Polar body emission (PBE), a form of asymmetric division, occurs twice during vertebrate oocyte maturation and is required to produce a haploid egg for sexual reproduction. Our lab elucidated parts of the mechanism that regulates PBE in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Cdc42 and RhoA, two GTPases, were shown to mediate membrane protrusion and the contractile ring, respectively. It is believed that cdc42 is mediating the protrusion by regulating actin polymerization. However, it is not clear what upstream signaling pathway regulates cdc42 activation during PBE. One possibility is calcium signaling, which occurs at fertilization, and is required for second PBE. Interestingly, the fertilization calcium transient also regulates cortical granule exocytosis/membrane retrieval, a process that also involves cdc42-mediated actin assembly. Furthermore, active cdc42 and RhoA are found in non-overlapping concentric zones in single-cell wound healing; their activation requires calcium signaling. To determine possible calcium transients during polar body emission, we employed the calcium-binding C2 domain of PKCβ in live cell imaging. Surprisingly, the most prominent C2 signal was seen after cdc42 activation and membrane protrusion. Co-localization experiments indicated that the C2 signal appeared at the cortical area marked by the contractile ring component anillin, and after partial constriction of the ring. Injection of the calcium chelator, dibromo-BAPTA, abolished the C2 signal, suggesting that it is indeed depicting a calcium transient. Dibromo-BAPTA injection also inhibited polar body abscission, as assessed by a novel abscission assay developed in our lab. We have for the first time detected a calcium signal during PBE that is essential to the last step of cytokinesis—abscission.

Polar body emission (PBE), a form of asymmetric division, occurs twice during vertebrate oocyte maturation and is required to produce a haploid egg for sexual reproduction. Our lab elucidated parts of the mechanism that regulates PBE in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Cdc42 and RhoA, two GTPases, were shown to mediate membrane protrusion and the contractile ring, respectively. It is believed that cdc42 is mediating the protrusion by regulating actin polymerization. However, it is not clear what upstream signaling pathway regulates cdc42 activation during PBE. One possibility is calcium signaling, which occurs at fertilization, and is required for second PBE. Interestingly, the fertilization calcium transient also regulates cortical granule exocytosis/membrane retrieval, a process that also involves cdc42-mediated actin assembly. Furthermore, active cdc42 and RhoA are found in non-overlapping concentric zones in single-cell wound healing; their activation requires calcium signaling. To determine possible calcium transients during polar body emission, we employed the calcium-binding C2 domain of PKCβ in live cell imaging. Surprisingly, the most prominent C2 signal was seen after cdc42 activation and membrane protrusion. Co-localization experiments indicated that the C2 signal appeared at the cortical area marked by the contractile ring component anillin, and after partial constriction of the ring. Injection of the calcium chelator, dibromo-BAPTA, abolished the C2 signal, suggesting that it is indeed depicting a calcium transient. Dibromo-BAPTA injection also inhibited polar body abscission, as assessed by a novel abscission assay developed in our lab. We have for the first time detected a calcium signal during PBE that is essential to the last step of cytokinesis—abscission.