in English Expression of Posteriority in Spanish through Indicative and Subjunctive The aim of this thesis is to study those paradigms in indicative and subjunctive which express the absolute and relative posteriority in Spanish. Our thesis is based on the literature related with the topic and also on the language corpora. We study the particular paradigms, their contexts and the possibilities of their mutual alternation. A considerable part of the thesis is dedicated to the absolute posteriority. We study the paradigms in indicative not only with respect to the time delimitation but also in term of the context and attitude of the speaker. As for the paradigms in subjunctive, we focus on the types of subordinate clauses. In the chapter dedicated to the relative posteriority, we demonstrate which paradigms correspond to the paradigms in absolute posteriority. We briefly compare the situation in Spanish with the one in Czech. Based on the results of our case studies and information from literature, we came to the conclusion that it is not possible to simply classify the particular uses of the paradigms and that is important to take several factors into consideration, not only the distance of action from the moment of speech.

This diploma thesis compares the Spanish verb system with the Czech one in terms of expressing temporal relations. We use the InterCorp parallel synchronic corpus to examine the Spanish tenses of presente, pretérito imperfecto, pretérito perfecto simple, futuro simple, condicional simple, pretérito perfecto compuesto, pretérito pluscuamperfecto, pretérito anterior, futuro compuesto a condicional compuesto in the indicative mode and also the infinitive verb forms of infinitivo simple, infinitivo compuesto, gerundio simple a gerundio compuesto. We look for the Czech equivalents to the complex temporal meanings of the Spanish verb.

The presented dissertation addresses the issue of expressing temporary relations (the present and the past) in the texts of the authors of the Baroque period. The excerpt includes 44 works of historic literary output. The topic is based on a semantic definition of temporal relationships in the Baroque language and interferes with the paratactic and hypotactic method of expression. Within the scope of paratactic connection of syntactic units, we analyze phrasal connections (the connection of main clauses and the connection of paratactic subclauses), text and phrasal connections, within the scope of hypotactic concentration mainly the relationship of the main and subordinate adverbial clauses of time. The classification according to various paratactic and subordinating conjunctions is led by the effort to obtain a comprehensive overview of the possible ways to express temporal relationships. The aim of the work is to contribute to an analytical examination of the syntactic language level of the Baroque period and to confirm the hypothesis of intact continuity of the language development between the humanistic, Baroque and National Revival periods.

Nous étudions dans notre thèse les marqueurs non-verbaux du temps et de l’aspect en arabe et en français. Nous distinguons cinq grandes notions (en nous appuyant notamment sur le cadre théorique de J.-P. Desclés) : le référentiel temporel, les différents aspects, la durée et l’itération, la localisation par rapport à un moment et la localisation par rapport à un procès. Dans chacun des cinq chapitres, nous étudions le rôle des marqueurs non-verbaux. Ainsi, le premier chapitre sera consacré aux référentiels temporels qui sont un élément nécessaire pour identifier la temporalité d’un procès. Ce dernier peut être un évènement, un processus ou un état. Il peut d’ailleurs être télique ou atélique, saisi avant ou après sa limite initiale ou sa limite finale (chapitre 2). Le procès peut durer pendant un certain temps avec une seule occurrence ou plusieurs. Il peut être localisé par rapport à un moment ou par rapport un autre procès. Nous avons enfin consacré trois chapitres à étudier le rôle des marqueurs non verbaux dans l’expression de ces différents cas. Notre problématique est d’évaluer le rôle des marqueurs non-verbaux dans l’expression du temps et de l’aspect et dans la levée d’ambiguïté de l’énoncé. Ce faisant, nous comparons les deux langues, l’arabe et le français, en ce qui concerne leur emploi de ces marqueurs dans l’expression du temps et de l’aspect. En nous appuyant sur un corpus de quatre ouvrages et de leurs traductions, nous avons établi un inventaire des marqueurs arabes et de leurs équivalents français et évalué leur rôle dans l’expression du temps et de l’aspect. / We study in our dissertation the non-verbal markers of the time and of the aspect in Arabic and French. We generally distinguish five broad notions (based on the whole on J.-P. Desclés’s theoretical frame): the temporal frames of references, the different aspects, the duration and the iteration, the location in relation to a time and the location in relation to a situation. In each of the five chapters, we study the role of non-verbal markers. The first chapter will be devoted to the temporal references, a necessary element to identify the temporality of a situation. It may be an event, a process or a state. It may also be telic or atelic, entered before or after its initial limit or its final limit (chapter 2). The situation may last for a certain time with a single occurrence or more. It can be located according to a moment or another situation. Finally, we have devoted three chapters to study the role of non-verbal markers in the expression of these different cases. The problem is to evaluate the role of non-verbal markers in the expression of the time and of the aspect, and in the lifting of ambiguity in the statement. In doing so, we compare the two languages, Arabic and French, with regards to their use of these markers in the expression of the time and of the aspect. Based on a corpus of four books and their translations, we have established an inventory of Arab markers and their French equivalents and evaluated their role in the expression of the time and of the aspect.

My work is a corpus-based investigation of the use and development of temporal subordinators and clauses in Early Modern British English (EModE).  The focus of the project is on the forms, structure, meanings, and history of these subordinators and clauses. My primary aim is to analyse stability and change in temporal subordinators and clauses across the EModE period; second comes the study of linguistic features, such as aspect, tense, mood and modality, ellipsis and non-finite forms, positions, coordination, and subordination of the temporal clauses. In addition, I examine the progress of these subordinators, and WHEN in particular, across text categories, text types, and the sub-periods. Regarding temporal subordinators, I account for the use of simple, complex, and correlative forms. I also address alternative expressions of temporal subordinators such as the repetition and replacement of temporal subordinators. The influence of negation on the choice of subordinators, and the modification patterns of subordinators are also treated. Primary meanings of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority as well as secondary meanings of temporal subordinators are studied. I uncover the evolution of temporal subordinators and trace their various forms, as far back as possible to the Old English and Middle English periods. I also make some comparisons with Present-day English. The investigation is based on the EModE section of the computerized Helsinki Corpus of English Texts and the manual literary Major Authors Corpus which I designed for the purposes of the study. Consequently, my study is carried out within corpus linguistics methodology. All in all, the primary material yielded 3,269 instances of 17 different prototypical temporal subordinators, called sub-types.