Cette thèse propose de nouveaux protocoles cryptographiques, plus efficaces que l’existant, et qui permettent aux utilisateurs du nuage informatique (le cloud) de vérifier (i) la bonne conservation des données externalisées et (ii) l'exécution correcte de calculs externalisés. Nous décrivons d'abord un protocole cryptographique qui génère des preuves de récupérabilité, qui permettent aux propriétaires de données de vérifier que le cloud stocke leurs données correctement. Nous détaillons ensuite trois schémas cryptographiques pour vérifier l’exactitude des calculs externalisés en se focalisant sur trois opérations fréquentes dans les procédures de traitement de données, à savoir l’évaluation de polynômes, la multiplication de matrices et la recherche de conjonction de mots-clés. La sécurité de nos solutions est analysée dans le cadre de la sécurité prouvable et nous démontrons également leur efficacité grâce à des prototypes. Nous présentons également A-PPL, un langage de politiques pour l’imputabilité qui permet l'expression des obligations de responsabilité et de traçabilité dans un format compréhensible par la machine. Nous espérons que nos contributions pourront encourager l'adoption du cloud par les entreprises encore réticentes à l’idée d'utiliser ce paradigme prometteur. / This thesis proposes more efficient cryptographic protocols that enable cloud users to verify (i) the correct storage of outsourced data and (ii) the correct execution of outsourced computation. We first describe a cryptographic protocol that generates proofs of retrievability, which enable data owners to verify that the cloud correctly stores their data. We then detail three cryptographic schemes for verifiable computation by focusing on three operations frequent in data processing routines, namely polynomial evaluation, matrix multiplication and conjunctive keyword search. The security of our solutions is analyzed in the provable security framework and we also demonstrate their efficiency thanks to prototypes. We also introduce A-PPL, an accountability policy language that allows the expression of accountability obligations into machine-readable format. We expect our contributions to foster cloud adoption by organizations still wary of using this promising paradigm.

A dynamic decision making framework implementing multi criteria routing of multimedia services at private-public network border with access technology convergence is presented. The ingredients of the framework include information model, semantics capturing via ontology, information sharing and dissemination mechanisms and rule/policy specifications methodology. The control and management over the infrastructure is carried out by revamping the sole signaling protocols (SIP, diameter and SNMP). DEN-ng is enhanced and tagged in accordance with the requirements over the underlying framework. A dedicated language for the platform is proposed that has its deep roots inside the framework to avoid conflicts and overlapping. A dynamic decision engine is developed for routing the requests/sessions at private-public network border over the underlying multi-homed environment. Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) theory is used for decision computation/calculation and the adapted methods are exploited according to the scenario and decision computation mode while keeping in view the corresponding enforcement mode. A test bed is developed to validate the proposed framework. The proposed system offers higher throughput and lowers call-dropping probability with an add-on susceptible delay.

La croissance de l’Internet en tant que plateforme d’approvisionnement à grande échelled’approvisionnement de contenus multimédia a été une grande success story du 21e siécle.Toutefois, les applications multimédia, avec les charactéristiques spécifiques de leur trafic ainsique les les exigences des nouveaux services, posent un défi intéressant en termes de découverte,de mobilité et de gestion. En outre, le récent élan de l’Internet des objets a rendu très nécessairela revitalisation de la recherche pour intégrer des sources hétérogènes d’information à travers desréseaux divers. Dans cet objectif, les contributions de cette thèse essayent de trouver un équilibreentre l’hétérogénéité et l’interopérabilité, pour découvrir et intégrer les sources hétérogènesd’information dans le contexte de l’Internet du Futur.La découverte de sources d’information sur différents réseaux requiert une compréhensionapprofondie de la façon dont l’information est structurée et quelles méthodes spécifiques sontutilisés pour communiquer. Ce processus a été régulé à l’aide de protocoles de découverte.Cependant, les protocoles s’appuient sur différentes techniques et sont conçues en prenant encompte l’infrastructure réseau sous-jacente, limitant ainsi leur capacité à franchir la limite d’unréseau donné. Pour résoudre ce problème, le première contribution dans cette thèse tente detrouver une solution équilibrée permettant aux protocoles de découverte d’interagir les uns avecles autres, tout en fournissant les moyens nécessaires pour franchir les frontières entre réseaux.Dans cet objectif, nous proposons ZigZag, un middleware pour réutiliser et étendre les protocolesde découverte courants, conçus pour des réseaux locaux, afin de découvrir des servicesdisponibles dans le large. Notre approche est basée sur la conversion de protocole permettant ladécouverte de service indépendamment de leur protocole de découverte sous-jacent. Toutefois,dans les réaux de grande échelle orientée consommateur, la quantité des messages de découvertepourrait rendre le réseau inutilisable. Pour parer à cette éventualité, ZigZag utilise le conceptd’agrégation au cours du processus de découverte. Grâce à l’agrégation, ZigZag est capabled’intégrer plusieurs réponses de différentes sources supportant différents protocoles de découverte.En outre, la personnalisation du processus d’agrégation afin de s’aligner sur ses besoins,requiert une compréhension approfondie des fondamentaux de ZigZag. À cette fin, nous proposonsune seconde contribution: un langage flexible pour aider à définir les politiques d’unemanière propre et efficace. / The growth of the Internet as a large scale media provisioning platform has been a great successstory of the 21st century. However, multimedia applications, with their specific traffic characteristicsand novel service requirements, pose an interesting challenge in terms of discovery,mobility and management. Furthermore, the recent impetus to Internet of things has made it verynecessary, to revitalize research in order to integrate heterogeneous information sources acrossnetworks. Towards this objective, the contributions in this thesis, try to find a balance betweenheterogeneity and interoperability, to discovery and integrate heterogeneous information sourcesin the context of Future Internet.Discovering information sources across networks need a through understanding of how theinformation is structured and what specific methods they follow to communicate. This processhas been regulated with the help of discovery protocols. However, protocols rely on differenttechniques and are designed taking the underlying network infrastructure into account. Thus,limiting the capability of some protocols to cross network boundary. To address this issue, thefirst contribution in this thesis tries to find a balanced solution to enable discovery protocols tointeroperate with each other as well as provide the necessary means to cross network boundaries.Towards this objective, we propose ZigZag, a middleware to reuse and extend current discoveryprotocols, designed for local networks, to discover available services in the large. Our approachis based on protocol translation to enable service discovery irrespectively of their underlyingdiscovery protocol. Although, our approach provides a step forward towards interoperability inthe large. We needed to make sure that discovery messages do not create a bottleneck for thenetwork.In large scale consumer oriented network, service discovery messages could render the networkunusable. To counter this, ZigZag uses the concept of aggregation during the discoveryprocess. Using aggregation ZigZag is able to integrate several replies from different servicesources supporting different discovery protocols. However, to customize the aggregation processto suit once needs, requires a through understanding of ZigZag fundamentals. To this end, wepropose our second contribution, a flexible policy language that can help define policies in aclean and effective way. In addition, the policy language has some added advantages in terms ofdynamic management. It provides features like delegation, runtime time policy management andlogging. We tested our approach with the help of simulations, the results showed that ZigZag canboth reduce the number of messages that flow through the network, and provide value sensitiveinformation to the requesting entity.Although, ZigZag is designed to discover media services in the large. It can very well be usedin other domains like home automation and smart spaces. While, the flexible pluggable modulardesign of the policy language enables it to be used in other applications like for instance, e-mail.

<p>The diversity embodying South Africa has emphasized the importance and influence of language in education and thus the additive bilingual programme is being implemented in the Eastern Cape by the ABLE project in order to realize the South African Language in education policy (LEiP). In accordance with this, the Woodcock Munoz Language Survey (which specializes in measuring cognitive academic language proficiency) was chosen as one of the instruments to evaluate the language outcomes of the programme and was adapted into South African English and isiXhosa. The current study was a subset of the ABLE project, and was located within the bigger project dealing with the translation of the WMLS into isiXhosa and the successive research on the equivalence of the two language versions. This study evaluated the structural equivalence of the English and isiXhosa versions of the WMLS on matched sample groups (n= 150 in each language group). Thus secondary data analysis (SDA) was conducted by analyzing the data in SPSS as well as CEFA (Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis). The original data set was purposively sampled according to set selection criteria and consists of English and isiXhosa first language learners. The study sought to confirm previous research by cross-validating the results of structural equivalence on two subscales, namely the Verbal Analogies (VA) and Letter-Word Identification (LWI) subscale. The research design reflects psychometric test theory and is therefore located in a bias and equivalence theoretical framework. The results of the exploratory factor analysis found that one can only accept structural equivalence in the first factor identified in the VA subscale, while structural equivalence was found in the factor for the LWI subscale. The use of scatter-plots to validate the results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that one can tentatively accept these results. The study thus contributed to the literature on the translation of the WMLS, and the adaptation of language tests into the indigenous languages of South Africa,as well as additive bilingual programmes.</p>

<p>The diversity embodying South Africa has emphasized the importance and influence of language in education and thus the additive bilingual programme is being implemented in the Eastern Cape by the ABLE project in order to realize the South African Language in education policy (LEiP). In accordance with this, the Woodcock Munoz Language Survey (which specializes in measuring cognitive academic language proficiency) was chosen as one of the instruments to evaluate the language outcomes of the programme and was adapted into South African English and isiXhosa. The current study was a subset of the ABLE project, and was located within the bigger project dealing with the translation of the WMLS into isiXhosa and the successive research on the equivalence of the two language versions. This study evaluated the structural equivalence of the English and isiXhosa versions of the WMLS on matched sample groups (n= 150 in each language group). Thus secondary data analysis (SDA) was conducted by analyzing the data in SPSS as well as CEFA (Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis). The original data set was purposively sampled according to set selection criteria and consists of English and isiXhosa first language learners. The study sought to confirm previous research by cross-validating the results of structural equivalence on two subscales, namely the Verbal Analogies (VA) and Letter-Word Identification (LWI) subscale. The research design reflects psychometric test theory and is therefore located in a bias and equivalence theoretical framework. The results of the exploratory factor analysis found that one can only accept structural equivalence in the first factor identified in the VA subscale, while structural equivalence was found in the factor for the LWI subscale. The use of scatter-plots to validate the results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that one can tentatively accept these results. The study thus contributed to the literature on the translation of the WMLS, and the adaptation of language tests into the indigenous languages of South Africa,as well as additive bilingual programmes.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to trace the change of language ideology and policy towards regional dialects in Japan from World War II to the present. The first part defines the concepts of dialect, language ideology and language policy, and presents a historical overview of the region of Northeast Japan (the Tōhoku area) and its dialects. The second part provides a diachronic perspective on the development of language policy in relation to the Japanese regional dialects; the third part focuses on the manifestations of language ideology in relation to dialects of northeastern Japan in three literary works and three television programs (two serialized morning dramas and one evening show). The conclusion of the paper summarizes the tendencies in the development of perception and rendering of dialects of northeastern Japan.

This master‟s dissertation aims to understand the language notion that circulates in media instruments of linguistics disclosure. To do so, we organized a file composed by some of these publisher instruments of teaching/learning languages of Idioms‟ Course and/or of linguistics movements, such as: folders, posters or electronic publish on the internet. We chose to investigate this subject because of the fact the language is distinguished by different designations; what trouble us were the different ways of refereeing to the English Language and the Esperanto; being these two languages, in special, that interested us. The reflections of this work has as theoretical reference the Discourse Analysis (DA) of French line. We are going to investigate the meanings movement about the language‟ definitions awarded in these materials in order to deconstruct the evidences which circulate these two languages in question. From this considerations, we‟ll try to operate with the politic and linguistic political notions that determine the productions and circulation of the meanings‟ effects about the language(s). Thereby, we divided the research in three parts named and constituted by the following way: in the Part I, Some pointed notions during the theoretical way , we presented the notions that will be developed at the long of our theoretical way, among which we pointed the subject, ideology and discourse; also mobilizing the imaginary formations, which are constitutive of the position-subject‟ taken so, after it, to understand the ways‟ movement from globalization to the world in view of these notions are determiners to the imaginary space that take up the languages in present times, XXI century. Have it done, we also approaches the religious‟ subject passage to juridical subject in the Middle Age, because, this is the passage we identify as one of capitalism‟ discourses founders around the language notion. In the Part II, Language and history: meanings effects , we operate with the constitutive historicity of English Language and of Esperanto trying to visualize the social-historical materiality by which these languages circulate media releases. At a last moment, in the Part III, The politic-ideological functioning of and about the languages , we‟ll investigate the politic and the ideology that rule the meanings effects in relation production on the languages, trying to explicit the different designations that circulate in the media instruments of linguistic disclosure to teaching/learning English Language and Esperanto. / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender a noção de língua que circula em instrumentos midiáticos de divulgação linguística. Para isso, organizamos um arquivo composto por alguns destes instrumentos divulgadores do ensino/aprendizagem de línguas em cursos de idiomas e/ou de movimentos linguísticos, tais como: folders, cartazes ou divulgações eletrônicas na internet. Optamos por investigar este assunto em função de a língua se destacar por diferentes designações; o que nos inquieta são os diferentes modos de referir-se à língua inglesa e ao esperanto, sendo estas duas línguas, em especial, que nos interessam. As reflexões deste trabalho têm como referencial teórico a Análise do Discurso (AD) de linha francesa. Investigaremos a movimentação de sentido nas definições de língua atribuídas nestes materiais de divulgação a fim de desconstruir as evidências pelas quais circulam as duas línguas em questão. A partir dessas considerações, mobilizaremos as noções de político e de política linguística que determinam a produção e a circulação dos efeitos de sentido sobre a(s) língua(s). Dividimos a pesquisa em três partes, assim nomeadas e constituídas: na Parte I, Algumas noções destacadas durante o percurso teórico , apresentamos as noções que serão desenvolvidas ao decorrer do percurso teórico, dentre as quais ressaltamos as de sujeito, ideologia e discurso, mobilizando também as formações imaginárias que são constitutivas da tomada de posição-sujeito, para, depois disso, compreendermos a movimentação de sentidos da globalização à mundialização, tendo em vista que estas noções são determinantes no espaço imaginário que ocupam as línguas na atualidade, século XXI. Feito isso, tratamos também da passagem do sujeito religioso ao sujeito jurídico no período histórico da Idade Média, pois é esta passagem que identificamos enquanto um dos discursos fundadores do capitalismo em torno da noção de língua. Na Parte II, Língua e história: efeitos de sentido operamos com a historicidade constitutiva da língua inglesa e do esperanto tentando visualizar a materialidade sócio-histórica pela qual estas línguas circulam em divulgações midiáticas. Em última instância, na Parte III, O funcionamento político-ideológico da(s) e sobre as línguas , investigaremos o político e a ideologia que regem a produção dos efeitos de sentido em relação à(s) língua(s), tentando explicitar as diferentes designações que circulam nos instrumentos midiáticos de divulgação linguística para o ensino/aprendizagem da língua inglesa e do esperanto.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of education of pupils with a different mother tongue in the Czech Republic; the target group are children in the age of compulsory education (approx. age 6 to 15), the target location is Prague. The topic is elaborated from the perspective of the actors of language management - state institutions, elementary schools and non-profit organizations. In the theoretic part, those subjects are characterized; the focus concentrates on the current legislation, the possibilities of funding of teaching Czech as a second language, the methodical support from the state. Non-profit organizations are characterized more in detail and their general role in civil society is explained. The practical part of the thesis describes and analyses the current situation: it identifies problems each actor is dealing with and mostly it captures their positions in the system and mutual interaction. The structure of this part is based on the activities of the non-profit organizations - their offer of the extracurricular, language-education courses for pupils with a different mother tongue, support of elementary schools and people working with this target group as well as communication with the Ministry of Education and active effort to improve the current support. The semi-structured...

The thesis offers a comparative analysis of language policies in the EU and India. Specifically, it examines the role of power and ideology in the formulation and implementation of language policies. The need for this thesis emerged in view of the lack of comprehensive comparative analyses of language policies which leads to epistemological gaps, including one-dimensional narratives of language policies, and theories which are lacking in precision. In light of these gaps, the thesis undertakes a comprehensive investigation of policies in eight policy domains (administration, legal safeguards for minority languages, law, education, media, healthcare, business, and social welfare) in the EU and India and in two case studies each from the EU (Luxembourg, Wales), and India (Manipur, Tamil Nadu), chosen on the basis of maximum and minimum deviation from the EU's and Indian policies. The study examines policy texts (statutes on language use in these polities), and contexts which concern the historical and socio-political factors underpinning language policies. The thesis makes three important contributions. First, it marks a break from the prevalent understanding of power in macro-level policymaking. Research to date has tended to view power as a monolithic entity, while this thesis offers evidence that power and ideology are not uniform across policy domains. Second, it bridges the text-context divide of language policy research by conducting an investigation of policy-related legislation, and highlighting the importance of texts in understanding language policies, as they reflect the changes in power structures through time. Third, the thesis proposes a new analytical concept for investigating language policies, Categories of Differentiation (COD). Categories of Differentiation refer to the sets of binaries which underpin language policies in the aforementioned case studies. These binaries include the hills-valley divide (Manipur), the Dravidian-Aryan divide (Tamil Nadu), and the autochthonous-allochthonous divide (EU) among others. Language policies have often been described as 'multilayered', and COD offer a systematic approach to exploring these multiple layers. Overall, the thesis demonstrates how comparative research aids understanding of language policies, and sets out a possible theoretical framework for conducting it.

This thesis presents a research of a family language management in four Czech-English families in Lancashire. Using in-depth semi-structured interviews, it examines various aspects of language ideology and language policy, language use, and the way of teaching and language acquisition of Czech language within the families. The first chapter introduces theoretical findings and essential ideas for the research. The second chapter describes the process of the research, provides information on the examined families, and presents the research questions. The third chapter describes the processing and analysis of interviews, and the fourth presents research results and answers the research questions. The aim of this thesis was to describe and analyse the mentioned aspects of family language management and based on this analysis show how the families approach bilingual education of their children.