storage and infiltration that occur before the soil surface saturates. ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998) mentioned that the continuing loss is the average rate of loss throughout the remainder of the storm. At present, there is inadequate information on design losses in most parts of Australia and this is one of the greatest weaknesses in Australian flood hydrology. Currently recommended design losses are not compatible with design rainfall information in Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Also design losses for observed storms show a wide variability and it is always difficult to select an appropriate value of loss from this wide range for a particular application. Despite the wide variability of loss values, in the widely used Design Event Approach, a single value of initial and continuing losses is adopted. Because of the non-linearity in the rainfall-runoff process, this is likely to introduce a high degree of uncertainty and possible bias in the resulting flood estimates. In contrast, the Joint Probability Approach can consider probability-distributed losses in flood estimation. In ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998) it is recommended to use a constant continuing loss value in rainfall events. In this research it was observed that the continuing loss values in the rainfall events were not constant, rather than it decays with the duration of the rainfall event. The derived loss values from the 969 rainfall and streamflow events of Queensland catchments would provide better flood estimation than the recommended design loss values in ARR (I. E. Aust., 1998). In this research, both the initial and continuing losses were computed using IL-CL loss model and a single median loss value was used to estimate flood using Design Event Approach. Again both the initial and continuing losses were considered to be random variables and their probability distribution functions were determined. Hence, the research showed that the probability distributed loss values can be used for Queensland catchments in near future for better flood estimate. The research hypothesis tested was whether the new loss value for Queensland catchments provides significant improvement in design flood estimation. A total of 48 catchments, 82 pluviograph stations and 24 daily rainfall stations were selected from all over Queensland to test the research hypothesis. The research improved the recommended design loss values that will result in more precise design flood estimates. This will ultimately save millions of dollars in the construction of hydraulic infrastructures.