This thesis describes an investigation into the spatial species conversion profiles of a Cu-zeolite SCR under engine conditions at low exhaust gas temperatures; this was then compared with a CFD model that models the catalyst via a porous medium measuring 5 x 5 x 91 cells assuming a uniform cross-sectional flow distribution. Species conversion rates were sampled at fixed points in the axial direction. The analysis of the spatial conversion profiles is a more rigorous method in assessing the ability of a mathematical model to predict the experimental data. It can also assist in the optimisation of the catalyst size, minimising packaging requirements and manufacturing costs. The experiments were undertaken on a light-duty diesel engine at a speed of 1500rpm, and at a load of 6bar BMEP; this provided exhaust gas temeraqtures between 200 and 220°C. NO2:NOx ratios were controlled by changing the size and position of the diesel oxidation catalyst, the inlet NH3: NOx ratio was also also varied, ammonia gas was used instead of urea for the purposes of simlicity. The advantage of testing on an actual engine over lab-babed studies is that the conditions such as exhaust gas composition are more realistic. A 1D CFD model was constructed using the ‘porous medium approach’ with kinetics obtained from open literature. Results from the simulations were then compared with the experimental data for the same engine conditions. It was observed that the majority of the NOx conversion took place in the first half of the brick for all NH3: NOx ratios investigated, and that the formation of N2O via NO2 and ammonia had the same influence as the ‘fast’ SCR reaction just after the inlet, which the CFD model failed to predict for the base case analyses. The influence of the inlet ammonia on the model was also noticed to be greater than in the experiments. Simple transient analyses were also undertaken on the short SCR bricks for NO2: NOx ratios of 0.6 and 0.07, and it was observed that the response time to steady-state was noticeably higher in the experiments than in the model. Modifications made to the model, including decreasing the influence of the ‘fast’ SCR reaction, and the addition of an empirical term onto the ammonia adsorption provided a noticeably better agreement for different NH3: NOx injection ratios. The desorption kinetics in the model were also altered by increasing the strength of the bonding of the ammonia onto the adsorption sites. This improved the transient agreement between the model and the experiments, but reduced the steady-state concentrations at the exit of the brick for all NH3:NOx ratios investigated.

Introdução - Destaca a necessidade de políticas públicas e de uma gestão ambiental adequadas para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, a partir da avaliação da experiência de controle da poluição em Cubatão, do início do Programa de Controle da Poluição Ambiental, em 1983, até 2005. Objetivo - Descrever os resultados alcançados em Cubatão, sob o enfoque do desenvolvimento sustentável, por meio de indicadores ambientais, econômicos, sociais e institucionais, avaliando os instrumentos utilizados e o papel desempenhado pelos atores envolvidos, bem com obter a visão desses atores sobre os fatores determinantes desses resultados. Verificar a suficiência das informações existentes para a avaliação do progresso do município na direção do desenvolvimento sustentável e a possibilidade de proposição de indicadores. Identificar a visão da coletividade sobre a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão desenvolvida nos anos mais recentes do período da pesquisa. Métodos - Dados secundários obtidos de fontes bibliográficas e dados primários obtidos pela aplicação de questionário a população constituída de pessoas dos diversos setores envolvidos na evolução do controle da poluição em Cubatão. Os resultados deste foram analisados quantitativamente, por cálculos percentuais, bem como qualitativamente, pela metodologia do discurso do sujeito coletivo. Resultados - Houve melhoria dos indicadores ambientais e econômicos de Cubatão, porém os sociais e institucionais não acompanharam essa evolução. O Programa de Controle da Poluição executado pela CETESB foi o instrumento mais importante utilizado, sendo fundamental a atuação desse órgão, em conjunto com a sociedade civil. Essa também foi a visão dos atores envolvidos. Não foi possível encontrar indicadores suficientes para a avaliação do desenvolvimento sustentável em Cubatão, sendo necessário propor indicadores. Segundo os participantes da pesquisa, a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão apresenta diversos problemas, sendo enfatizada a gestão em consonância com as exigências do desenvolvimento sustentável como o melhor caminho para o município. Conclusões - Os dados demonstram que o desenvolvimento do município não vem sendo efetuado em bases sustentáveis, sendo fundamental para tanto a atuação integrada e pró-ativa do setor governamental, empresarial e sociedade civil, bem como a existência de instrumentos adequados. As informações existentes sobre o município são insuficientes, havendo necessidade de um sistema de informações adequado. Segundo o discurso do sujeito coletivo produzido, a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão deve ser fundamentada na harmonização de objetivos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. / Introduction: This paper highlights the need of suitable public policies and environmental management to promote sustainable development by assessing the Cubatão Environmental Pollution Control Program experience from 1983 to 2005. Goal: To describe the results achieved in Cubatão from the sustainable development standpoint by making use of institutional, social, economic and environmental indicators, and assessing the instruments used and the role played by the actors. To investigate those actors' view of the factors which determined those results. To check whether the existing information was sufficient when assessing the municipality's progress on the path of sustainable development, and whether it was possible to propose indicators. To identify how the population views the environmental management of the Cubatão industrial cluster undertaken in the last years of the research period. Methods : Secondary data from bibliographic sources and primary data obtained by means of a questionnaire applied to people from the several sectors engaged in improving pollution controls in Cubatão. The results were analyzed quantitatively, through percentage calculation, and qualitatively, by means of the collective subject discourse methodology. Results:The environmental and economic indicators of Cubatão improved, while the social and institutional indicators did not improve at the same rate. Cetesb's Pollution Control Program was the most important instrument used, with its action being critical along with civil society's action. That view is also shared by the actors involved. It was not possible to find sufficient indicators to assess sustainable development in Cubatão, which made it crucial to propose indicators. According to those taking part in the survey, environmental management in the Cubatão industrial cluster presents several problems, which requires placing emphasis on management complying with the requirements of sustainable development as the best solution to the problems faced by the municipality. Conclusions: The data collected shows that the municipality has not been developing in a sustainable manner. In order to do so, it is imperative that civil society, government and business sectors take integrated and proactive action, and make use of suitable instruments. The data about the municipality are insufficient, which makes a suitable information system necessary. According to the resulting collective subject discourse, environmental management in the Cubatão industrial cluster must be based on harmonizing social, economic and environmental goals.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Jeffrey C. Alexander. / Ph.D.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Bibliography: leaves 253-280.

Bibliography: leaves 253-280. / viii, 280 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 2002?

Organic solvent production plants emit waste gases containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are usually harmful to the environments and public healths. Plant managers are obligated to control the VOC emission to meet regulations at reasonable costs. A solvent plant located in southern Taiwan emits VOC-containing gas streams from some distillation columns and storage vessels with a total ventilation gas flow rate of 2.6-3.6 m3/min which contains VOCs with concentrations of less than 1,000 mg C/m3. Due to a concern of plant¡¦s safety, the plant managers constructed a full-scale biofilter for eliminating a part of the VOCs and the associated odors in the waste gas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of operation parameters such as EBRT (empty bed retention time) of the gas through the biofiltration media and organic loading to the media on the VOC removal efficiency. The biofilter is constructed of RC (reinforced concrete) with outer dimensions of 8.45 mL ¡Ñ 3.30 mW ¡Ñ 3.00 mH. The filter was also instrumented with inverters for control of speed of induced fans, and with thermometers, hygrometers, and wind speed meters. Fern chips with a total packing volume of 36 m3 was used as the biofiltration media. After inoculation with suitable microorganisms, the waste gas was introduced to the filter for VOC elimination. Nutrients (urea, milk, and a phosphate salt) and water were supplemented to the media on a daily basis. The investigation period is July, 2008 to May, 2010. In the period, THC (total hydrocarbon) concentrations for the influent and effluent gases to and from the reactor were daily measured. In addition, on a weekly basis, compositions of the VOCs in gas samples were detected by a gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization dector (FID). On the same time basis, pH, COD (chemical oxygen demand), SS (suspended solids) in a sample of the trickled liquid from the media was analyzed. Media pH and moisture content were also analyzed for understanding the environmental conditions around the microorganisms for the VOC degradation. Results indicated that the media was in conditions of pH = 4.5-7.0, moisture = 11-61 % in the experimental phase. Trickled liquid had low COD and SS contents which can be easily treated by the existing wastewater unit in the plant, or be recycled to the media. Avarage THC, NMHC (nonmethane hydrocarbon), and VOCs were 71, 73, and 79%, respectively, with gas EBRTs of 4.2-6.3 min. With media pH of 4-5 and moisture contents 51-57%, over 90% of the influent VOCs coulb be eliminated. However, nearly dried media (moisture around 10%) had VOC removal efficiencies of lower than 30%. Nutrition tests indicate that the VOC removal efficiency was nearly proportional to milk supplementation rate. Removal of ethnaol and acetic could easily be removed with an efficiency of over 97% while 2-pentane was only 74%. Odor intensities of the treated gas could be controlled to <1,000 (dilutions to threshold) according to 3 test data.

Abstract Biological processes have been proven to be economical and effective for control of VOCs with concentration of <1,000 mg C/m3. This study armed to develop a biofilter packed only with fern chips for the removal of airborne isopropyl alcohol (IPA). A three-stage down-flow biofilter (2.2 m in height and 0.4 m¡Ñ0.4 m in cross-sectional area) was constructed for the performance test. The first stage serviced as a humidifier for the incoming gas and the following two stages, both packed with fern chips with a packing space of 0.30 m ¡Ñ 0.40 m ¡Ñ0.40 m, as trickling bed biofilters for the VOC removal. Air with a nearly constant IPA concentration of 100 mg/Am3 (@ an average temperature of 34 oC) and a flow rate in the range of 100-400 L/min was fed to the reactor in Phase I test. The flow rate gave an empty bed retention time (EBRT) in the range of 12-48 s for the gas flowing through the two bed media. Solutions of urea-N, phosphate-P, and milk powder were supplied daily to the fern chips for the microbial nutrition in Phase I experiment which lasted for 26 days. Following the Phase, Phase II test operated with a constant EBRT of 12 s and without any nutrient supplementation for 30 days. Experimental results show that with an influent gas temperature of 29-40oC (average 34 oC) and relative humidity of 43-93% (average 73%), with a proper moistening of the bed media, the effluent gas could achieved a temperature of 26-35oC (average 29 oC) and a relative humidity of 98%. The proceeding medium experienced a greater moisture variation (12-68%, average 38%) than that (65-82%, average 72%) of the following one. The former and the latter media had pH in the range of 6.11-7.78 (average 6.77) and 6.13-7.36 (average 6.59), respectively. With no additional nutrient supplementation for 30 days, approximately 98% of the influent IPA of 100 mg/m3 could be removed at the EBRT of as short as 12 s which corresponded to a loading of 60 g IPA/m3.h.

A 20 kg/hr ritual-money combustion chamber and a 20 Am3/min (@35oC) wet scrubber were setup for performance tests on the removal of TSP (total solid particulates) from the combustion flue gas. Test results indicate that (1) TSP in the flue gas ranged from 93-157 (avg. 126) and 127-182 (avg. 157) mg/m3 (@35oC) at gas drawing rates (QG) of 13.1 and 26.3 m3/min (@35oC), respectively, and ritual-money combustion rates of 14.2-16.3 (avg. 15.3) kg/hr. The lower gas drawing rate gave lower TSP concentrations in the flue gas. TSP removal efficacy varied linearly with the liquid scrubbing rate (QL) and a 70% TSP removal was achieved at a QL of 60 L/min which is equivalent to a scrubbing-liquid intensity of 4.0 L/m2.s over the scrubber cross section. (2) Visual smoke intensity in the exit of the scrubber chimney was not apparent with a combustion rate of 16 kg/hr, scrubbing intensity of 4.0 L/m2.s, and gas drawing rates of 13.1 and 26.3 m3/min. (3) Scrubbing water consumptions of 1.2-2.4 L were estimated for a combustion of 1 kg ritual money. (4) Pertinent design parameters of a scrubber for 70% TSP removal from the flue gas are (a) liquid/gas ratio (QL/QG) = 3-6 L liquid/(m3 gas @30oC); (b) superficial gas velocity over the scrubber cross section (UG) = 0.6-1.2 m/s; (c) superficial liquid velocity over the scrubber cross section (UL) = 0.004 m/s; and (d) a gas-liquid contacting length of 0.70 m. Results also show that the combustion exit gas odor concentration (D/T, dilution times to threshold) could be removed from 309 to 232 by the scrubber at operation conditions of QG = 13.1 and 26.3 m3/min, and QL = 60 L/min. Results also show that parts of CO2, CO, and NO could be removed by the scrubbing liquor, and there was no significant removal for NO2 and SO2 by the scrubber. By spraying KClO3 on a homemade wood pulp ritual money at a dosage of 3 wt.%, it shows that it burned more rapidly and with more smoke emission than a non-sprayed sample. Experiments also show that FeCl3 (15mg/L) was a satisfactory coagulant for enhancing the coagulation and sedimentation of the suspended solids (SS) in the wasted scrubbing liquor (known as Gray water). By the coagulant, SS in the Gray water with a pH of 7.0 could be removed from 100 to < 10 mg/L. XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) examination of a bottom ash sample indicates that the ash has an elemental composition of O, Na, Al, and Si of 49.9, 11.8, 23.8, and 15.1%, respectively. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis indicates that the collected fly ash and the bottom one have particle sizes of 20-110 (mostly 45-60 nm) and 50-300 (average 250) nm, respectively.

High technology industries have stringent on clean room environment. Traditional ballroom type clean room can¡¦t meet the requirement in many cases. The uni-directional laminar ballroom type cleanroom is can¡¦t fulfill such requirement. The adoption of Mini-Environment technology is becoming the mainstream of the environment control technology for high technology industries process. It is the goal of this project to simulate and design the air flow pattern, in using the current injection machine as a model, to achieve the cleanliness of class 1,000 ¡V 10,000. There are four major steps in achieving this goal, Namely: 1¡BThe dynamic 3D CFD simulation of the flow pattern of the clean bench. 2¡BThe evaluation of the pollution source and its impact on the overall cleanliness 3¡BThe basic design of the class 1,000 cleanroom for this machine 4¡BThe modification necessary to achieve this goal through design iterations. The results of this research are useful in the understanding of the flow characteristics in a mini-environment. The buffer zone of laminar flow was found to be effective to avoid cross contamination with the outside environment during door opening. The height of the processing opening of the mini-environment is found to be an important factor on the flow turbulent intensity and particle concentration. Concentration due to an operator can also be reduced by this buffer zone. The numerical techniques developed can also be used as numerical models in future studied.