O mercúrio é um dos metais mais nocivos presentes no ambiente, advindo tanto de fontes naturais quanto antropogênicas. Os indivíduos estão expostos a diferentes formas do mercúrio através de diversas vias, como a alimentação, principalmente no caso do metilmercúrio presente em peixes. Suas formas orgânicas são muito significativas do ponto de vista toxicológico, considerando-se a exposição da população e seus efeitos pró-oxidantes e genotóxicos envolvidos na origem de inúmeras doenças. Por outro lado, é suposto que compostos polifenólicos e outros antioxidantes da dieta podem exercer atividade protetora contra os efeitos deletérios do mercúrio. A curcumina é um pigmento amarelo polifenólico extraído do rizoma da planta Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae). Diversas evidências apontam para suas propriedades antioxidantes, de modulação da sinalização celular e alteração da expressão gênica, além da possibilidade de sua utilização na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios dos metais no organismo. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da associação entre o mercúrio e a curcumina, investigando a citotoxicidade de dois compostos orgânicos de mercúrio, metilmercúrio e etilmercúrio, e da curcumina, de forma isolada e combinada, em células HepG2, utilizando o ensaio do MTT. A genotoxicidade desses mesmos compostos também foi avaliada por meio do ensaio do cometa. Além disso, a alteração no estado oxidativo das células pela razão de glutationa (GSH/GSSG) e a alteração na expressão de 84 genes relacionados com vias de dano e reparo no DNA, utilizando-se de PCR-Array, também foram avaliados. Os compostos orgânicos de mercúrio apresentaram citotoxicidade em concentrações iguais ou maiores que 16 ?M. A curcumina apresentou citotoxicidade apenas na concentração de 128 ?M. Nos experimentos de associação entre o mercúrio e a curcumina foi observado um aumento da citotoxicidade, entre a concentração de 8 ?M das duas formas de mercúrio e a concentração de 64 ?M de curcumina. Na avaliação da genotoxicidade foi observado um efeito genotóxico significativo do metilmercúrio nas concentrações de 8, 16 e 32 ?M, enquanto o etilmercúrio apresentou genotoxicidade significativa apenas na concentração de 32 ?M. A curcumina não apresentou genotoxicidade. Na associação dos compostos não foi detectada ação antigenotóxica da curcumina e houve um aumento na genotoxicidade do metilmercúrio em associação com a concentração de 32 ?M de curcumina. A razão de glutationa mostrou um aumento significativo nas células tratadas com metilmercúrio, entretanto isso não foi observado quando o metilmercúrio foi associado com a curcumina. A análise da expressão de 84 genes relacionados com danos no DNA por PCR-Array mostrou alteração na expressão de 26 genes, sendo que 3 deles tiveram aumento na expressão, DDIT3, GADD45A e PPP1R15A, relacionados principalmente com o bloqueio do ciclo celular e o processo de apoptose, e 23 genes tiveram sua expressão reduzida, relacionados com diversas vias de reparo do DNA, checkpoints do ciclo celular e apoptose. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, nas condições avaliadas, a associação da curcumina com o mercúrio aumentou os efeitos deletérios do metal, causando um aumento na citotoxicidade e na genotoxicidade do mercúrio, não se caracterizando como uma possível estratégia de prevenção dos efeitos deletérios do mercúrio / Mercury is one of the most harmful metals present in the environment arising from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The individuals are exposed to different forms of mercury through various sources, such as food, especially in the case of methylmercury in fish, with this organic forms being very significant from a toxicological point of view, considering the exposure of the population and its pro-oxidant and genotoxic effects, involved in the origin of many diseases. On the other hand it is assumed that polyphenolic compounds and other dietary antioxidants can have protective activity against the harmful effects of mercury. Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae). Several evidences show its ability to act as an antioxidant, modulate cell signaling and gene expression, and the possibility of its use in chemoprevention of the deleterious effects of metals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the association between mercury and curcumin, investigating the cytotoxicity of two organic compounds of mercury, methylmercury and ethylmercury, and curcumin, alone and in combination, in HepG2 cells using the the MTT assay, the genotoxicity of these same compounds through the comet assay, the changes in oxidative state of the cells by the concentration of glutathione and GSH/GSSG ratio and the changes in the expression of 84 genes related to DNA damage anda repair pathways by PCR-Array. Organic mercury compounds showed cytotoxicity at concentrations equal to or greater than 16 uM. Curcumin only showed cytotoxicity at the concentration of 128 ?M. There was an increase in cytotoxicity when mercury (8 ?M) was associated with curcumin (64 ?M). In the genotoxicity assay there was a significant genotoxic of methyl mercury at concentrations of 8, 16 and 32 ?M while ethyl mercury whas genotoxic only at 32 ?M. Curcumin was not genotoxic. There was no anti-genotoxic activity in the association of compounds and there was an increase in genotoxicity of MeHg in association with 32 ?M of curcumin. The quantification of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) showed a significant increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio in cells treated with MeHg, however this was not observed when MeHg was associated with curcumin. Gene expression analysis showed changes in the expression of 26 genes, 3 of them were upregulated, DDIT3, GADD45A and PPP1R15A, mainly related to the cell cycle blockage and apoptosis, and 23 genes were down-regulated, related with DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis. These results indicate that the combination of curcumin with mercury increased the deleterious effects of the metal, causing an increase in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of mercury, and do not represent a possible strategy to prevent the harmful effects of mercury.

O mercúrio é um dos metais mais nocivos presentes no ambiente, advindo tanto de fontes naturais quanto antropogênicas. Os indivíduos estão expostos a diferentes formas do mercúrio através de diversas vias, como a alimentação, principalmente no caso do metilmercúrio presente em peixes. Suas formas orgânicas são muito significativas do ponto de vista toxicológico, considerando-se a exposição da população e seus efeitos pró-oxidantes e genotóxicos envolvidos na origem de inúmeras doenças. Por outro lado, é suposto que compostos polifenólicos e outros antioxidantes da dieta podem exercer atividade protetora contra os efeitos deletérios do mercúrio. A curcumina é um pigmento amarelo polifenólico extraído do rizoma da planta Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae). Diversas evidências apontam para suas propriedades antioxidantes, de modulação da sinalização celular e alteração da expressão gênica, além da possibilidade de sua utilização na prevenção dos efeitos deletérios dos metais no organismo. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da associação entre o mercúrio e a curcumina, investigando a citotoxicidade de dois compostos orgânicos de mercúrio, metilmercúrio e etilmercúrio, e da curcumina, de forma isolada e combinada, em células HepG2, utilizando o ensaio do MTT. A genotoxicidade desses mesmos compostos também foi avaliada por meio do ensaio do cometa. Além disso, a alteração no estado oxidativo das células pela razão de glutationa (GSH/GSSG) e a alteração na expressão de 84 genes relacionados com vias de dano e reparo no DNA, utilizando-se de PCR-Array, também foram avaliados. Os compostos orgânicos de mercúrio apresentaram citotoxicidade em concentrações iguais ou maiores que 16 ?M. A curcumina apresentou citotoxicidade apenas na concentração de 128 ?M. Nos experimentos de associação entre o mercúrio e a curcumina foi observado um aumento da citotoxicidade, entre a concentração de 8 ?M das duas formas de mercúrio e a concentração de 64 ?M de curcumina. Na avaliação da genotoxicidade foi observado um efeito genotóxico significativo do metilmercúrio nas concentrações de 8, 16 e 32 ?M, enquanto o etilmercúrio apresentou genotoxicidade significativa apenas na concentração de 32 ?M. A curcumina não apresentou genotoxicidade. Na associação dos compostos não foi detectada ação antigenotóxica da curcumina e houve um aumento na genotoxicidade do metilmercúrio em associação com a concentração de 32 ?M de curcumina. A razão de glutationa mostrou um aumento significativo nas células tratadas com metilmercúrio, entretanto isso não foi observado quando o metilmercúrio foi associado com a curcumina. A análise da expressão de 84 genes relacionados com danos no DNA por PCR-Array mostrou alteração na expressão de 26 genes, sendo que 3 deles tiveram aumento na expressão, DDIT3, GADD45A e PPP1R15A, relacionados principalmente com o bloqueio do ciclo celular e o processo de apoptose, e 23 genes tiveram sua expressão reduzida, relacionados com diversas vias de reparo do DNA, checkpoints do ciclo celular e apoptose. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, nas condições avaliadas, a associação da curcumina com o mercúrio aumentou os efeitos deletérios do metal, causando um aumento na citotoxicidade e na genotoxicidade do mercúrio, não se caracterizando como uma possível estratégia de prevenção dos efeitos deletérios do mercúrio / Mercury is one of the most harmful metals present in the environment arising from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The individuals are exposed to different forms of mercury through various sources, such as food, especially in the case of methylmercury in fish, with this organic forms being very significant from a toxicological point of view, considering the exposure of the population and its pro-oxidant and genotoxic effects, involved in the origin of many diseases. On the other hand it is assumed that polyphenolic compounds and other dietary antioxidants can have protective activity against the harmful effects of mercury. Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae). Several evidences show its ability to act as an antioxidant, modulate cell signaling and gene expression, and the possibility of its use in chemoprevention of the deleterious effects of metals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the association between mercury and curcumin, investigating the cytotoxicity of two organic compounds of mercury, methylmercury and ethylmercury, and curcumin, alone and in combination, in HepG2 cells using the the MTT assay, the genotoxicity of these same compounds through the comet assay, the changes in oxidative state of the cells by the concentration of glutathione and GSH/GSSG ratio and the changes in the expression of 84 genes related to DNA damage anda repair pathways by PCR-Array. Organic mercury compounds showed cytotoxicity at concentrations equal to or greater than 16 uM. Curcumin only showed cytotoxicity at the concentration of 128 ?M. There was an increase in cytotoxicity when mercury (8 ?M) was associated with curcumin (64 ?M). In the genotoxicity assay there was a significant genotoxic of methyl mercury at concentrations of 8, 16 and 32 ?M while ethyl mercury whas genotoxic only at 32 ?M. Curcumin was not genotoxic. There was no anti-genotoxic activity in the association of compounds and there was an increase in genotoxicity of MeHg in association with 32 ?M of curcumin. The quantification of glutathione (GSH/GSSG) showed a significant increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio in cells treated with MeHg, however this was not observed when MeHg was associated with curcumin. Gene expression analysis showed changes in the expression of 26 genes, 3 of them were upregulated, DDIT3, GADD45A and PPP1R15A, mainly related to the cell cycle blockage and apoptosis, and 23 genes were down-regulated, related with DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis. These results indicate that the combination of curcumin with mercury increased the deleterious effects of the metal, causing an increase in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of mercury, and do not represent a possible strategy to prevent the harmful effects of mercury.

The thesis has focused on the separation of proanthocyanidins (Pas) in beer, raw beer material and beer intermediates (wort, hopped wort, green beer) by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometric detection. A chromatographic column XSELECT HSS T3 was used for separation of individual proanthocyanidins. Mobile phase was formed by a mixture of 0,1% formic acid in water (A) and 0,1% formic acid in acetonitril (B), separation was conducted in gradient mode. Calibration range for catechin and procyanidin B1 a B2 was linear in the range from 10 µg.l-1 to 200 µg.l-1 and for epicatechin from 5 µg.l-1 to 200 µg.l-1 . Limit of quantitation (LOQ) was set to the lowest point of calibration curve, hence for catechin, procyanidin B1 and B2 was LOQ = 10 µg.l-1 and for epicatechin was LOQ = µg.l-1 . Yield of method of the observed Pas was very good, where yield oscillated around 100%. The method also had excellent repeatability, where the relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower then 20%. After optimization of this method it was used for observation of profile changes during brewery process in catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, B2 and B3. It was discovered, that catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2 originate mainly from hops and procyaniding B3 is...

A incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como a diabetes tipo 2 e complicações cardiovasculares tem aumentado significativamente, e tem-se associado principalmente às mudanças nos hábitos alimentares tradicionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar diferentes cultivares de feijão, lupino e grãos da região dos Andes quanto a seus compostos fenólicos antioxidantes, capacidade antioxidante e potencial anti-hiperglicêmico e anti-hipertensivo in vitro. Dependendo do tipo de cultivar, o feijão é uma fonte promissora de taninos condensados, antocianinas, e flavonóis; enquanto que o lupino andino destacou-se pela presença de isoflavonas. Após o tratamento térmico, o feijão e lupino andino inibiram significativamente a enzima conversora da angiotensina I, relevante na prevenção da hipertensão, enquanto o milho roxo andino inibiu a α-glicosidase, relevante na prevenção da hiperglicemia. Uma combinação apropriada de grãos tradicionais como parte da dieta poderia contribuir na modulação dos níveis de glicose e na prevenção das complicações relacionadas ao desequilíbrio óxido-redução. / Incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes type 2 and related cardiovascular complications has increased significantly due mainly to current changes in traditional food dietary habits. The objective of this study was to characterize several bean and lupin cultivars along with grains from the Andean region in relation to their phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and anti-diabetes and anti-hypertension potential using in vitro assays. Depending on the cultivar, beans are interesting sources of condensed tannins, anthocyanins and flavonols, whereas major phenolic compounds in Andean lupins were isoflavones. Following thermal treatment, selected beans and Andean lupins inhibited significantly the hypertension relevant angiotensin I-converting enzyme and among Andean grains, the purple corn inhibited the hyperglycemia relevant α-glucosidase. A good combination of traditional grains as a part of the overall diet can contribute to effective dietary strategies for managing Type 2 diabetes and associated complications linked to unbalanced cellular redox status.

Η ρύπανση από τα χημικά λιπάσματα είναι έντονη στα ελληνικά εδάφη (ιδιαίτερα από τα νιτρικά άλατα) και επομένως είναι κρίσιμη η μείωση των εισροών αγροχημικών στο περιβάλλον. Η μείωση της λίπανσης αυξάνει την συγκέντρωση αντιοξειδωτικών ουσιών στους φυτικούς ιστούς. Πολλές επιστημονικές μελέτες μέχρι σήμερα συσχετίζουν την διατροφή με φυτικά προϊόντα υψηλής διατροφικής αξίας που περιέχουν φαινολικές-αντιοξειδωτικές ουσίες με την πρόληψη καρδιαγγειακών παθήσεων, πολλών μορφών καρκίνου αλλά και την γήρανση. Έτσι η έρευνα αυτή είχε διπλό στόχο: τη μείωση της ρύπανσης του περιβάλλοντος μέσω της μείωσης των λιπασμάτων που χορηγούνται στις καλλιέργειες, και την παραγωγή φυτικών προϊόντων υψηλής βιολογικής και διατροφικής αξίας, αφού θα παρέχουν μεγαλύτερες ποσότητες αντιοξειδωτικών ουσιών στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό. Επίσης θα πρέπει να αναφερθεί ότι η μείωση των ποσοτήτων των λιπασμάτων που θα απαιτούνται για την καλλιέργεια των φυτών θα επιφέρει και οικονομικό όφελος προς τους καλλιεργητές και τους καταναλωτές, αφού θα μειωθεί το κόστος παραγωγής των φυτικών προϊόντων. Για το σκοπό αυτό μελετήθηκε για πρώτη φορά η επίδραση της μεταβολής της συγκέντρωσης των χορηγούμενων νιτρικών ιόντων μέσω του θρεπτικού διαλύματος υδροπονικής καλλιέργειας στο ρυθμό παραγωγής πολυφαινολικών ενώσεων σε λαχανικά ευρείας κατανάλωσης (παντζάρι και μαρούλι) και διαπιστώθηκε ότι η μεγιστοποίηση της παραγωγής των φυσικών αντιοξειδωτικών παραγόντων είναι δυνατή μέσω του ελέγχου της αζωτούχου θρέψης. Παράλληλα, διαπιστώθηκε και ποσοτικοποιήθηκε η ύπαρξη ενός κρίσιμου σημείου στη συγκέντρωση του χορηγούμενου αζώτου που ενεργοποιεί τον δευτερογενή μεταβολισμό των καλλιεργούμενων φυτών παντζαριού και μαρουλιού, αυξάνοντας σημαντικά το ρυθμό παραγωγής των ιδιαίτερα ευεργετικών για την υγεία φυτοχημικών ενώσεων όπως φαινολικών και μπετακυανινών. Η αύξηση όχι μόνο της περιεκτικότητας αλλά και της ενεργότητας των αντιοξειδωτικών παραγόντων επιβεβαιώθηκε με τη χρήση προηγμένων μεθόδων προσδιορισμού όπως το EPR. Τέλος προσδιορίστηκαν και ποσοτικοποιήθηκαν με σύγχρονη μέθοδο φασματομετρίας μαζών (LC-MS/MS) στα διαφορετικά μέρη των φυτών παντζαριού και στα φύλλα του μαρουλιού συνολικά επτά διαφορετικές πολυφαινολικές ενώσεις. / The pollution from chemical fertilizers is pronounced in Greek soils (particularly nitrates) and is therefore critical to reduce inputs of agrochemicals in the environment. The decrease of fertilization increases the concentration of antioxidants in plant tissues. Many scientific studies to date relate the diet with plant products of high nutritional value containing phenolic-antioxidants with the prevention of cardiovascular disease, number of cancers and aging. So the aims of the present research are: to reduce environmental pollution by reducing fertilizer applied to crops, and the production of crops with high biological and nutritional value, providing greater amounts of antioxidants in the human body. It should also be noted that the decrease in the quantities of fertilizer that will be required for the cultivation of plants will also lead to economic benefits to farmers and consumers, as it will reduce the cost of production of plant products. For this purpose the effect of varying concentration of nitrate granted via hydroponic nutrient solution, in the production rate of polyphenolic compounds in vegetables (lettuce and beetroot) was studied. It was found that maximizing the production of natural antioxidants is possible through the control of nitrogen nutrition. Also, it was ascertained that a critical point in the concentration of the administered nitrogen exists below which the secondary metabolism of the studied crops i.e. beetroot and lettuce is activated, significantly increasing the rate of production of the highly beneficial for the health compounds such as phenolic phytochemicals and betacyanins. The augmentation of the activity of antioxidants was confirmed by using advanced methods such as EPR. Finally seven different polyphenolic compounds were identified and quantified by the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in different plant parts of beetroot and lettuce leaves.

Darbo tikslas: Pagaminti vaistinių melisų ištraukas ir įvertinti jų kokybę. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Remiantis mokslinės literatūros duomenimis parinkti tinkamą vaistinių melisų skystą vaisto formą, atsižvelgiant į veikliosios medžiagos farmakologines savybes bei parinkti analizės metodus preparatų kokybei įvertinti; 2. Nustatyti ekstrahento (etanolio ir vandens) įtaką melisų ištraukų kokybei; 3. Palyginti ekstrahavimo metodo daromą įtaką vaistinių melisų ištraukų kokybei; 4. Ištirti žaliavos ir ekstrahento santykio daromą įtaką vaistinių melisų ištraukų kokybei. Metodika: 1. Tyrimo objektas – vaistinių melisų ištraukos; 2. Vaistinių melisų vandeninių ir etanolinių ištraukų technologija: a) Ištraukos gamintos klasikinės maceracijos ir perkoliacijos metodais; b) Etanolinės ištraukos gamintos ekstrahuojant ultragarsu ir kokybė vertinama po 20 min., 30 min. ir 40 min. ekstrahavimo; 3. Taikytas spektrofotometrinis metodas pagal Folin – Ciocalteau metodiką, norint nustatyti suminį polifenolinių junginių kiekį pagal KRE; 4. Sauso likučio tyrimas atliktas gravimetriniu metodu; 5. Antimikrobinis aktyvumas nustatytas pagal Ph. Eu. 01/2002, 2.6.12 metodiką. Rezultatai: Spektrofotometriniu metodu nustatyta, kad ekstrahentas turi įtakos veikliųjų junginių išsiskyrimui: didesnis suminis polifenolinių junginių bei sauso likučio kiekis nustatytas, kai ekstrahentu pasirenkamas etanolis, o ne vanduo. Vertinant etanolio koncentraciją nustatyta, kad mažiausiai veikliųjų junginių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Purpose of work: To make and evaluate the quality of Melissa officinalis extracts. Tasks of work: 1. According to the scientific literature to identify an appropriate Balm liquid dosage form according to the pharmacological properties of the active material and the selection of analytical methods for evaluating the quality of products; 2. To set an extraction solvent (ethanol and water) influence on the quality of extracts of Melissa officinalis; 3. To compare extraction method influence on the quality of extracts of Melissa officinalis; 4. To investigate the relationship between the raw material and extraction solvent influence on the quality of extracts of Melissa officinalis. Methods: 1. Object of analysis – extracts of Melissa officinalis; 2. Preparation of an aquous and ethanolic extracts: a) Extracts have been produced by tradicional maceration and percolation methods; b) Ethanol extracts have been produced by extraction by ultrasound. The quality of these extracts has been evaluated after 20, 30, 40 min. 3. Spectrophotometric method (Folin – Ciocalteua method) – common amount of total polyphenolic compounds by p-cumaric acid equivalent has been evaluated; 4. The evaluation of dry residual according to gravimetric analysis has been calculated; 5. Antimicrobial activity by Ph. Eu. 01/2002, 2.6.12 method has been evaluated. Results: By spectrophotometric method it has been evaluated that extrahent has the influence on active compounds emission: higher amount of... [to full text]

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Nectar formulations containing red-fleshed plum pulp and varying amounts of red-fleshed plum skin extract were developed. Red-fleshed plum nectar formulations containing 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32% skin extract were benchmarked against twenty-two commercial beverages containing red, violet and blue fruits. The total soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, colour, total polyphenolic, individual polyphenolic, total anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid contents, as well as antioxidant activity (oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP)) of the commercial beverages and plum formulations were determined. The plum nectar formulations had similar or higher total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, and colour values than the average for the commercial beverages. The individual polyphenolic compounds analysed in the nectar formulations were cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3- rutinoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, and neochlorogenic acid. Increasing polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed with an increase in skin extract content of the formulations. The sensory attributes of the formulations were plum and plantlike aroma, plum and plantlike flavour, sweetness, acidity, and astringency. Increases in plantlike aroma and flavour, acidity, and astringency in conjunction with decreases in plum aroma, plum flavour, and sweetness extract were observed with an increase in skin extract. Consumer analysis indicated that all formulations were acceptable. The 0 and 16% skin extract formulations were most preferred, while the 32% skin extract formulation was least preferred. A shelf-life study was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, the 0, 16 and 24% skin extract formulations were stored at 0 and 5°C (analysis time points: before pasteurisation, after pasteurisation (week 0), and after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24 weeks of storage). Chemical analyses conducted included colour, total polyphenolic, individual polyphenolic compound, and total anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity (DPPH• scavenging activity). Results from Phase 1 indicated close associations between the 16 and 24% skin extract formulations, and between these formulations and all chemical attributes. Regression analysis of results indicated significant (P 0.05) decreases in red colour, total anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3- rutinoside, DPPH• scavenging activity, total polyphenolic content, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and quercetin- 3-xyloside for formulations stored at 0°C. The total and red colour, total anthocyanins, cyanidin-3- glucoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside in formulations stored at 5°C showed similar results. During Phase 2 of the shelf life study, sensory analysis was conducted on the 0 and 24% skin extract formulations stored at 5°C (preparation time points: 0, 1, 2, and 3 months). Sensory attributes, including plum, plantlike, and raisin flavour, sweetness, acidity, and astringency, were stable during storage. Chemical results from Phase 2 were similar to those of Phase 1. The chemical and sensory stability of formulations after 24 weeks of storage in Phase 1 and Phase 2 indicated that, with the exception of the anthocyanin degradation, the formulations could be beneficial to juice industries. Thus, red-fleshed plum nectars have the potential to compete with high-antioxidant fruit beverages. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nektarformulasies wat rooivleis pruimpulp en varieërende hoeveelhede rooivleis pruimskilekstrak bevat, is ontwikkel en ondersoek. Rooivleis pruimnektarformulasies wat 0, 8, 16, 24, en 32% skilekstrak bevat, is vergelyk met twee-en-twintig kommersiële drankies wat rooi, violet en blou vrugte bevat. Die totale oplosbare vastestof, totale polifenoliese, individuele polifenoliese, totale antosianien- en askorbiensuur inhoude, sowel as die pH, titreerbare suurheid, kleur, antioksidant aktiwiteit (suurstofradikale antioksidantkapasiteit (ORAC), 2,2-difeniel-1-pikrielhidrasiel (DPPH) radikaal blussingsaktiwiteit, en ysterreduserende/antikoksidantkrag (FRAP)) van die kommersiële drankies en pruimnektarformulasies, is bepaal. Die pruimnektarformulasies het soortgelyke of hoër totale polifenoliese inhoud, antioksidantaktiwiteit, en kleurwaardes gehad in vergelyking met die gemiddelde vir die kommersiële drankies. Die individuele polifenoliese verbindings wat in die nektarformulasies geanaliseer is, was sianidien-3-glukosied, sianidien-3-rutinosied, kwersetien-3-glukosied, kwersetien-3-rutinosied, kwersetien-3-xylosied, en neochlorogeniese suur. ‘n Toenames in die kleurwaardes, polifenoliese inhoud, en antioksidantaktiwiteit is waargeneem met ‘n toename in skilekstrak is in die formulasies. Die sensoriese eienskappe van die formulasies was pruim- en plantagtige aroma, pruim- en plantagtige geur, soetheid, suurheid, en frankheid. Toenames in plantagtige aroma en geur, suurheid en frankheid, sowel as ‘n afname in pruimaroma, pruimgeur, en -soetheid, is met ‘n toename in skilekstrak waargeneem. Verbruikersanalise het aangedui dat al die formulasies aanvaarbaar was. Die 0 en 16% skilekstrakformulasies was die mees aanvaarbaarste, terwyl die 32% skilekstrakformulasie die minste aanvaarbaar geag is. ‘n Rakleeftydstudie is in twee fases gedoen. In Fase 1 is die 0, 16, en 24% skilekstrakformulasies by 0 en 5°C gestoor (analiseringstydpunte: voor pasturisasie, na pasturisasie (week 0), en na 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, en 24 weke van berging). Chemiese analise wat gedoen is, sluit totale polifenoliese, individuele polifenoliese verbinding, en totale antosianien inhoude, sowel as kleur en antioksidantaktiwiteit (DPPH• blussingsaktiwiteit) in. Resultate van Fase 1 het ‘n nou verband tussen die 16 en 24% skilekstrakformulasies, sowel as tussen hierdie formulasies en hul chemiese kenmerke aangedui. Regressie-analise van resultate het betekenisvolle (P 0.05) afnames geïllustreer in rooi kleurwaardes, DPPH• blussingsaktiwiteit, sowel as totale antosianiene, sianidien-3-glukosied, sianidien-3-rutinosied, totale polifenoliese, kwersetien-3-rutinosied, en kwersetien-3-xylosied inhoude van die formulasies wat by 0°C gestoor is. Die totale kleur-, rooi kleurwaardes, sowel as totale antosianien, sianidien-3-glukosied, en sianidien-3-rutinosied in die formulasies wat by 5°C gestoor is, het soortgelyke resultate gegee. Gedurend Fase 2 van die rakleeftydstudie is sensoriese analise op die 0 en 24% skilekstrakformulasies wat by 5°C gestoor is, gedoen (voorbereidingstydpunte: 0, 1, 2, en 3 maande). Sensoriese eienskappe, insluitend pruim-, plantagtige-, en rosyntjiesmake, soetheid, suurheid, en frankheid, was stabiel gedurende berging. Chemiese resultate van Fase 2 was soortgelyk aan dié van Fase 1. Die chemiese en sensoriese stabiliteit van die formulasies na 24 weke van opberging in Fase 1 en Fase 2 nieteenstaande antosianienafname, het aangedui dat die formulasies voordelig kan wees vir die vrugtedrankiebedryf. Dus het rooivleis pruimnektars die vermoeë om met hoë antioksidant vrugtedrankies mee te ding.

A incidência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como a diabetes tipo 2 e complicações cardiovasculares tem aumentado significativamente, e tem-se associado principalmente às mudanças nos hábitos alimentares tradicionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar diferentes cultivares de feijão, lupino e grãos da região dos Andes quanto a seus compostos fenólicos antioxidantes, capacidade antioxidante e potencial anti-hiperglicêmico e anti-hipertensivo in vitro. Dependendo do tipo de cultivar, o feijão é uma fonte promissora de taninos condensados, antocianinas, e flavonóis; enquanto que o lupino andino destacou-se pela presença de isoflavonas. Após o tratamento térmico, o feijão e lupino andino inibiram significativamente a enzima conversora da angiotensina I, relevante na prevenção da hipertensão, enquanto o milho roxo andino inibiu a α-glicosidase, relevante na prevenção da hiperglicemia. Uma combinação apropriada de grãos tradicionais como parte da dieta poderia contribuir na modulação dos níveis de glicose e na prevenção das complicações relacionadas ao desequilíbrio óxido-redução. / Incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes type 2 and related cardiovascular complications has increased significantly due mainly to current changes in traditional food dietary habits. The objective of this study was to characterize several bean and lupin cultivars along with grains from the Andean region in relation to their phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and anti-diabetes and anti-hypertension potential using in vitro assays. Depending on the cultivar, beans are interesting sources of condensed tannins, anthocyanins and flavonols, whereas major phenolic compounds in Andean lupins were isoflavones. Following thermal treatment, selected beans and Andean lupins inhibited significantly the hypertension relevant angiotensin I-converting enzyme and among Andean grains, the purple corn inhibited the hyperglycemia relevant α-glucosidase. A good combination of traditional grains as a part of the overall diet can contribute to effective dietary strategies for managing Type 2 diabetes and associated complications linked to unbalanced cellular redox status.

This thesis was focused on the possibility of secondary utilization of waste material from the wine industry to remove heavy metals from wastewater. In the theoretical part, there were discussed mainly the problems of heavy metals pollution including methods of their removal and ICP-OES detection. Furthermore, the waste material from the wine production and the possibilities of its further processing were discussed there. The primary objective of the experimental part was to characterize the material by IR analysis, optimization of adsorption conditions, isotherms construction and determination of maximum adsorption capacities of white, red and chemically modified marc for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. From the parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency, the adsorbent load was optimized (m/V ratio = 0,02); pH values found were 5 for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and 3 for Cr and the contact time to reach the equilibrium was 15 minutes for Cd, Ni, Pb and 30 minutes for Cr and Cu. Maximum adsorption capacity for heavy metals were calculated from adsorption isotherms by applying the Langmuir model and found to be 18,829 7 mg/g for Cd; 10,664 7 mg/g for Ni; 35,602 0 mg/g for Pb (modified marc with 1M NaOH); 4,678 4 mg/g for Cu and 9,629 0 mg/g for Cr. The results of the work confirm the good adsorption potential of heavy metals on marc and the positive effect of chemical modification of natural biosorbents to improve their adsorption capacity.

The diploma thesis deals with the preparation of extract and concentrate of anthocyanin dyes from aronia moldings (Aronia melanocarpa). It also determines chemical properties important for human´s health, which are important also for further possible use of extract/concentrate as natural red food coloring. A series of extractions of dried and powdered aronia moldings was carried out in the experimental part of the thesis, aiming for the optimization the conditions of the extraction. Extracts were characterized by content of total anthocyans, content of total fenolic substances and total antioxidant activity. The best laboratory conditions for extraction were determined as follows: amount of moldings 12,5 g, composition of extraction agent ethanol:water 1:1, volume of extraction mixture 60 ml and time of the extraction 11 hours. Prepared extracts were concentrated on vacuum evaporator. It has been found that the temperature of the water bath in the vacuum evaporator can not exceed 40 °C. At higher temperatures there is significant degradation of anthocyanins. Furthemore, the content of individual anthocyanic dyes in extract and concentrate, from aronia moldings, was quantified by HPLC. The major anthocyanin, cyanidine-3-galactoside, was contained in the concentrate at 923,6 ± 8,5 mg·l-1, the other specified anthocyanin, minor cyanidine-3-glucoside, was present at a concentration of 53,5 ± 0,3 mg·l-1.