The interaction of tick species and the microclimate that they inhabit is a subject that is frequently studied. The known biology of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae), was used to conduct analyses to determine which meteorological factors regulate Gulf Coast tick survivorship in an area of Texas that is known for reduced occurrence of this tick species. Gulf Coast tick collection records, that indicated the collection of a single tick or multiple ticks from one animal or multiple animals at livestock markets, were obtained from the Texas Animal Health Commission. These records were used as an indicator of adult Gulf Coast tick abundance during each year in the 90 county study area and were used as the dependent variable in linear, quadratic, and cubic regression analyses. Independent variables used in these analyses were precipitation and differing drought thresholds during the peak activity time of the four life stages of the Gulf Coast tick and during combined life stage peak activity times. Linear, quadratic, and cubic regression analyses to measure the effect of precipitation during differing peak activity times of the Gulf Coast tick on adult Gulf Coast tick collection records were not statistically significant. These three regression analyses were also used to measure the effect of increasing drought thresholds, measured using a Keetch-Byram Drought Index, on adult Gulf Coast tick collection records. A determination was made that increasing drought thresholds during the peak activity time of differing Gulf Coast tick life stages reduce the number of Gulf Coast tick collection records the following year.

The Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) is a federally threatened species that occupies isolated pockets of open-canopy fens. This long-lived species is susceptible to habitat loss and degradation; thus, the conservation of known populations and management of their habitat is critical to the species’ survival. Long-term (multi-decadal) assessment is important for determining population trends and responses to ongoing habitat management. I assessed population demographics (abundance, survival) and spatial distribution (home range) of two Bog Turtle populations in Massachusetts that have been managed since the late 1990s by treating invasive species, thinning woody vegetation, and mitigating flooding. The results of this study were compared to two previous studies conducted in 1994–1997 and 2005–2009 to evaluate the response to habitat management. Estimates of adult population abundance increased from the first study period (Site 1 X̅= 37.3 ± 10.4, Site 2 X̅= 36.2 ± 3.2) to the last study period (Site 1 X̅= 65.1 ± 17.9, Site 2 X̅= 42.5 ± 10.9) across both sites. Estimates of annual survival across all study periods remained above 90% at Site 1 and were 100% for two years at Site 2. I constructed 95% minimum convex polygon (MCP) and 95% kernel density estimation (KDE) home ranges for 71 turtles. At Site 1 there was no significant influence of the study period on home range estimates. The increase in abundance estimates, high survival, and stable home range sizes at Site 1 suggest that ongoing management has maintained quality habitat. At Site 2, the average home range size decreased by approximately half after the first study period in response to flooding but increased in the current study. Fluctuations in population abundance, and home range size at Site 2 throughout the study period reflect the cycles of habitat degradation and habitat management. My results indicate that habitat management efforts implemented since the late 1990s have provided quality habitat for the two Bog Turtle populations in Massachusetts while also mitigating long-term negative impacts on the populations. This further supports the need for long-term analysis of Bog Turtle populations, especially at sites where active habitat management is occurring.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-23T15:46:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaMarchetto.pdf: 6103936 bytes, checksum: 36dc3b26c7388f19f25645a5d91132af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-23T15:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaMarchetto.pdf: 6103936 bytes, checksum: 36dc3b26c7388f19f25645a5d91132af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Estimativas de abundância populacional são consideradas importantes parâmetros ecológicos. Estudos envolvendo estes parâmetros são escassos e concentrados em regiões específicas da distribuição do boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis). O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a estimativa da abundância populacional desta espécie em um setor do Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá (PR) (25º22’S – 25º27’S; 48º12’W – 48º40’W). Foram realizadas saídas a campo para aplicação da técnica de fotoidentificação no período compreendido entre o inverno de 2006 e o inverno de 2008. Uma área total de 110 km² foi dividida em três subáreas menores para que cada parte selecionada fosse amostrada em um dia. Para as saídas a campo utilizou-se uma embarcação de alumínio realizando um deslocamento em zig-zag pelo estuário a fim de aumentar a chance de encontro com os grupos de botos. A fotoidentificação foi realizada com uma câmera digital reflex 35 mm, acoplada a lentes zoom de 400 mm. As fotos tomadas foram classificadas em categorias de acordo com o foco, contraste e tamanho da nadadeira dorsal em relação à distância do fotógrafo. Para a estimativa de abundância da população utilizaram-se modelos de captura-recaptura para populações fechadas. Durante o período de estudo foram realizadas 39 saídas a campo com 227 grupos de botos que variaram de dois a 100 indivíduos (média ± DP: 12,7 ± 16,6 indivíduos). Um total de 40.340 fotografias foi tomado, sendo 13.522 (33,5%) consideradas de qualidade suficiente para serem analisadas. Dentre as fotografias de excelente qualidade, 3.114 ou 23,03% foram de indivíduos que possuíam marcas conspícuas nas nadadeiras dorsais e que permitiram uma identificação individual, totalizando 109 indivíduos diferentes identificados ao longo das temporadas de estudo. A estimativa do tamanho da população variou de 200 a 441 indivíduos dependendo do modelo utilizado. Esta pode ser considerada uma estimativa mínima, visto que somente uma parte do Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá foi amostrada neste estudo. Em vista disso, recomenda-se amostrar toda a extensão do CEP para obter a estimativa total da população local. Do mesmo modo, este dado é importante para compor o banco de informações da Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guaraqueçaba, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação do boto-cinza e de outros recursos biológicos locais. / Population abundance estimates can be considered one of the most important ecological parameters. Studies on Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) estimates are scarce and concentrated in specific areas of its distribution. The objective of the present study was to estimate the population size of this species in a sector of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) (25º22’S – 25º27’S; 48º12’W – 48º40’W), state of Paraná, Brazil. Surveys were conducted to apply the technique of photo-identification from winter 2006 to winter 2008. An area of 110 km² was divided into three smaller subareas to allow each selected portion of the estuary to be surveyed in a day. Boat-based surveys followed a random zig-zag pattern in the estuary in order to maximize the chance of encountering groups of dolphins. The photoidentification was performed using a 35 mm reflex digital camera with a 400 mm zoom lens. Photographs were classified into categories according to the focus, contrast and size of the dorsal fin in relation to distance from the photographer. Capture-recapture models for closed populations were used. A total of 39 surveys was conducted and 227 groups of dolphins were recorded, ranging from two to 100 individuals (mean ± SD: 12.7 ± 16.6 individuals). A total of 40.340 photographs was taken, from which 13.522 (33.5%) were considered useful for identification purposes. A total of 3.114 (23.03%) photographs allowed individual identification, resulting in 109 individuals identified through different seasons. The estimates gathered ranged from 200 to 441 individuals depending on the selected model. This is a minimum estimate, since only a part of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex was sampled. It is recommended to survey the whole estuarine area where dolphins can be found in order to reach an accurate estimate of the total population size. This study adds another information to the database of the Environmental Protection Area of Guaraqueçaba, contributing to the development of conservation strategies of estuarine dolphins and other local biological resources.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 9 / Nenhuma / No presente trabalho foi estimado o tamanho populacional, a estrutura da população, a biomassa e a razão sexual (devido ao dimorfismo sexual dos indivíduos) da população de Trachemys dorbigni do lago urbano, “Lago dos Pedalinhos”, no Parque Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Entre Maio e Dezembro de 2009 no mencionado lago, 113 espécimes de T. dorbigni foram capturados, pesados, sexados e marcados com um número de identificação. Além disso, foram realizadas nove medidas corporais nos espécimes capturados. Após o término dos procedimentos todos os espécimes foram liberados no mesmo local onde foram coletados. A partir dos resultados observados no presente estudo sugere-se a implementação de programas de conscientização voltados para os frequentadores do parque, a fim de promover o conhecimento das espécies que habitam o lago e evitar os maus tratos e o abandono dos espécimes. / This study presents data about abundance and population structure as well sexual dimorphism to the population of Trachemys dorbigni from “Lago dos Pedalinhos”, an urban lake from the city of Porto Alegre – Brazil. The captures and data collection were conduced weekly, between May and December 2009. All the captured specimens were weighed, sexed (whenever was possible) and marked with a number of identification. In order to evaluate the differences in size between sexes nine body measurements were taken from adult males and females. After completed the procedure, all individuals captured were released in the same place that they were caught. The sex ratio was calculated by the division between the total number of males and females.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-17T19:15:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 caracterizacao_demografica.pdf: 744506 bytes, checksum: 42673cbee87c239733082fd6c361167a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-17T19:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 caracterizacao_demografica.pdf: 744506 bytes, checksum: 42673cbee87c239733082fd6c361167a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Nenhuma / No presente estudo são apresentados os primeiros parâmetros populacionais para a população de Phrynops hilarii do Lago dos Pedalinhos no Parque Farroupilha (30º02'13"S; 51º13'03"W), Porto Alegre, Brasil. Esta população foi analisada quanto a sua estrutura, abundância, razão sexual e existência de dimorfismo sexual em tamanho. As capturas dos espécimes foram realizadas semanalmente entre 8:30h e 15:00h, em dois dias consecutivos, entre maio e dezembro de 2009. Todos os indivíduos capturados foram pesados, sexados (sempre que possível) e marcados com um número individual de identificação. Em adição, em cada espécime capturado foram realizadas nove medidas lineares externas. Após o fim do procedimento, todos os indivíduos capturados foram liberados no mesmo local onde foram coletados. A abundância da população foi estimada através do método para populações abertas de Jolly-Seber e a razão sexual foi obtida através da divisão do número total de machos pelo total de fêmeas. A existência de dimorfismo sexual nas medidas externas foi testada pelo teste-t, apenas para os indivíduos sabidamente adultos e de sexo conhecido. Como resultados foram capturados 53 espécimes de P. hilarii durante o período de estudo, dos quais 16 eram machos, 25 eram fêmeas e 12 indivíduos tiveram o sexo não determinado. Além disso, 77% eram adultos e 22% subadultos. A abundância populacional de P. hilarii no Lago dos Pedalinhos foi estimada em 282,67 indivíduos e a razão sexual foi significativamente diferente de 1:1 e inclinada a favor das fêmeas, com a existência de um macho para cada 1,56 fêmeas. O resultado do teste-t indicou a existência de um acentuado dimorfismo sexual no tamanho, sendo as fêmeas, de uma maneira geral, maiores que os machos, à exceção das medidas da distância máxima da base da cauda ao orifício cloacal e da distância máxima da base à ponta da cauda. Nos quelônios o dimorfismo sexual no tamanho é comum e isto poderia ser um dos fatores que influenciam na maturação e no crescimento diferencial entre os sexos de uma mesma espécie. Acredita-se que a população de P. hilarii do Lago dos Pedalinhos é resultante, principalmente, de indivíduos descartados pela comunidade local, após terem sido mantidos em cativeiro (como animais de estimação) por algum período. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que apesar das populações de quelônios de parques urbanos estarem vivendo em áreas altamente antropizadas, elas ainda seriam capazes de manter parâmetros populacionais semelhantes aos das populações naturais de vida livre, sugerindo que estes animais seriam extremamente resistentes às pressões antrópicas. A maior causa de mortalidade dos quelônios em parques urbanos é em decorrência de maus-tratos, atropelamentos, predação e ataque de animais domésticos, bem como por poluição e competição com espécies afins que ocupam o mesmo ambiente (Trachemys dorbigni e T. scripta elegans). Por fim, as populações de P. hilarii de parques urbanos também poderiam servir de modelo na compreensão dos reais efeitos da atividade humana sob quelônios de vida livre em outras áreas impactadas. / In this study is presented the first population parameters to the population of Phrynops hilarii from “Lago dos Pedalinhos” (30º02'13"S; 51º13'03"W), an urban lake from the city of Porto Alegre – Brazil. The population structure, size, abundance, and sex ratio as well sexual dimorphism in size were analyzed. The captures and data collection were conduced weekly, between May and December 2009. All the captured specimens were weighed, sexed (whenever possible) and marked with a number of identification. In order to evaluate the differences in size between sexes nine body measurements were taken from adult males and females. After completed the procedure, all individuals captured were released in the same place that they were caught. The population abundance was estimated by Jolly-Seber method for open populations and the sex ratio was calculated by the division between the total number of males and females. The sexual dimorphism in body measurements were tested between sexes using t-test, just for adult individuals with known sex. As a result, 53 specimens of P. hilarii were captured, which 77% were adults and 22% subadults. From this total, 16 were males, 25 females and 12 were of unknown sex. The population abundance of P. hilarii in the study area was estimated in 282.67 specimens. The sex ratio was statistically different from the expected ratio 1:1 and was biased in favor of females (1 male to 1.56 females). The t-test results revealed pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size, with females being larger than males, with the exception of the tail’s measurements (CCD1 and CCD2). In chelonians the sexual dimorphism in size is common and it may be one of the factors that influence the maturation and differential growth between the sexes. It is believed that studied population is formed, mainly, by animals released by the local co mmunity, after being kept in captivity, like pets. The observed results suggest that the ch elonian populations that live in urban parks are able to keep the regular population parameters similar to the wild populations of the species, even living in highly impacted areas. In addition, it indicates that this population is extremely resistant to anthropogenic pressure. The mortality of chelonians in urban parks generally is due to direct human actions, such as maltreatment, running over, predation and by the attack of domestic animals, as well pollution and competition with related species that live in the same area (Trachemys dorbigni and T. scripta elegans). Finally, the study of chelonians from urban parks could be used as a model for under standing the real effects of the human activity on the wild populations of freshwater turtles

The south coast of South Africa represents the extreme western end of the range of the Indo-Pacific humpback (Sousa chinensis, plumbea type) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), which are both confirmed to range as far west as False Bay (Jefferson & Karczmarski, 2001; Hammond et al., 2008). Individual ranging behaviour for both species however is not well resolved. Recent genetic analyses suggest that animals currently considered as plumbea type Sousa chinensis (Reeves et al., 2008) may be a separate species, Sousa plumbea (Mendez et al., 2013). In South African waters less than 1000 adult humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis, plumbea type hereafter “humpback dolphin”) may comprise the entire population (Karczmarski, 1996), while all estimates suggest the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus, hereafter “bottlenose dolphins”) population is relatively large, numbering thousands of animals (Cockcroft et al., 1992; Reisinger & Karczmarski, 2010). Both dolphin species are exposed to variable levels of anthropogenic impacts throughout their range including vessel traffic, chemical pollution and habitat degradation associated with coastal development. This thesis describes the results of a study investigating: 1) the environmental and anthropogenic factors which influence the habitat use of humpback and bottlenose dolphins in two adjacent bays on the southern Cape coast, South Africa – Mossel Bay and Vlees Bay; 2) the abundance of humpback dolphins using Mossel Bay and 3) the interaction of these two dolphin species with white sharks, and the influence this has on dolphin group sizes and habitat use in Mossel Bay. Both land-based and boat-based survey platforms were used in this study with land-based data collected during dedicated watch periods at sites in Mossel Bay (n = 6) and Vlees Bay (n = 4) between February 2011 and March 2013, with a focus on humpback and bottlenose dolphins. A surveyor’s theodolite was used at these sites to collect positional data on animals, while behavioural data were collected through direct observation. Boat-based photographic identification surveys were used to collect data on the presence of individual humpback dolphins in Mossel Bay between April 2011 and November 2013. White shark data from Mossel Bay between February 2011 and March 2013 were provided from boat-based chumming surveys for the collection of photo-ID data from the Master’s thesis of Rabi’a Ryklief, based at Oceans Research. Data were analysed using ANOVA’s, Tukey honest significance tests and generalised additive modelling (Wood, 2006) in programme R, while capture histories of humpback dolphins were analysed with RMark (Laake, 2013) using POPAN open population models (Schwarz & Arnason, 1996) and Huggins heterogeneity closed capture models (Huggins, 1989; Chao et al., 1992). Humpback dolphins socialised over sandy beach habitats in both bays, while feeding/foraging occurred over reef systems in Mossel Bay and off fine grained sandy beach habitats in Vlees Bay. Humpback dolphin resting behaviour was observed at a very low frequency and occurred in all of the primary habitat types in Mossel Bay, while in Vlees Bay resting was only observed over reefs. Bottlenose dolphins in both bays preferentially used wave cut rocky platform habitats for feeding/foraging and resting while socialising occurred in the vicinity of estuaries in Mossel Bay and fine grained sandy beach habitats in Vlees Bay. Higher sighting rates were recorded in the control site, Vlees Bay, than in Mossel Bay for both dolphin species. The largest reverse osmosis desalination plant commenced operations in the sheltered corner of Mossel Bay in October 2011 and discharged approximately five million litres (Ml) of effluent per day (between October 2011 and February 2012) and 18 Ml per day in March and April 2012. In Mossel Bay higher sighting rates of humpback dolphins occurred in the period before desalination began while bottlenose dolphin sighting rates were highest after active desalination decreased to once per month (May, 2012). During the period of peak brine discharge in Mossel Bay, sighting rates were highest for both species in Vlees Bay. Even after desalination operations decreased the sighting rate of humpback dolphins remained low. The operation of the desalination plant at full capacity in Mossel Bay may have led to reduced use of this area by both humpback and bottlenose dolphins. Key habitats in Mossel Bay for both dolphin species are shared with great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias hereafter “white sharks”) and focus around the three estuaries and their associated near-shore reef systems. The presence of predatory white sharks may limit the time dolphins spend in a specific habitat and influence the number of animals within groups, with larger humpback dolphin groups at sites with high shark utilisation. Both dolphin species had lower individual sighting rates during periods when white shark abundance peaked. Large group sizes of humpback dolphins at Seal Island, and of bottlenose dolphins at Hartenbos and Tergniet, combined with increased rates of travelling and decreased resting and socializing suggest that these areas may pose the largest threat to dolphins due to the variety of shark size classes’ present, especially larger sharks. Closed capture models generated within year population estimates ranging from 48 to 97 individual humpback dolphins (2011: 97, 95% CI: 46 – 205; 2012: 48, 28 – 81; 2013: 68, 35 – 131) while open population modelling produced a ‘super-population’ estimate of 116 animals (95% CI: 54 – 247) using Mossel Bay. During the study 67 humpback dolphins were individually identified with 94.3 % of the individuals in good quality photographs distinctively marked. Fewer humpback dolphins may be present on the south-east and southern Cape coast, including between Algoa Bay and Mossel Bay, than initially thought (Karczmarski, 1996), as definite links exist between Algoa Bay and Plettenberg Bay (Smith-Goodwin, 1997), and Plettenberg Bay and Mossel Bay (this study). The Gouritz River mouth (21º 53' E; Ross, 1984) and De Hoop (20º 30' E; Findlay et al., 1992) were previous suggested as the western limit of this species, but within the last 20 years knowledge on the extent of their range has been greatly improved, and range extension of this species may be occurring to the west with animals present as far west as False Bay (18º 48' E; Jefferson & Karczmarski, 2001). Due to the vulnerability of this species and their wide ranging behaviour, conservation plans need to be implemented on a wide scale to ensure protection of these animals from human impacts throughout their range. A concerted effort is required to further establish the population links between the various locations on the southern Cape coast that these animals frequent. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Zoology and Entomology / MSc / Unrestricted