A utilização de filmes de polímeros intrinsecamente condutores (PIC) na proteção contra a corrosão tem se mostrado uma alternativa atraente como prérevestimento, pois estes materiais possuem a característica de proporcionar ou induzir o efeito de proteção anódica em metais passiváveis, de modo a desacelerar o processo corrosivo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a possibilidade de obtenção de filmes de PIC sobre aço carbono SAE1006 por eletrossíntese, utilizando os monômeros anilina e 5-amino-1-naftol em meio aquoso KNO3 alcalino. Através da caracterização dos filmes poliméricos, observou-se que os filmes são compactos, homogêneos, uniformes e delgados. Ensaios de eletroatividade mostraram que ambos os filmes possuem pares redox polímero-metal na faixa de potencial em que o substrato metálico é passivável, logo, os filmes são eletroativos. Este comportamento ficou evidente quando as amostras com filmes de PIC foram expostas a soluções ácidas de HCl e H2SO4. O estudo do comportamento eletroquímico via polarização potenciodinâmica mostrou a elevação do potencial de corrosão do aço, confirmando os resultados da eletroatividade. Após caracterização dos filmes de PIC, os corpos de prova foram revestidos com tintas nitrocelulósica, poliuretânica e epoxídica. Os ensaios de aderência mostraram que os filmes de polianilina e poli(5-amino-1-naftol) tem excelente aderência com o substrato metálico e com a tinta. A partir dos ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em solução de NaCl, observou-se que os filmes PIC apresentaram bom desempenho quando comparados às amostras somente desengraxadas e fosfatizadas. / The use of intrinsically conducting polymers films (ICP) for corrosion protection have proved to be an attractive alternative as pre-coating, because these materials have the characteristic of providing or inducing the effect of anodic protection in passivable metals aimed at slowing down the corrosion process. This scientific research investigated the possibility of achieving ICP films on SAE1006 carbon steel surface through electrochemical synthesis using the aniline and 5-amino-1-naphthol monomers in alkaline medium, KNO3. Through the characterization of the polymeric films it was found were observed that the primers are compact, homogeneous, uniform and somewhat thick. Electroactivity trials have shown that both films have redox polymer-metal pairs in the potential range where the steel substrate is passivable, therefore the films have conductivity. This behavior was evident when samples with ICP films were exposed to HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions. The study of the electrochemical behavior through potentialdynamic polarization has shown an increase in steel potential corrosion, thus corroborating the electroactivity results. After the characterization of ICP films, samples were coated with nitrocellulose, polyurethane and epoxy paints. The adherence trials have shown that the polyaniline and poly(5-amino-1-naphfthol) films have an excellent adherence to paint as well as to steel substrate. From the polarization potentialdynamics testings and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaCl solution, it was found that the ICP films have positive results when compared with without films samples and phosphatized samples.

A utilização de filmes de polímeros intrinsecamente condutores (PIC) na proteção contra a corrosão tem se mostrado uma alternativa atraente como prérevestimento, pois estes materiais possuem a característica de proporcionar ou induzir o efeito de proteção anódica em metais passiváveis, de modo a desacelerar o processo corrosivo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a possibilidade de obtenção de filmes de PIC sobre aço carbono SAE1006 por eletrossíntese, utilizando os monômeros anilina e 5-amino-1-naftol em meio aquoso KNO3 alcalino. Através da caracterização dos filmes poliméricos, observou-se que os filmes são compactos, homogêneos, uniformes e delgados. Ensaios de eletroatividade mostraram que ambos os filmes possuem pares redox polímero-metal na faixa de potencial em que o substrato metálico é passivável, logo, os filmes são eletroativos. Este comportamento ficou evidente quando as amostras com filmes de PIC foram expostas a soluções ácidas de HCl e H2SO4. O estudo do comportamento eletroquímico via polarização potenciodinâmica mostrou a elevação do potencial de corrosão do aço, confirmando os resultados da eletroatividade. Após caracterização dos filmes de PIC, os corpos de prova foram revestidos com tintas nitrocelulósica, poliuretânica e epoxídica. Os ensaios de aderência mostraram que os filmes de polianilina e poli(5-amino-1-naftol) tem excelente aderência com o substrato metálico e com a tinta. A partir dos ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em solução de NaCl, observou-se que os filmes PIC apresentaram bom desempenho quando comparados às amostras somente desengraxadas e fosfatizadas. / The use of intrinsically conducting polymers films (ICP) for corrosion protection have proved to be an attractive alternative as pre-coating, because these materials have the characteristic of providing or inducing the effect of anodic protection in passivable metals aimed at slowing down the corrosion process. This scientific research investigated the possibility of achieving ICP films on SAE1006 carbon steel surface through electrochemical synthesis using the aniline and 5-amino-1-naphthol monomers in alkaline medium, KNO3. Through the characterization of the polymeric films it was found were observed that the primers are compact, homogeneous, uniform and somewhat thick. Electroactivity trials have shown that both films have redox polymer-metal pairs in the potential range where the steel substrate is passivable, therefore the films have conductivity. This behavior was evident when samples with ICP films were exposed to HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions. The study of the electrochemical behavior through potentialdynamic polarization has shown an increase in steel potential corrosion, thus corroborating the electroactivity results. After the characterization of ICP films, samples were coated with nitrocellulose, polyurethane and epoxy paints. The adherence trials have shown that the polyaniline and poly(5-amino-1-naphfthol) films have an excellent adherence to paint as well as to steel substrate. From the polarization potentialdynamics testings and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaCl solution, it was found that the ICP films have positive results when compared with without films samples and phosphatized samples.

A utilização de filmes de polímeros intrinsecamente condutores (PIC) na proteção contra a corrosão tem se mostrado uma alternativa atraente como prérevestimento, pois estes materiais possuem a característica de proporcionar ou induzir o efeito de proteção anódica em metais passiváveis, de modo a desacelerar o processo corrosivo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a possibilidade de obtenção de filmes de PIC sobre aço carbono SAE1006 por eletrossíntese, utilizando os monômeros anilina e 5-amino-1-naftol em meio aquoso KNO3 alcalino. Através da caracterização dos filmes poliméricos, observou-se que os filmes são compactos, homogêneos, uniformes e delgados. Ensaios de eletroatividade mostraram que ambos os filmes possuem pares redox polímero-metal na faixa de potencial em que o substrato metálico é passivável, logo, os filmes são eletroativos. Este comportamento ficou evidente quando as amostras com filmes de PIC foram expostas a soluções ácidas de HCl e H2SO4. O estudo do comportamento eletroquímico via polarização potenciodinâmica mostrou a elevação do potencial de corrosão do aço, confirmando os resultados da eletroatividade. Após caracterização dos filmes de PIC, os corpos de prova foram revestidos com tintas nitrocelulósica, poliuretânica e epoxídica. Os ensaios de aderência mostraram que os filmes de polianilina e poli(5-amino-1-naftol) tem excelente aderência com o substrato metálico e com a tinta. A partir dos ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica em solução de NaCl, observou-se que os filmes PIC apresentaram bom desempenho quando comparados às amostras somente desengraxadas e fosfatizadas. / The use of intrinsically conducting polymers films (ICP) for corrosion protection have proved to be an attractive alternative as pre-coating, because these materials have the characteristic of providing or inducing the effect of anodic protection in passivable metals aimed at slowing down the corrosion process. This scientific research investigated the possibility of achieving ICP films on SAE1006 carbon steel surface through electrochemical synthesis using the aniline and 5-amino-1-naphthol monomers in alkaline medium, KNO3. Through the characterization of the polymeric films it was found were observed that the primers are compact, homogeneous, uniform and somewhat thick. Electroactivity trials have shown that both films have redox polymer-metal pairs in the potential range where the steel substrate is passivable, therefore the films have conductivity. This behavior was evident when samples with ICP films were exposed to HCl and H2SO4 acid solutions. The study of the electrochemical behavior through potentialdynamic polarization has shown an increase in steel potential corrosion, thus corroborating the electroactivity results. After the characterization of ICP films, samples were coated with nitrocellulose, polyurethane and epoxy paints. The adherence trials have shown that the polyaniline and poly(5-amino-1-naphfthol) films have an excellent adherence to paint as well as to steel substrate. From the polarization potentialdynamics testings and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaCl solution, it was found that the ICP films have positive results when compared with without films samples and phosphatized samples.

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos sensores eletroquímicos para a detecção amperométrica do óxido nítrico (NO) fundamentada na aplicação da ftalocianina tetrasulfonada de níquel (NiTsPc) e do poli(5-amino 1-naftol) (poli(5-NH2 1-NAP)). NiTsPc foi eletrodepositada por voltametria cíclica sobre o eletrodo de platina e caracterizada eletroquimicamente em diferentes pHs. A detecção amperométrica de NO foi bastante sensível, mas o eletrodo não apresenta seletividade suficiente, motivo pelo qual este material foi substituído pelo poli(5-NH2 1-NAP) modificado com citocromo c. A imobilização foi caracterizada por voltametria cíclica e microbalança a cristal de quartzo. As detecções amperométricas do NO foram efetuadas aplicando o potencial em -0,6 V e foi observado que a variação da corrente devido à adição do NO ocorreu somente no segundo dia após a imobilização da proteína, o que pode estar relacionado a mudanças de estrutura do citcocromo c covalentemente ligado. O poli(5-NH2 1-NAP) foi também eletropolimerizado sobre nanotubos de carbono, obtendo assim um eletrodo nanoestruturado e o citocromo c foi imobilizado nessa estrutura. Assim como para os eletrodos maciços, ele não respondeu ao NO logo após a imobilização do citocromo c, respondendo somente no segundo dia e apresentou um melhor desempenho devido a sua maior área superficial. / In this work, electrochemical sensors for nitric oxide (NO) amperometric detection were prepared. For this purpose nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (NiTsPc) and poly(5-amino 1-naphthol) (poly(5-NH2 1-NAP)) modified with cytochrome c were applied. NiTsPc was electropolymerized by cyclic voltammery at platinum electrode and were electrochemically characterized in differents pHs. NO amperometric detections were very sensitive, but the electrode does not present satisfactory selectivity, and because of this, the material was replaced by poly(5-NH2 1-NAP) modified with cytochrome c. The immobilization was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical crystal microbalance. NO amperometric detection has been carried out by applying -0.6 V and it was observed that the current due the NO sensing was only observed at the second day after protein immobilization. This can be related with cytochrome c structural change. For nanostructuring the surface of Poly(5-NH2 1-NAP) it was electropolymerized on carbon nanotubes felt electrodes and cytochrome c was immobilized. As well as the bulk electrode, the nanostructured one did not sense NO immediately after the cytochrome c immobilization, being possible to observe current only after the second day displaying a much better performance due to its high superficial area.

<p>This thesis describes the synthesis and characterization ofbranched semi-crystalline polymers. Included in this work isthe SEC characterization of a series of dendrimers. Thebranched semi-crystalline polymers were synthesized in order toinvestigate the concept of their use as powder coatings resins.This concept being that the use of branched semi-crystallinepolymers in a UV-cured powder coating system may offer a lowertemperature alternative thus allowing the use of heat sensitivesubstrates and the added benefit of a reduced viscositycompared to linear polymers.</p><p>A series of branched poly(ε-caprolactone)’s (PCL)(degree of polymerization: 5-200) initiated from hydroxylfunctional initiators were synthesized. The final architectureswere controlled by the choice of initiator structure;specifically the dendritic initiators yielded starbranchedPCL’s while the linear initiator yielded comb-branchedPCL’s. The dendritic initiators utilized were: (1) a3rd-generation Boltorn H-30, commercially availablehyperbranched polyester with approximately 32 hydroxyl groups,(2) a 3rd-generation dendrimer with 24 hydroxyl groups, and (3)a 3rd-generation dendron with 8 hydroxyl groups. Linear PCL wassynthesized for comparison. All dendritic initiators are basedon 2,2- bis(methylol) propionic acid. The comb-branchedpolymers were initiated from a modified peroxide functionalpolyacrylate. The resins were end-capped withmethylmethacrylate in order to produce a cross-linkable system.The polymers and films were characterized using 1H NMR, 13CNMR, SEC, DMTA, DSC, FT-IR, FT-Raman, rheometry and a rheometercoupled to a UV-lamp to measure cure behavior.</p><p>The star-branched PCL’s exhibited considerably lowerviscosities than their linear counterparts with the samemolecular weight for the molecular region investigated (2-550kg mol-1). It was also found that the zero shear viscosityincreased roughly exponentially with M.</p><p>The PCL star-branched resins are semi-crystalline and theirmelting points (Tm) range from 34-50°C; films can beformed and cured below 80°C. The viscoelastic behaviourduring the cure showed that the time to reach the gel point, afew seconds, increased linearly with molecular weight. Thecrossover of G’and G’’was used as the gelpoint. Measurement of mechanical properties of films showedthat the low molecular weight polymers were amorphous whilethose with high molecular weight were crystalline after cure.The polymerization of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one (NPC) fromoligo- and multifunctional initiators was evaluated utilizingcoordination and cationic polymerization. Two tin basedcatalysts, stannous(II) 2-ethylhexanoate and stannous(II)trifluoromethane sulfonate, were compared with fumaric acid.Fumaric acid under bulk conditions resulted in lowerpolydispersity and less chance of gelling. The synthesis ofstar-branched polymers was confirmed by SEC data. The starpolymers exhibited a Tg at 20-30°C and a Tm at about100°C.</p><p>All semi-crystalline resins exhibited a fast decrease inviscosity at Tm. Blends of combbranched semi-crystalline resinsand amorphous resins exhibited a transition behavior inbetweenthat of pure semi-crystalline resins and that of amorphousresins.</p><p>The SEC characterization of a series of dendrimers withdifferent cores and terminal groups showed that the core had animpact on the viscosimetric radius of the core while theterminal groups appeared to have no effect.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>star-branched, semi-crystalline,comb-branched, ring-opening polymerization,poly(ε-caprolactone), dendritic, thermoset, lowtemperature curing, powder coating, UVcuring,poly(5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one), size exclusionchromatography, rheology, dendritic aliphatic polyester</p>

This thesis describes the synthesis and characterization ofbranched semi-crystalline polymers. Included in this work isthe SEC characterization of a series of dendrimers. Thebranched semi-crystalline polymers were synthesized in order toinvestigate the concept of their use as powder coatings resins.This concept being that the use of branched semi-crystallinepolymers in a UV-cured powder coating system may offer a lowertemperature alternative thus allowing the use of heat sensitivesubstrates and the added benefit of a reduced viscositycompared to linear polymers. A series of branched poly(ε-caprolactone)’s (PCL)(degree of polymerization: 5-200) initiated from hydroxylfunctional initiators were synthesized. The final architectureswere controlled by the choice of initiator structure;specifically the dendritic initiators yielded starbranchedPCL’s while the linear initiator yielded comb-branchedPCL’s. The dendritic initiators utilized were: (1) a3rd-generation Boltorn H-30, commercially availablehyperbranched polyester with approximately 32 hydroxyl groups,(2) a 3rd-generation dendrimer with 24 hydroxyl groups, and (3)a 3rd-generation dendron with 8 hydroxyl groups. Linear PCL wassynthesized for comparison. All dendritic initiators are basedon 2,2- bis(methylol) propionic acid. The comb-branchedpolymers were initiated from a modified peroxide functionalpolyacrylate. The resins were end-capped withmethylmethacrylate in order to produce a cross-linkable system.The polymers and films were characterized using 1H NMR, 13CNMR, SEC, DMTA, DSC, FT-IR, FT-Raman, rheometry and a rheometercoupled to a UV-lamp to measure cure behavior. The star-branched PCL’s exhibited considerably lowerviscosities than their linear counterparts with the samemolecular weight for the molecular region investigated (2-550kg mol-1). It was also found that the zero shear viscosityincreased roughly exponentially with M. The PCL star-branched resins are semi-crystalline and theirmelting points (Tm) range from 34-50°C; films can beformed and cured below 80°C. The viscoelastic behaviourduring the cure showed that the time to reach the gel point, afew seconds, increased linearly with molecular weight. Thecrossover of G’and G’’was used as the gelpoint. Measurement of mechanical properties of films showedthat the low molecular weight polymers were amorphous whilethose with high molecular weight were crystalline after cure.The polymerization of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one (NPC) fromoligo- and multifunctional initiators was evaluated utilizingcoordination and cationic polymerization. Two tin basedcatalysts, stannous(II) 2-ethylhexanoate and stannous(II)trifluoromethane sulfonate, were compared with fumaric acid.Fumaric acid under bulk conditions resulted in lowerpolydispersity and less chance of gelling. The synthesis ofstar-branched polymers was confirmed by SEC data. The starpolymers exhibited a Tg at 20-30°C and a Tm at about100°C. All semi-crystalline resins exhibited a fast decrease inviscosity at Tm. Blends of combbranched semi-crystalline resinsand amorphous resins exhibited a transition behavior inbetweenthat of pure semi-crystalline resins and that of amorphousresins. The SEC characterization of a series of dendrimers withdifferent cores and terminal groups showed that the core had animpact on the viscosimetric radius of the core while theterminal groups appeared to have no effect. Keywords:star-branched, semi-crystalline,comb-branched, ring-opening polymerization,poly(ε-caprolactone), dendritic, thermoset, lowtemperature curing, powder coating, UVcuring,poly(5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one), size exclusionchromatography, rheology, dendritic aliphatic polyester / <p>NR 20140805</p>

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos sensores eletroquímicos para a detecção amperométrica do óxido nítrico (NO) fundamentada na aplicação da ftalocianina tetrasulfonada de níquel (NiTsPc) e do poli(5-amino 1-naftol) (poli(5-NH2 1-NAP)). NiTsPc foi eletrodepositada por voltametria cíclica sobre o eletrodo de platina e caracterizada eletroquimicamente em diferentes pHs. A detecção amperométrica de NO foi bastante sensível, mas o eletrodo não apresenta seletividade suficiente, motivo pelo qual este material foi substituído pelo poli(5-NH2 1-NAP) modificado com citocromo c. A imobilização foi caracterizada por voltametria cíclica e microbalança a cristal de quartzo. As detecções amperométricas do NO foram efetuadas aplicando o potencial em -0,6 V e foi observado que a variação da corrente devido à adição do NO ocorreu somente no segundo dia após a imobilização da proteína, o que pode estar relacionado a mudanças de estrutura do citcocromo c covalentemente ligado. O poli(5-NH2 1-NAP) foi também eletropolimerizado sobre nanotubos de carbono, obtendo assim um eletrodo nanoestruturado e o citocromo c foi imobilizado nessa estrutura. Assim como para os eletrodos maciços, ele não respondeu ao NO logo após a imobilização do citocromo c, respondendo somente no segundo dia e apresentou um melhor desempenho devido a sua maior área superficial. / In this work, electrochemical sensors for nitric oxide (NO) amperometric detection were prepared. For this purpose nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (NiTsPc) and poly(5-amino 1-naphthol) (poly(5-NH2 1-NAP)) modified with cytochrome c were applied. NiTsPc was electropolymerized by cyclic voltammery at platinum electrode and were electrochemically characterized in differents pHs. NO amperometric detections were very sensitive, but the electrode does not present satisfactory selectivity, and because of this, the material was replaced by poly(5-NH2 1-NAP) modified with cytochrome c. The immobilization was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical crystal microbalance. NO amperometric detection has been carried out by applying -0.6 V and it was observed that the current due the NO sensing was only observed at the second day after protein immobilization. This can be related with cytochrome c structural change. For nanostructuring the surface of Poly(5-NH2 1-NAP) it was electropolymerized on carbon nanotubes felt electrodes and cytochrome c was immobilized. As well as the bulk electrode, the nanostructured one did not sense NO immediately after the cytochrome c immobilization, being possible to observe current only after the second day displaying a much better performance due to its high superficial area.