I den akutte postoperative fase er obstipation et forsømt problem. International forskning er sparsom, selvom det er vist, at obstipation kan forringe livskvaliteten for patienterne. Symptomerne er mavesmerter, oppustethed, kvalme, anstrengelse ved defækation, alment ubehag for patienterne. Obstipation øger risikoen for postoperative komplikationer, kan forlænge hospitalsindlæggelsen, øge de økonomiske udgifter samt antallet af plejetimer per patient.Formål: At beskrive proportionen af patienter der påvirkes af postoperativ obstipation under indlæggelsen og de første 30 dage postoperativt. At beskrive hvornår obstipation udvikles. At beskrive patientens gener ved postoperativ obstipation og om de påvirker patienternes dagligliv.Metode: En prospektiv forløbsundersøgelse blev valgt. Hvor patienter indlagt til thoraxkirurgi, indgår konsekutivt. Ved indlæggelse, udskrivelse og en måned efter operation blev defækationsmønster, afføringsform og konsistens vurderet ved hjælp af Bristol Stool Scale og et selvudviklet interviewskema. Data er indsamlet af forfatteren som led i MPH - uddannelsen.Resultater: 139 patienter med en gennemsnitsalder på 60 år (+/-14) deltog. 69 % var mænd. 18 % var obstiperede ved indlæggelsen. Efter operationen var 67,2 % obstiperede, og 31,5 % angav, tendens til obstipation en måned postoperativt. Normalt defækationsmønster blev reetableret 11 dage postoperativt med en spredning fra 2 – 30 dage. 22,5 % angav, ifølge Bristol Stool Skalaen at deres fæces ikke havde normaliseret sig en måned efter operationen. Ingen signifikant forskel i angivelse af postoperativ obstipation mellem mænd og kvinder. Patienterne rapporterede mange symptomer på grund af obstipation.Konklusion: Resultaterne af dette studie viser, at postoperativ obstipation påvirker op mod 70 % af patienterne og komplicerer den postoperative fase for patienterne. Resultaterne viser at obstipation påføres patienten under indlæggelsen og at de også har problemer efter udskrivelsen. Litteraturens beskrivelse af, at kvinder har to gange højere risiko for obstipation end mænd, er i kontrast til dette studies resultater. Mere forskning må afgøre om litteraturens resultater kan overføres til patienter, der gennemgår kirurgi. Resultaterne viser at der er behov for systematiske sygeplejeinterventioner i den første postoperative fase og efter udskrivelsen. / In the acute postoperative phase constipation is a neglected problem. International research is sparse, eventhough constipation is shown to reduce quality of life for patients. Symptoms are abdominal pain, bloating,nausea, straining to defecate and a general discomfort for the patients. Constipation increases the risk forpostoperative complications, can prolong hospital stay, increase financial cost, and staff nursing care time.Purposes: To describe the proportion of patients experiencing postoperative constipation during hospital stayand first 30 days after surgery. To describe when constipation develops. To describe the inconvenience patientsfeel with postoperative constipation and if it effects patients daily life.Method: A prospective follow up survey was chosen. Were patients consecutive admitted for cardiothoracicsurgery was included. At admission, discharge and 30 days after surgery defecation pattern, stool form andconsistency were assessed using Bristol Stool scale and a self-developed questionnaire. The data was collectedby the writer as a MPH-education.Results: 139 patients mean age 60(+/-14) participated. 69 % were men. 18 % reported to be constipated whenadmitted. The first period after surgery 67,2 % reported they were constipated and 31,5 % reported tendency toconstipation one month after surgery. Normal pattern of defecation was established at 11 days postoperative(range 2–30 days) and 22,5 % indicated that there stools, had not normalized 30 days after surgery according toBristol Stool Scale. No significant difference in report of postoperative constipation between men and women.The patients reported a number of complaints due to constipation.Conclusion: This survey shows that postoperative constipation affected up to 70% of the patients andcomplicates the postoperative phase for the patients. Results show that constipation is induced the patients atadmission and that they also have problems after discharge. The literatures description of women having 2times higher risk of constipation than men, are in contrast with this survey’s results. More resurge must decideif literatures results can be applied to patients who undergo surgery. Therefore there is a need for systematicnursing intervention in the acute postoperative phase after cardiothoracic surgery and after discharge. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-44-3</p>

This thesis describes applications of mathematical modelling to systems of demand analgesia for the relief of acute postoperative pain. It builds upon work described in the D.Phil. thesis of M.P. Reasbeck. Following major surgery, patients are given a hand-held button which they press when in need of pain relief. The relief is afforded by automatic intravenous infusion of opiates. New clinical demand analgesia hardware, PRODAC, has been developed and data have been collected with it in two major trials involving a total of 80 patients. Patients' drug requirements have been found not to be correlated with body weight, contrary to conventional teaching. The type of operation was also found to have no significant influence upon drug requirements. The performance of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) as a method of analgesia for acute postoperative pain has been studied and found to be poor. Reasbeck's mathematical model of patients in pain has been corrected and extended. The representation of pharmacokinetics has been enhanced by modelling the transfer of drug between blood plasma and analgesic receptor sites as a first-order process. The time constant of this process has been calculated for morphine using a novel method and found to be 12 minutes. On line estimation of 2nd order pharmacokinetic time constants has been found in simulation not to be feasible. New software has been used to tune the revised model to the clinical data collected with PRODAC. Model behaviour is now demonstrably life-like, which was not previously the case. Blood samples taken during demand analgesia have permitted a comparison between measured and estimated drug concentrations, with good results.

Bibliographische Beschreibung: Sontowski, Thomas Analyse der intra- und postoperativen Schmerztherapie bei Kindern mit leichten bis mittelstarken postoperativen Schmerzen an der Universität Leipzig im Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2007 Universität Leipzig, Dissertation 106 Seiten, 120 Literaturangaben, 10 Abb., 41 Tab., 9 Anlagen Kurzreferat: In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte die Analyse der intra- und postoperativen Schmerztherapie sowie die nachfolgende Schmerzsituation im Aufwachraum des Fachbereichs Kinderanästhesiologie der Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie an der Universität Leipzig bei Operationen mit leichten bis mittelstarken postoperativ zu erwartenden Schmerzen. Ziel war es, einen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung des internen Qualitätsmanagements in der Kinderschmerztherapie zu erarbeiten, da externe Studien zeigten, dass dies oftmals erhebliche Mängel aufweist, und nicht die Standard- und Qualitätskriterien erfüllt, wie sie bei Erwachsenen vorhanden sind. Insgesamt wurden 420 kinderchirurgische Patienten im Zeitraum von Juni 2005 bis Juli 2007 ausgewertet, wobei sich die Untersuchung in einen prospektiven und in einen retrospektiven Teil untergliederte. Es zeigte sich, dass intraoperativ ein Großteil der Kinder (89,3%) ein Opioid erhielt (am häufigsten Alfentanil) und ebenso ein hoher Anteil der Kinder intraoperativ ein Nichtopioid erhielt (am häufigsten Metamizol (94%)). Techniken der Regionalanästhesie fanden innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraumes selten Anwendung (2,9%). Die intraoperative Standardschmerztherapie, welche die Kombination eines Opioids mit einem Nichtopioid im Sinne einer multimodalen Analgesie vorsah, wurde in 66,4% der Fälle durchgeführt. Postoperativ erhielt ein Großteil der kinderchirurgischen Patienten (75,0%) eine medikamentöse Schmerztherapie. 71,0% der Kinder bekamen nach der Operation ein Opioid verabreicht. Der klinikeigene postoperative Schmerztherapiestandard, der eine zeitnahe gewichtsadaptierte intravenöse Gabe von Piritramid im Sinne einer präventiven Analgesie vorsah, wurde bei 66,9% der behandelten Kinder angewandt. Weiterhin wurden verschiedene Gruppenvergleiche vorgenommen (ambulant vs. stationär, leichte vs. mittelstark zu erwartende postoperative Schmerzen und pro- vs. retrospektiv). So bekamen stationär aufgenommene Kinder im Vergleich zu ambulanten Patienten intraoperativ signifikant häufiger Opioide und größere Mengen an Alfentanil appliziert. Im Aufwachraum erhielten die stationären Patienten signifikant häufiger eine Schmerztherapie, die Standardschmerztherapie sowie höhere Dosen an Piritramid. Bei Operationen mit mittelstarken zu erwartenden Schmerzen im Vergleich zu Eingriffen mit leichter Schmerzintensität erfolgte intraoperativ signifikant häufiger die Verabreichung von Opioiden und postoperativ eine signifikant häufigere Applikation der Standardschmerztherapie sowie höhere Dosen von Piritramid. Die prospektive Gruppe erhielt während der Operation signifikant häufiger die Standardschmerztherapie im Vergleich zur retrospektiven Patientengruppe. Analog erfolgte postoperativ signifikant häufiger die Applikation der Standardschmerztherapie sowie höhere Dosen an Piritramid. Erstmalig wurde im prospektiven Teil dieser Studie die Schmerzsituation im Aufwachraum mittels eines speziell entwickelten Schmerzerfassungsbogen untersucht. Die Schmerzerfassung erfolgte hierbei mithilfe der Kindlichen Unbehagen- und Schmerzskala (KUSS) nach Büttner, der Smiley-Analog-Skala sowie der Schulnotenskala, wobei die Beurteilung präoperativ, direkt bei Ankunft im Aufwachraum sowie nach ein und zwei Stunden postoperativ stattfand. Ein zentrales Untersuchungsergebnis dieser Studie zeigt, dass für durchschnittlich 84,8% der Kinder die Schmerzsituation während des Aufenthaltes im Aufwachraum ausreichend gut war. Ein Vergleich zwischen Patienten mit ausreichender und noch verbesserungswürdiger Schmerztherapie - vorgenommen innerhalb der prospektiven Studiengruppe - zeigte, dass die intraoperative Verabreichung von Opioid- und Nichtopioidanalgetika den Zufriedenheitsgrad in der Schmerzsituation tendentiell optimierte bzw. bei der Durchführung der intraoperativen Standardschmerztherapie das Schmerzoutcome signifikant verbesserte. Weiterhin war die Schmerzsituation bei Patienten im Aufwachraum, denen Piritramid nach postoperativem Schmerztherapiestandard verabreicht wurde, signifikant besser. Anhand dieser Arbeit wird die Bedeutung der Anwendung einer multimodalen Analgesie und präventiven Schmerztherapie sowie der hohe Stellenwert der Einführung bzw. Realisierung von Therapie- und Überwachungsstandards, Schmerzerfassung und -dokumentation für eine qualitativ ausreichende, gute intra- und postoperative Schmerztherapie bei Kindern deutlich.

In selected patients, surgical treatments such as cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have enabled curative treatment options for previously incurable diseases, such as peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). The introduction of resource demanding surgery could affect the work process, efficiency, and productivity within a surgical department and factors influencing patient postoperative recovery processes may have an impact on the efficiency of patient care after major surgery. The aim of this thesis was to investigate operating room efficiency from the perspective of both staff and leaders’ in two different settings (Papers I and II) and the early postoperative recovery of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (Papers III and IV). Interviews were held with 21 people in a county hospital and 11 members of the PC team in a university hospital, and a phenomenographic approach was used to analysis the data (Papers I and II). The patients’ postoperative recovery and pulmonary adverse events (AE) were determined from data retrieved from the electronic health records of 76 patients (Papers III and IV). The concept of efficiency was understood in different ways by staff members and their leaders (Paper I). However, when working in a team, the team members had both organisation-oriented and individual-oriented understanding of efficiency at work that focused on the patients and the quality of care (Paper II). The patients with PC regained gastrointestinal functions and could be mobilised during early postoperative recovery phase, although many patients suffered from psychological disturbances, sleep deprivation, and nausea (Paper III). Postoperative clinical and radiological pulmonary AE were common, but did not affect the early recovery process (Paper IV). In conclusion, leaders who are aware of the variation in understanding the concept of efficiency are better able to create the same platform for staff members by defining the concept of efficiency within the organisation. In a team organisation, the team members have a wider understanding of the concept of efficiency with more focus on the patients. The factors affecting postoperative recovery and pulmonary AE should be considered when designing individualised patient care plans in order to attain a more efficient recovery.

This thesis has set out to investigate the role of music therapy in the form of the specialist Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) with a view to exploring how meanings related to adjustment from a health crisis (such as cardiac surgery) are depicted in music-supported imagery. Factors shaping clinical interpretations of verbal and musical responses in music therapy practice are often unclear or undelineated. A systematic interpretive process relevant to clinical health care was developed using the Bonny Method of Guide Imagery and Music (GIM), providing a means for exploring the emotional difficulties of coronary bypass patients, who typically recover quickly from physical surgery but often experience residual symptoms such as depression, pain, and anxiety. The interpretive process accessed both verbal and non-verbal texts, playing them against each other in order to find significance for music therapy practice in rehabilitation. A Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) series was undertaken by patients recovering from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with each session audiotaped and transcribed. This narrative data was analyzed thematically, and grand themes were used to focus further intertextual (semiotic) and Jungian perspectives, in the process of deriving substantial clinical meanings. Results suggested that participants used a wide range of personal, cultural and archetypal texts to convey meanings about their health care situation, including images of the music during the therapeutic process. Clinical change in the rehabilitative process was suggested by grand themes comprising 'Looking through the frame', 'Feeling the impact', 'Spiralling into the unexpected', 'Sublime plateau', and 'Rehearsing new steps' and the further music-related grand theme of 'Sounding the changes'. This project highlights the value of GIM as a vehicle to track clinical change with cardiac patients, based on a systematic interpretive process sensitive to the interweaving verbal and nonverbal texts evident in the music therapy context.

Following vestibular schwannoma excision, a subset of cases has been reported in which hearing is present immediately after surgery, but is lost in the early postoperative period. Such cases have rarely been reported, and the postoperative audiological data collected from patients in these cases lacks the time resolution necessary to determine the pathophysiological mechanism responsible for the pattern of hearing loss. The present study aimed to more clearly define delayed hearing loss by collecting detailed data documenting changes in behavioural and electrophysiological auditory responses following vestibular schwannoma surgery. In particular, we aimed to use this data to determine the time course of changes in auditory function and to identify whether the site of impairment was cochlear or neural. Preoperative and daily postoperative monitoring of auditory function was performed in 19 patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma excision via the retrosigmoid approach at Christchurch Public Hospital. The pre- and postoperative assessment battery included pure-tone and speech audiometry, tympanometry, tone decay, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurement. Intraoperative ABR was performed in four cases in which clear preoperative waveforms were present. Transtympanic electrocochleography (ECochG) was carried out if wave I was lost in the early postoperative period. Thirteen of the 19 patients suffered immediate anacusis following surgery and six had measurable hearing postoperatively. The behavioural and electrophysiological data collected in each case is discussed with regard to the likely pathophysiology of pre- and postoperative hearing loss. No patients demonstrated behavioural evidence of delayed hearing loss, however a gradual deterioration of ABR in the early postoperative period was observed in Case 16. ECochG and DPOAEs in this case indicated the presence of cochlear function although the patient presented with immediate postoperative anacusis in the ipsilateral ear. These results are consistent with postoperative retrograde degeneration of the cochlear nerve.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--München.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2007--Giessen.

Tez (Tıpta Uzmanlık) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Anabilim Dalı, 2005. / Bibliyografya var.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.