Le carbure de silicium est un des materiaux envisages pour des applications nucleaires tels que les reacteurs a fission de 4eme generation et les reacteurs a fusion. Dans ce cadre, le SiC serait soumis a des conditions extremes de temperatures et d’irradiation ainsi qu’a la presence de gaz issus des produits de fission ou d’activation qui necessitent de comprendre comment les proprietes physiques du SiC pourraient evoluer. Dans le present travail nous nous sommes attaches a etudier les phenomenes se deroulant a l’echelle atomique qui modifient la microstructure et peuvent degrader les proprietes macroscopiques. La premiere partie de cette these est consacree a la caracterisation de l’endommagement et notamment des defauts lacunaires crees dans le SiC par irradiation avec des ions lourds a differentes energies et differentes fluences au moyen de la spectroscopie d’annihilation de positons (PAS) complete par la spectrometrie Raman. Les resultats de cette etude mettent en evidence que l’importante perte d’energie electronique associee aux irradiations avec des ions lourds modifie la nature et la distribution des defauts en-dessous de 0.2 dpa. Au-dela, l’impact n’est pas visible. Pour un endommagement a fort dpa en regime de collisions elastiques, l’amorphisation peut etre atteinte. Elle se caracterise par la formation de volumes libres equivalents a l’hexalacune. La deuxieme partie est consacree a l’etude de l’interaction de l’helium avec les defauts lacunaires dans des echantillons de SiC implantes He 50 keV a deux fluences. La distribution des defauts lacunaires etudiee par PAS evolue avec la temperature et deux stades d’evolution majeurs ont ete mis en evidence, celui a plus haute temperature depend de la fluence. Des mesures de thermodesorption ont montre que le second stade coincidait avec la desorption de l’helium. Enfin, des mesures de RBS et NRA en mode canalisee ont permis de localiser l’helium dans la maille cristalline et d’observer qu’une fraction migrait en quittant des sites interstitiels tetraedriques a une temperature correspondante au premier stade. / Silicon carbide is one of the envisaged materials for nuclear applications such as GEN IV fission reactor and fusion reactor. In this framework, SiC will be exposed to extreme temperature and radiation conditions and gas presence coming from activation and fission products. It is needed to better understand how the SiC physical properties will evolve under these conditions. In this work, we have specially focused our studies on the phenomena occurring at atomic scale and which modify the microstructure leading to the degradation of the macroscopic properties. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the damage characterization and especially to the vacancy-type defects created in SiC by heavy ion irradiation at various energies and fluences by using positron annihilation spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results highlight that the important electronic loss energy associated to high energy heavy ion irradiations modify the defect nature and distribution below 0.2 dpa. Beyond this value, the impact is not visible. For a damage induced at high dpa in the elastic collision regime, the SiC is amorphised and this structure is characterized by the formation of free volume similar to the hexa-vacancy. The second part is focused on the study of helium interaction with vacancy-type defects in SiC samples implanted with 50 keV-He ions at two fluences. First, the defect distribution evolution as a function of the temperature has been studied by PAS and has evidenced two evolution stages depending on the fluence. Then, thermodesorption measurements have shown that the second stage coincide with the helium desorption. Finally, RBS and NRA measurements in channeling mode have allowed us to localize helium atom in crystal structure and to observe that a part of helium migrates from tetrahedral interstitial sites at a temperature corresponding to the first stage one.

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This thesis describes the application of the radioisotope 11C to the synthesis of two analogues of the neurohormone melatonin. The labelled compounds were intended to be used as tracers for the medical imaging technology Positron Emission Tomography (PET). [ 11C]Carbon dioxide, produced in a small on-site cyclotron by the nuclear reaction 14N(p,a)11C, was converted into [11C]CH3COC1 by reaction first with CH3MgBr, followed by reaction with phthaloyl dichloride. The labelled acid chloride was distilled into a solution of an amine, yielding the corresponding 11C-labelled amide, which was purified by a simple solid-phase extraction method. An apparatus was designed and built that allowed the remote synthesis with several hundred millicuries of [11C]C02• The apparatus was mounted in a hot cell and operated remotely with a Macintosh Powerbook programmed in Hypercard. The apparatus and software are generic for these acylation reactions. The individual reaction steps were optimized in terms of reaction time, solvents and equipment; radiosyntheses of a number of purified labelled acetamides were completed in 35 minutes. The radiochemical yields ranged from 15 to 20% with specific activities in the 500 mCi/J..tmol range at the end of the synthesis. 2-Iodo-[11C-acetyl]melatonin (11) and 7-methoxynaphthylenyl-1-ethyl-N-[11Cacetyl] acetamide (15) were synthesized for the first time for PET studies. It was shown that both compounds readily cross the blood-brain-barrier and penetrate into all brain tissues. Specific binding to the melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus could not be visualized with either one of the 11C-labelled ligands because of low specific activity and high nonspecific binding. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Yes / Vascular calcification is a complex biological process that is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. While macrocalcification confers plaque stability, microcalcification is a key feature of highrisk atheroma and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Positron emission tomography and X-ray computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of atherosclerosis using 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) has the potential to identify pathologically high-risk nascent microcalcification. However, the precise molecular mechanism of 18F-NaF vascular uptake is still unknown. Here we use electron microscopy, autoradiography, histology and preclinical and clinical PET/CT to analyse 18F-NaF binding. We show that 18F-NaF adsorbs to calcified deposits within plaque with high affinity and is selective and specific. 18F-NaF PET/CT imaging can distinguish between areas of macro- and microcalcification. This is the only currently available clinical imaging platform that can non-invasively detect microcalcification in active unstable atherosclerosis. The use of 18F-NaF may foster new approaches to developing treatments for vascular calcification.

PEPT (positron emission particle tracking) is a technique for tracking a small radioactive tracer in Lagrangian co-ordinates. The technique was used to study the flow patterns of non-Newtonian CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) solutions inside a vessel agitated by an axial flow impeller. The 'non-intrusive' PEPT technique uses two position-sensitive detectors to track a radioactive particle in space and time. The particle is labelled with a positron emitting isotope. Once emitted from the nucleus a positron annihilates with an electron releasing energy in the form of two 511 keV back-to-back gamma-rays travelling in opposite directions, 180 degrees apart. The tracer particle is introduced into the stirred vessel which is mounted between the two detectors of the positron camera. Three axial flow impellers produced by Lightnin Mixers Ltd were used to carry out the experiments. Results showed that the discharge from the three impellers was radial when agitating non-Newtonian viscous solutions of CMC. Trajectory analysis was used to compare the performance of the impellers using the agitation index and the efficiency of circulation. A limited number of experiments was carried out to compare the effect of baffles on the circulation of the fluids in a mixing tank. The results showed that mixing of these non-Newtonian liquids in an unbaffled tank is better than in a baffled tank when using axial flow impellers. Other experiments were carried out to suspend solid particles in viscous fluids. Results showed that the minimum speed required to suspend large particles is lower than that required to suspend small particles. There are many correlations and models in the literature to determine the minimum speed required to suspend all the particles in a fluid; some of these correlations and models were compared with experimental results from this work. The correlation of Zweitering (1958) agreed with experimental data after modification. The Geisler et al. (1993) model agreed with the data provided that the power consumption is correctly substituted. The last part of this work concerned the flow of non-Newtonian viscous materials through industrial equipment. Yoghurt was chosen as the test fluid as one of the companies sponsoring this project was Eden Vale, a yoghurt manufacturer. A method was proposed using rheological measurements to simulate the flow through the dispensing pipeline and distributing nozzles; this method allows the designer to predict the final properties of yoghurt after passing through the paching head. Measurements were also carried out to determine the final gel structure of yoghurt in the delivery pots. This data of this thesis is useful in designing stirred tanks when non-Newtonian fluid is present, either for agitation or when suspending solids. Also, a method was provided to design yoghurt manufacturing line.

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Surface-analysis and treatment apparatus have been variously designed, manufactured, developed, and commissioned or re-commissioned, for characterising the surfaces and efficiency of positron moderators based around 3 µm thick polycrystalline-tungsten foil. These include XPS and AES, based around a CLAM2 hemispherical analyser, electron-beam heating, ion bombardment, mass spectroscopy, UHV sample mounting, UHV manipulation, gas-handling lines, and entry-lock apparatus. The CLAM2 electron spectrometer is additionally adapted for operation as a bipolar charged-particle spectrometer. All control software, and much data-analysis software, is implemented in Labview. Apparatus and techniques for safely storing, handling, transferring into vacuum, and manipulating in vacuo, a nominally 1 mCi 22Na, UHV-compatible positron source, are designed, constructed, and implemented. The efficacy of cleaning and surface-analysis apparatus are demonstrated, with some limitations and instrument malfunction identified, and solutions implemented. Methods for passivating positron-trapping states in polycrystalline tungsten are proposed, based on the current understanding of positron moderation and trapping. Improved moderator geometries have been designed and an alternative, simpler, and easier to implement solid-gas moderator proposed.

In this conceptual report the idea to establish an European Positron Source for Applied Research ("EPOS") based on new LINAC facilities in Germany (ELBE/Rossendorf or TTF-DESY/Hamburg) is considered. The report contains not only the outline of obvious applications in atomic physics, materials science and surface physics, but also several new methodical developments which are only possible with an intense positron beam. This opportunity will also allow the use and further development of imaging techniques being of special interest for industrial applications.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.