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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O quadro evolutivo da agricultura brasileira resulta em benefícios à população exigindo crescentes avanços tecnológicos no setor. Constantemente, novos agrotóxicos são introduzidos estimulando estudos científicos com a finalidade de determinar e avaliar os impactos na população e no meio ambiente. No presente trabalho, a matriz avaliada foi o lodo gerado no processo de tratamento de água para consumo humano, coletado na região do Vale do Ribeira, SP. A técnica empregada foi a cromatografia líquida de fase reversa acoplada à espectrometria de massas triploquadrupolar em tandem com ionização por electrospray. Os compostos foram extraídos previamente da matriz. O desenvolvimento da metodologia exigiu tratamento dos dados para que esses pudessem ser utilizados e transformados em informações confiáveis. Os processos envolvidos foram avaliados usando o conceito da validação de ensaios químicos. Os indicadores avaliados foram seletividade, linearidade, intervalo de trabalho, sensibilidade, exatidão, precisão, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e robustez. Esses indicadores produziram valores quantitativos e qualitativos que foram estatisticamente evidenciados de forma objetiva. A metodologia desenvolvida e validade é simples. Como resultado, mesmo explorando a sensibilidade da técnica, os compostos estudados não foram encontrados no lodo da ETA de Registro. Isso leva a crer que esses compostos podem estar presentes em concentrações muito baixas, podem sofrer degradação durante o tratamento da água ou não são retidos completamente pela ETA. 7 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

O grande crescimento urbano, industrial e agrícola das cidades em toda a região de Taubaté, influi na qualidade da água do rio Paraíba do Sul. Considerando sua importância na qualidade de vida da população, no desenvolvimento econômico e na sustentabilidade ambiental, se faz necessário manter controle mais rígido da qualidade da água do rio. Neste estudo, foram analisados atributos físico-químicos da água utilizada pela cultura do arroz e da água do rio Paraíba do Sul na região. As analises foram feitas durante o cultivo do arroz. Os resultados mostraram que a prática do cultivo do arroz favoreceu o aumento do nível de poluição do rio Paraíba do Sul. O cultivo de arroz carreou fertilizante e matéria orgânica para dentro do rio evidenciando a necessidade da adequação da adubação para produção sob inundação. / The great urban, industrial and agricultural growth of the cities across Taubaté region influences water quality of Paraíba do Sul river. It is necessary to keep more rigid river water quality control, considering its importance in healthy quality life of the population, economic development and environmental sustainability. In this study, we analyzed physical and chemical attributes of rice cultivation water and Paraiba do Sul river water from Taubaté region. The analysis was made during the rice cultivation. The results showed that the practice of rice cultivation favored the increase pollution level of Paraíba do Sul river. The rice cultivation adduced fertilizer and organic matter into the river showing that the fertilization needs to be adjusted to production under flooding.

Introdução - Destaca a necessidade de políticas públicas e de uma gestão ambiental adequadas para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, a partir da avaliação da experiência de controle da poluição em Cubatão, do início do Programa de Controle da Poluição Ambiental, em 1983, até 2005. Objetivo - Descrever os resultados alcançados em Cubatão, sob o enfoque do desenvolvimento sustentável, por meio de indicadores ambientais, econômicos, sociais e institucionais, avaliando os instrumentos utilizados e o papel desempenhado pelos atores envolvidos, bem com obter a visão desses atores sobre os fatores determinantes desses resultados. Verificar a suficiência das informações existentes para a avaliação do progresso do município na direção do desenvolvimento sustentável e a possibilidade de proposição de indicadores. Identificar a visão da coletividade sobre a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão desenvolvida nos anos mais recentes do período da pesquisa. Métodos - Dados secundários obtidos de fontes bibliográficas e dados primários obtidos pela aplicação de questionário a população constituída de pessoas dos diversos setores envolvidos na evolução do controle da poluição em Cubatão. Os resultados deste foram analisados quantitativamente, por cálculos percentuais, bem como qualitativamente, pela metodologia do discurso do sujeito coletivo. Resultados - Houve melhoria dos indicadores ambientais e econômicos de Cubatão, porém os sociais e institucionais não acompanharam essa evolução. O Programa de Controle da Poluição executado pela CETESB foi o instrumento mais importante utilizado, sendo fundamental a atuação desse órgão, em conjunto com a sociedade civil. Essa também foi a visão dos atores envolvidos. Não foi possível encontrar indicadores suficientes para a avaliação do desenvolvimento sustentável em Cubatão, sendo necessário propor indicadores. Segundo os participantes da pesquisa, a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão apresenta diversos problemas, sendo enfatizada a gestão em consonância com as exigências do desenvolvimento sustentável como o melhor caminho para o município. Conclusões - Os dados demonstram que o desenvolvimento do município não vem sendo efetuado em bases sustentáveis, sendo fundamental para tanto a atuação integrada e pró-ativa do setor governamental, empresarial e sociedade civil, bem como a existência de instrumentos adequados. As informações existentes sobre o município são insuficientes, havendo necessidade de um sistema de informações adequado. Segundo o discurso do sujeito coletivo produzido, a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão deve ser fundamentada na harmonização de objetivos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. / Introduction: This paper highlights the need of suitable public policies and environmental management to promote sustainable development by assessing the Cubatão Environmental Pollution Control Program experience from 1983 to 2005. Goal: To describe the results achieved in Cubatão from the sustainable development standpoint by making use of institutional, social, economic and environmental indicators, and assessing the instruments used and the role played by the actors. To investigate those actors' view of the factors which determined those results. To check whether the existing information was sufficient when assessing the municipality's progress on the path of sustainable development, and whether it was possible to propose indicators. To identify how the population views the environmental management of the Cubatão industrial cluster undertaken in the last years of the research period. Methods : Secondary data from bibliographic sources and primary data obtained by means of a questionnaire applied to people from the several sectors engaged in improving pollution controls in Cubatão. The results were analyzed quantitatively, through percentage calculation, and qualitatively, by means of the collective subject discourse methodology. Results:The environmental and economic indicators of Cubatão improved, while the social and institutional indicators did not improve at the same rate. Cetesb's Pollution Control Program was the most important instrument used, with its action being critical along with civil society's action. That view is also shared by the actors involved. It was not possible to find sufficient indicators to assess sustainable development in Cubatão, which made it crucial to propose indicators. According to those taking part in the survey, environmental management in the Cubatão industrial cluster presents several problems, which requires placing emphasis on management complying with the requirements of sustainable development as the best solution to the problems faced by the municipality. Conclusions: The data collected shows that the municipality has not been developing in a sustainable manner. In order to do so, it is imperative that civil society, government and business sectors take integrated and proactive action, and make use of suitable instruments. The data about the municipality are insufficient, which makes a suitable information system necessary. According to the resulting collective subject discourse, environmental management in the Cubatão industrial cluster must be based on harmonizing social, economic and environmental goals.

Air quality legislation in South Africa is entering a transformation phase, shifting the concept of atmospheric emission control towards pollution prevention and emission minimisation through a more integrated approach. This transformation, along with public pressure and increased foreign trade, is providing industries with incentives to consider their effect on the environment and to take action where required. To assist South African industries in determining what air pollution control technologies are best suited to power plants, gasification and refining processes in South Africa; an assessment of air pollution control technologies used in other countries was carried out. This assessment concluded that the best available technologies for power plants to control air emissions are electrostatic precipitators, low-NOx burners, selective catalytic reduction systems and wet flue gas desulphurisation (limestone) systems. For gasification processes it was found that the main air pollution contributor is the gas handling and treatment process. Releases from this process are controlled through dust collection, wet scrubbing, conversion of sulphide compounds, sulphur recovery and the incineration of final vent gases before release to the atmosphere. For refining processes the catalytic cracking unit is normally the largest single air emission source and controlling emissions from this unit avoids controlling multiple minor sources. Emissions from this unit are controlled via wet scrubbing, selective catalytic reduction systems and carbon monoxide boilers. An assessment of the financial effects associated with air pollution control at power plants was conducted by completing a cost analysis. This analysis demonstrated that by increasing capital expenditure on control technologies by R 1,7 billion, the external costs associated with producing electricity can be reduced by almost R 3,4 billion. Formulation of external cost factors for South African conditions, and the development of a software database for the information obtained from the different countries, will promote future technology selections. / Dissertation (MASTER OF ENGINEERING(Environmental Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Climate change has become a discussion topic of exponentially increasing urgency and importance amoung world leaders of all disciplines. These changes are brought about by the emission of so-called Greenhouse gases from various human activities. The primary cause of CO2 emissions is the burning of the Earth’s supply of nonrenewable natural fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. The world first agreed on the prevention of “dangerous” climatic changes at the Earth Summit in 1992. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was the first step toward protection of the atmosphere and prescribes restrictions on emission pollutants. Since then the vehicle gas emissions are being controlled by means of different gas emissions norms, like the European Union Norm in Europe. The automotive manufacturers and suppliers are collectively working on reducing overall vehicle emissions. They are focusing on several different emission limiting possibilities, for example improved engine design, special fuel development and exhaust gas treatment systems. The exhaust gas treatment process requires continuous controlling and management of the exhaust gas emissions while driving a vehicle. Certain factors such as high emission temperatures have a negative influence on the life span of these systems. Their functionality and durability is also known to be reduced by the presence of chemical poisoning species like sulphur, phosphorus, zinc and calcium. The chemical poisoning species are produced during combustion of fuel and engine oil. They are therefore contained in the exhaust emissions and can poison the catalyst when passing over it. Phosphorous poisoning is particularly problematic and should be reduced considerably. This study involves the investigation of the phosphorous poisoning process and aims to provide clarity regarding the influences of different fuel and oil compositions on the severity of the process. Engine oil and biodiesel are two major sources of phosphorous poisoning. The phosphorus contained in biodiesel fuel is a natural component and can be minimized during the refining procedure. In contrast to others studies, the biodiesel fuel used during this project was SME (Soya Methyl Ester) with a 20% biodiesel content. This choice of fuel was made because of the increasingly important role that this type of biodiesel is playing in the European market and the future tendency to increase the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture with standard diesel fuel. The phosphorus contained in engine oil is a necessary additive to retain the antioxidant and anti-wear properties of the oil. This study examined the poisoning influences from the most commonly used phosphorus containing oil additive, Zinc Dithiophosphates (ZDDP), as well as a Zn-free, phosphorus containing anti-wear oil additive. This formulation provides information about the phosphorus poisoning process as caused by the engine oil in the absence of Zn in the oil additives. The results show how the phosphorus content in biodiesel fuel affects the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems and the importance of reducing the permitted content of phosphorus contained in the fuel. Reducing the phosphorus content in the fuel will conserve the functionality of the exhaust gas treatment systems during their operational life and thereby protect the environmental from emission pollutants. It also provides insight into the differences in the poisoning processes when the phosphorus deposited on the catalyst comes from biodiesel fuel and when it comes from the engine oil. Finally the results also illustrate the influence of different phosphorous forms contained in engine oil additives on the catalyst poisoning process. This information could be used for the development of new oil additive formulations.

In recent years the problem of water pollution has been recognized as a meta-problem of unexpected magnitude and complexity. Early attempts to control pollution were stifled by the property-oriented common law of riparian rights and by the lack of Authorities possessing adequate jurisdiction and funds. The object of this paper is to delineate the proper legislative and administrative field of water pollution control, with particular reference to British Columbia's pollution control legislation. As a background, the common law relating to water pollution is sketched and its adequacy evaluated. Early British Columbia Pollution control legislation is outlined in an attempt to determine the roots of the present comprehensive legislation. The Pollution Control Act 1956 is examined, with particular attention to the administrative tribunal created thereunder. Board procedures are seen to be informal and dependent upon direct communication and negotiation with individuals concerned. An attempt is made to determine the criteria upon which the Board acts in setting effluent standards in waste disposal permits granted by it. These standards are found to be vitually completely in the Board's discretion, but necessary (with some limitations) for flexible policy administration. The Board has several means of enforcement at its command including prosecution under the Act, or under the Criminal Code and civil proceedings at the suit of the Attorney-General. To determine whether civil actions for pollution lie apart from the Act, the question of whether riparian rights have been abrogated in British Columbia by water appropriation legislation is considered. The evidence indicates that actions by riparian owners will continue to lie. The fact that parties hold either water licences or pollution control Board permits makes no difference if pollution in fact exists. The Board is an administrative tribunal; but it may at certain stages of its permit issuing procedure be required to act judicially. At those stages, the Board's decision is open to review by the courts. Under the present legislation a person who objects to the grant of a permit is not entitled to an oral hearing, though he is entitled to file written representations in support of his objection. There appears to be no conflict among the numerous pollution control provisions contained in various provincial statutes. The Pollution Control Act is clearly the governing legislation. Federal Legislation relating to pollution is validly enacted under Federal Fisheries and Navigation powers; and in a case of direct conflict will override the provincial legislation. From the preceding examination of the Act, it is concluded that while certain minor changes suggested might to some degree remedy the present legislation, what is required is a policy making, expert tribunal. An important recommendation is that to secure individual rights, a hearing should be granted every person who files an objection to a permit application. New legislation recently introduced in the British Columbia Legislature provides for appointment of a Director, who will undertake day-to-day administration of the Act. However, the Board will continue to be subject to direction by the Executive Council, and the right to a full oral hearing upon an objection will remain discretionary. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the existing and alternative mechanisms for water pollution control in the Paraiba do Sul River Basin, in Brazil. It focuses on mechanisms-for controlling point-sources of pollution. The physical features, economy, and institutions of the Paraiba River Basin are described and the water quality problems and technical opportunities for their solution are examined. The analysis is based upon reports done by the state pollution control agency (CETESB) and field investigations which involved interviews with CETESB's personnel at the central office, in Sao Paulo, and the regional office, in Taubate. The analysis of the water quality problems and technical opportunities for their solution indicates that treatment of municipal discharges is of paramount importance for the realization of the water quality standards in the Paraiba River and that this can be done, at minimum cost, by adopting facultative lagoons for sewage treatment. It also indicates that such a solution would cause dissolved oxygen levels to rise well above the standard in most sections of the river. This means that additional assimilative capacity for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) would be created which could possibly be allocated to other dischargers. Such a solution to the municipal sewage problem would, however, impose a heavy burden upon municipalities and is not likely to come about unless municipalities are helped financially. The ability of the mechanism to provide municipalities with some financial assistance and to allocate the assimilative capacity of the river both efficiently and equitably were the two criteria applied in assessing the existing system for pollution control in the Paraiba River. Basin, the effluent charge system, and the transferable discharge permits (TDP) system. This assessment indicates that only a modified TDP system is likely to bring about the realization of the water quality standards established for the Paraiba River. An illustrative example of the application of the TDP system to a section of the Paraiba River is developed which suggests that such a system would be able to adapt to changes in wasteloads discharged to the river and would have the potential for reducing the financial burden upon municipalities if allocations of permits to municipalities are greater than discharge requirements with facultative lagoons. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The promulgation of the minimum emission standards for the list of activities resulting in significant air pollution under the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No.39 of 2004) introduces a command – and – control regulation, in which the listed activities are required to obtain atmospheric emission licenses prior to operation. Under this regime, the listed activities are required to demonstrate compliance with the concentration-based minimum emission standards incorporated into their license, by conducting emission monitoring. Effective emission monitoring is dependent on the systematic implementation of a number of processes, procedures and protocols for emissions sampling, analysis and reporting. This study focused on development of a system for emissions monitoring, by establishment of the best practice on sampling procedures; criteria for emission measurement methods selection; quality assurance and quality control procedures; as well as data handling, reporting and compliance assessment procedures. The study recommends a model of emissions compliance monitoring system for South Africa, comprising of processes and procedures required for the acquisition of good quality, credible data to support effective implementation of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Chemical Engineering / Unrestricted