Compaction of polymer powders and polymer-based nanocomposites by uniaxial high-velocity cold compaction (HVC), by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and using a novel technique, relaxation assists, was investigated with a focus on the process parameters, the compactibility characteristics, surface morphology and friction. The basic phenomena associated with HVC are explained and the general energy principle is introduced to explain the pull-out phenomenon, springback gradient, delay time, relative time of the pressure wave, and stick-slip phenomenon during the compaction process. Experimental results for different compaction profiles, different particle size distributions and different milling system for polymer-based nanocomposite are presented, showing the effect of varying the process parameters on the compacted material; the compactibility in the compacted bed, the uniformity of the compacted surface, the pull-out phenomenon, the springback gradient, the stick-slip phenomenon and the homogeneity of the dispersions of nanoparticles in the polymer powders in the solid state. It was found that the high-velocity compaction process is an interruption process and that the opposite velocity and pressure loss during the compaction process have a major influence on the quality of the compacted material. The relaxation assist device is a novel technique that has been successfully developed to improve the compaction process. The relaxation assists are parts of the piston and they are regarded as projectile supports. They are constructed of the same material as the piston, and the diameters are the same but the lengths are different. The relaxation assist device leads to an improvement in the compaction of powders, polymer powders and polymer-based nanocomposites by giving a more homogeneous opposite velocity and a better locking of the powder bed in the compacted form during the compaction process with less change in dimensions in the case of both homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. If the movement of the particles is restricted the powder bed attains a higher density and the total elastic springback is minimized. In addition, there is a more homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in the case of a heterogeneous material. A much better transfer of the pressure through the powder bed and a smaller loss of pressure lead to a more homogenous stick-slip of the particles and a higher sliding coefficient due to the overall friction during the compaction process. / QC 20100630