Increasing energy costs and the need to conserve energy compounded with low mineral prices have prompted some Canadian mines especially potash producers, to examine their operations and identify potential saving methods. Re-using or recirculating a fraction of ventilating air may enable these mines to reduce winter heating costs. Gas and dust concentrations were monitored in the intake and exhaust airways to assess the potential for recirculating exhaust air. The results indicate that the mine pollutant concentrations in potash mines are low and stable. Trial recirculation experiments returning 20 - 47% exhaust air into the fresh air airway did not cause significant increases in mixed intake pollutant levels. Two types of recirculation systems - namely variable and fixed quantity - are developed. Detailed designs of recirculation systems for Central Canada Potash of Noranda Minerals Inc. and Rocanville Division, Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan are discussed and recommendations made for the selection and positioning of on-line monitoring, control and telemetry systems. A controlled recirculation system conceptual design for the H-W mine is given. The economic payback periods for systems proposed for Rocanville Division and CCP are 2 and 3 years respectively. Recirculation percentages of 30%, 64.4% and 23% are feasible for CCP, Rocanville Division and the H-W mine. The recirculation percentages for the proposed systems were determined using Air Quality Index criteria. Dust deposition studies conducted at CCP in return airways indicate that 65% of dust by weight is deposited within a distance of 550 metres from the face. In terms of dust and other contaminant conditions in the return airways, it can be concluded that there is potential for use of recirculation in the face area. Guidelines for recirculation systems in gassy and dusty mines are developed. The main features for these recirculation system design guidelines are safety, economic gain, and system performance. The author's attribution to ventilation is in the use of controlled recirculation to reduce winter heating costs and increase underground airflow, also the guidelines developed for recirculation in gassy and dusty mines. The overall conclusion is that controlled recirculation is a practical method of reducing winter heating cost and/or increasing mine airflows. The financial potential and technology to implement a working system exist. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of / Graduate

Det ständigt växande behovet av att minska CO2-utsläpp har lett till en ökad tonvikt på teknik för avskiljning av koldioxid från rökgas. MEA (monoetanolamin) anses vara riktmärket för lösningsmedel för att fånga in koldioxid på grund av dess höga absorptionshastighet. MEA är dock benäget att brytas ner, bilda giftiga biprodukter och dess regenerering har ett högt energibehov. Ett annat lösningsmedel med liknande teknisk mognad är vattenlösning med kaliumkarbonat (K2CO3) som används i den så kallade hot-potash carbonate (HPC)-processen. Emellertid är absorptionshastigheten i K2CO3-lösningen låg i jämförelse med MEA, vilket kräver tillsats av hastighetspromotorer för att öka absorptionshastigheten. Denna avhandling undersöker effekten av olika hastighetspromotorer på absorptionshastigheten av kaliumkarbonat. För detta utfördes absorptionsexperiment i laboratorieskala i en autoklavreaktor av rostfritt stål under kontrollerade förhållanden. Olika promotorer har undersökts, nämligen de organiska promotorerna glycin, piperazin och MEA, och de oorganiska promotorerna borsyra och vanadinpentoxid. Promotorkoncentrationen varierades mellan 3 vikt% till 7 vikt% samtidigt som koncentrationen av K2CO3 hölls konstant vid 25 vikt%. Driftförhållandena såsom det initiala partialtrycket av CO2 och temperaturen var respektiva 5 bar och 50 °C. De oorganiska promotorerna studerades enskilt såväl som i blandningar med K2CO3 för att studera effekten av varje promotor. De organiska promotorerna visade en signifikant förbättring av absorptionshastigheten jämfört med icke promoterad K2CO3. När det gäller de oorganiska promotorerna visade vanadinpentoxid jämförbara resultat med organiska promotorer med endast 3 vikt%. Ökad tillsatts av borsyra minskade absorptionshastigheten av lösningen promoterad av vanadin. Den experimentellt uppmätta absorptionshastigheten är anpassad till en enkel absorptionsmodell från vilken en skenbar absorptionshastighet för de främjade lösningsmedlen härleddes / The ever-growing need to reduce CO2 emissions has led to an increased emphasis on carbon capture technologies. MEA (monoethanolamine) is considered the benchmark solvent for CO2 capture due to its high rate of absorption. However, MEA is prone to degradation, forms toxic side products and its regeneration has a high energy demand. Another solvent with similar technological maturity is aqueous potassium carbonate (K2CO3) that is used in the so-called hot-potash carbonate (HPC) process. However, the rate of absorption in aqueous K2CO3 is low in comparison to MEA calling for the addition of rate promoters to enhance the absorption rate.  This thesis investigates the effect of different rate promoters on the absorption rate of potassium carbonate. For this, absorption experiments on the laboratory scale were conducted in a stainless-steel autoclave reactor under controlled conditions. Various promoters have been explored, namely the organic promoters glycine, piperazine, and MEA, and the inorganic promoters boric acid and vanadium pentoxide. The promoter concentration was varied between 3 wt% to 7 wt% while keeping the concentration of K2CO3 constant at 25 wt%. The operating conditions, such as the initial partial pressure of CO2 and the temperature were 5 bar and 50°C, respectively. The inorganic promoters were studied alone as well as in blends with K2CO3 to understand the effect of each promoter. The organic promoters demonstrated a significant enhancement of the absorption rate compared to unpromoted K2CO3. Regarding the inorganic promoters, vanadium pentoxide showed comparable results to organic promoters with only 3 wt%. When looking at the results of vanadium and boric acid, increasing concentration of boric acid resulted in a decrease in the absorption rate. The experimentally measured absorption rate are fitted to a simple absorption model from which an apparent absorption rate for the promoted solvents was derived.

This study analyses the administrative and economic career of Francesco De Gratta (1613–1676) as Royal Postmaster, Royal Secretary, and trader within the postal and fiscal systems of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This investigation focuses mainly on his network and career strategies and is based on various sources from a number of European archives and libraries, mainly those situated in Italy, Poland and Germany. The study presents the family De Gratta and the familial social actions that Francesco used in order to root his children and family in the Polish-Lithuanian noble culture. Next, the analysis shows that the career of Francesco De Gratta was inextricably correlated with the establishment of the early modern royal postal system in Gdańsk (the city of Gdańsk fulfilled an important bridging role within the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as his close contacts with different Polish kings and queens. The career followed distinct stages, tying him ever closer with the Crown, the nobility as well as the merchants in Gdańsk. It all started with his position as Head Postmaster in Gdańsk, in 1654. In 1661, he became Postmaster General of Royal Prussia, Courland, Semigallia and Livonia. After these initial steps, Francesco immersed in creditor activities and close contacts with the Royal Prussian cities, royal authorities, and not the least different Polish mint masters. He also got involved in the potash trade with his later son-in-law Jan Wawrzyniec Wodzicki, first as his factor and later as a co-owner of Wodzicki’s company. The study finally traces his social and economic advancement by the analysis of Francesco De Gratta’s legacies and their importance for his heirs’ social status. The summary compares the career of Francesco De Gratta with that of other postmasters and mint masters of Italian origin in Poland-Lithuania. / Denna studie analyserar Francesco De Grattas (1613-1676) ekonomiska och administrativa karriär som kunglig postmästare, kunglig sekreterare och köpman i det polsk-litauiska samväldet. Denna undersökning är främst inriktad på nätverks- och karriärsanalys och bygger på olika arkivkällor från en rad europeiska arkiv och bibliotek, främst från Italien, Polen och Tyskland. Studien presenterar familjen De Gratta och de familjära sociala strategier som Francesco använde för att förankra sin familj i det polsk-litauiska samväldets adelskultur. Därefter visar analysen att De Grattas karriär kan förstås mot bakgrund av upprättandet av det tidigmoderna kungliga postsystemet i Gdańsk (Gdańsk hade en viktig överbryggande roll inom Polen-Litauen), liksom hans nära kontakter med olika polska kungar och drottningar. Hans karriär följde olika distinkta steg som möjliggjorde för honom att närma sig kronan, adeln och köpmännen i Gdańsk. År 1654 blev han huvudpostmästare i Gdańsk och 1661 fick han ämbetet som huvudpostmästare för Kungliga Preussen, Kurland, Semgallen och Livland. Senare utvecklade Francesco De Gratta sin kreditverksamhet parallellt med utbyggnaden av sitt kontaktnätverk med kungliga preussiska städer, kungliga myndigheter och inte minst olika polska myntmästare. Han blev också involverad i handel med pottaska (kaliumkarbonat) tillsammans med sin svärson Jan Wawrzyniec Wodzicki, först som hans agent och senare som delägare i Wodzickis företag. Slutligen spårar studien Francesco De Grattas sociala och ekonomiska framåtskridande genom en analys av hans arv och dess betydelse för hans arvingars sociala status. Sammanfattningsvis jämförs Francesco De Grattas karriär med andra postmästare och myntmästare av italienskt ursprung i Polen-Litauen. / Information Infrastructure in the Baltic Area. Nodes, News and News Agents, c. 1650 - 1700

Aus der Aufbereitungspraxis ist bekannt, dass für die industrielle Kalisalzgranulatherstellung das Kompaktier-/Zerkleinerungs-Verfahren ein bedeutungsvolles Verfahren ist. Deshalb ist die mathematische Optimierung der Prozesse Kompaktierung und Zerkleinerung sinnvoll. Hier ist die Optimierung mittels einer Modellierung der Prozesse Kompaktierung und Zerkleinerung erforderlich. Deshalb bestand die Aufgabe darin, ein Modell für die Prozesse Kompaktierung und Zerkleinerung auf Grund der mathematisch-statistischen Versuchsplanung wegen ihrer praktischen und ökonomischen Vorteile aufzustellen, um den gesamten Prozess Kaligranulatherstellung zu optimieren. Das aufgestellte Modell lässt sich für die Maximierung der Produktion qualitätsgerechten Granulates einer kompletten Granulieranlage bestehend aus Walzenpresse, Zerkleinerungsapparaten und Klassierapparat einsetzen. Damit ist es ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug zur Effizienzsteigerung der Kaligranulatproduktion. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass die Verwendung der auf Grund der mathematisch-statistischen Versuchsplanung aufgestellten Modelle für die Optimierung der Verfahrenssysteme für die Kalisalzgranulatherstellung sinnvoll und nutzbar ist.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

La régénération des solutions de lavage utilisées en Nettoyage En Place (NEP) présente un intérêt, tant économique qu’environnemental, pour les industriels laitiers. L’étape clé du NEP réside dans le lavage alcalin qui assure l’élimination des souillures organiques déposées sur les équipements. Ce lavage est généralement effectué par des lessives de soude, moins onéreuses que celles de potasse. Nos travaux ont visé à appliquer un procédé physico-chimique de régénération à des lessives de potasse en vue de rentabiliser leur intégration au NEP laitier. La régénération de solutions de potasse souillées par du lait a été examinée et comparée à celle de solutions de soude. L’efficacité du procédé à épurer les solutions de potasse en termes d’abattement de la DCO et de Ntot a été démontrée. L’analyse des solutions régénérées a par ailleurs mis en évidence l’amélioration de leurs propriétés interfaciales (tension superficielle, angle de contact). Ces propriétés, dont l’origine a pu être attribuée à l’accumulation de biotensioactifs, confèrent aux solutions de potasse régénérées un meilleur pouvoir nettoyant. Ce point a été validé lors d’essais de nettoyage de membranes organiques d’ultrafiltration colmatées par des protéines laitières. L’optimisation de la formulation de ces solutions a permis l’obtention de performances de nettoyage comparables à celles d’un détergent commercial classiquement utilisé pour ce type d’application. Enfin, les impacts économiques et environnementaux de l’intégration de lessives de potasse en substitution à celles de soude ont été évalués pour un NEP laitier industriel au travers d’une étude technico-économique et d’une Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV). / The regeneration of Cleaning In Place (CIP) solutions is interesting, both economically and environmentally, especially in dairy industry. The CIP’s key step lies on the alkaline washing which ensures the removal of organic contaminants deposited on the equipment. This washing is generally done by soda lyes, less expensive than potash ones. Our work aimed to apply a physicochemical regeneration process, based on adsorption-coagulation-flocculation phenomena, on potash lyes to make their integration in the dairy CIP affordable. The regeneration of potash solutions soiled with milk was examined and compared with the soda solutions regeneration. The process effectiveness to purify potash solutions in terms of COD and TN reduction has been shown. The solutions analysis has also highlighted the improvement of their interfacial properties (surface tension, contact angle). These properties, whose origin was attributed to the accumulation of biosurfactants, confer to potash regenerated solutions a best cleaning power. This point was validated during cleaning assays of organic ultrafiltration membranes fouled by milk proteins. The optimization of solutions formulation has also enabled obtaining a cleaning performance as efficient as those of a commercial detergent largely used for this type of application. Finally, economic and environmental impacts of the potash lyes integration in substitution to soda ones were evaluated for dairy industrial CIP through a techno-economic analysis and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

Aus der Aufbereitungspraxis ist bekannt, dass für die industrielle Kalisalzgranulatherstellung das Kompaktier-/Zerkleinerungs-Verfahren ein bedeutungsvolles Verfahren ist. Deshalb ist die mathematische Optimierung der Prozesse Kompaktierung und Zerkleinerung sinnvoll. Hier ist die Optimierung mittels einer Modellierung der Prozesse Kompaktierung und Zerkleinerung erforderlich. Deshalb bestand die Aufgabe darin, ein Modell für die Prozesse Kompaktierung und Zerkleinerung auf Grund der mathematisch-statistischen Versuchsplanung wegen ihrer praktischen und ökonomischen Vorteile aufzustellen, um den gesamten Prozess Kaligranulatherstellung zu optimieren. Das aufgestellte Modell lässt sich für die Maximierung der Produktion qualitätsgerechten Granulates einer kompletten Granulieranlage bestehend aus Walzenpresse, Zerkleinerungsapparaten und Klassierapparat einsetzen. Damit ist es ein leistungsfähiges Werkzeug zur Effizienzsteigerung der Kaligranulatproduktion. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass die Verwendung der auf Grund der mathematisch-statistischen Versuchsplanung aufgestellten Modelle für die Optimierung der Verfahrenssysteme für die Kalisalzgranulatherstellung sinnvoll und nutzbar ist.

Exploitation of difficult potash deposits requires the adaption of mining procedures to the specific local situation. Based on geomechanical models describing the expected rock mechanic behavior the mining procedure is planned and realized. Both mining surveying results and validation of geomechanical models are essential for a safe mining process. The text gives an overview about the current state of mining survey techniques and the procedure to ensure a successful Sylvinite mining process. The interaction of geomechanical prognosis, adapted mining techniques and proactive mining survey support the safe exploitation of difficult potash deposits. / Für die Gewinnung von Kalisalzen in anspruchsvollen Lagerstättenbereichen müssen vorhandene Abbauverfahren an die lokalen Verhältnisse angepasst werden. Auf der Grundlage standortspezifisch entwickelter, geomechanischer Modellvorstellungen zur Vorhersage des Gebirgsverhaltens wird der Abbau geplant und durchgeführt. Vorbereitende und begleitende messtechnische Beobachtungen ermöglichen die Validierung und ggf. erforderliche Anpassung der Modelle und schaffen so die Voraussetzung für einen sicheren Abbau. Der Beitrag soll einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der im Werk Werra eingesetzten Messtechnik geben sowie das gesamte Vorgehen am Beispiel eines erfolgreich durchgeführten Sylvinitabbaus in drei Phasen vorstellen. Das dargestellte Zusammenwirken von geomechanischer Prognose, Abbauanpassung und messtechnischer Beobachtung erlaubt die Durchführung eines sicheren Abbaus bei der Gewinnung anspruchsvoller Lagerstättenbereiche.

Die Rückstandshalden des Kalibergbaus bestehen überwiegend aus Steinsalz. In Abhängigkeit der Stabilität des Untergrundes sowie der Haldenhöhe neigen diese Halden dazu sich plastisch zu verformen. Diese Deformationen gilt es frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu bewerten. Das neue gestaffelte Monitoringkonzept beruht auf langjährigen Erfahrungen, die ebenso kurz vorgestellt werden. / Tailing heaps of potash mining consist predominantly of rock salt. Depending on the stability of the underground, as well as the heights of the heaps, these heaps tend to deform plastically. These deformations must be recognized and assessed at an early stage. The new graduated monitoring concept is based on many years of experience, which are also briefly presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cicero Ferreira.pdf: 687006 bytes, checksum: 7cd66ef011c8f123a2a139f85912f86b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-12 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / By the end of the eighteenth century many were the studies on how one could identify and produce different kinds of alkali. In this dissertation we shall try to establish a relation between the practices and theories applied to obtain different salts which were used in a number of products like soaps, glasses, medication, as well as in gunpowder industry. In order to understand the studies on salts we turned to the work of the Portuguese friar José Mariano da Conceição Veloso, entitled Alographia dos alkalis fixos vegetal ou potassa, mineral ou soda e dos seus nitratos, segundo as melhores memórias estrangeira, que se tem escrito sobre este assunto. The commission of the above work was directly made by the Portuguese government in a period while the country was passing trough transformations. Their main concern was to resolve problems related to manufacturing and to food production. It is in this context that a reform in the University of Coimbra established the Natural Philosophy course, which would be responsible for the professional training of naturalists. Their goal would be to collect data and identify the natural wealth of the kingdom trough their trips. A second step was also made with the creation of the Arco do Cego typography, in charge of friar Veloso. There he published texts, many of them translations, willing to help people interested in developing different economic activities / O estudo sobre a forma de se identificar e produzir os vários tipos de álcalis no final do século XVIII foi preocupação de muitos estudiosos. Nesta dissertação, buscamos estabelecer a relação entre as práticas e as teorias sobre a obtenção de diferentes sais utilizados em vários ramos do comercio para manufatura de diversos produtos como sabão, vidros, remédios e fabricas de pólvora. Para compreendermos os estudos sobre os sais, abordamos a obra Alographia dos alkalis fixos vegetal ou potassa, mineral ou soda e dos seus nitratos, segundo as melhores memórias estrangeira, que se tem escrito sobre este assunto organizada pelo Frei José Mariano da Conceição Velloso. A ordem para realizar esta compilação partiu diretamente do governo de Portugal, país que passava por um período de transformações. Buscava-se principalmente resolver uma série de problemas relacionados com as manufaturas e a produção de alimentos. Neste contexto, a reforma da Universidade de Coimbra trouxe a criação do Curso Filosófico, que formaria naturalistas encarregados de viagens para levantamentos e reconhecimento das riquezas naturais do reino. Outra medida foi a criação da Tipografia do Arco do Cego, de que foi encarregado o Frei Veloso onde fez publicar textos, muitas vezes traduções, para auxiliar as pessoas interessadas em desenvolver diferentes atividades econômicas