Market evidences of the last three years show that the application of the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) may endanger the European electricity intensive industries both directly and indirectly. The direct ETS burdens come from the costs of both abating emissions from old technologies and buying emission allowances on the market. The pass through of carbon cost in electricity price implies an indirect ETS charge. The combined action of these two carbon burdens may negatively affect European industries' competitiveness at international level. Some of these industries are threatening to relocate their production activities outside of Europe. This would lead to the so-called "carbon leakage" phenomenon. Taking stock of a French industrial proposal, I consider some special contractual policies whereby electricity intensive industries can buy electricity at average cost. The rest of the market is instead priced at marginal cost. Thanks to these contracts, generators reserve part of their power plants for these industries and apply to them a price depending on the average capacity, fuel and emission costs of these dedicated units. In addition, these contracts account for the average transmission charges. Industries can choose to be supplied either at a single regional average cost price or at zonal (assimilated to nodal) average cost prices (in which case transmission costs are equal to zero). The final objective consists in analyzing the effects provoked by the application of the single and the nodal average cost prices in the cases where generators dispose of fixed capacity or can invest in new technologies. The market for transmission services is of the "flow based market coupling" type and the allowance price is endogenous. The results show that power contracts indeed partially relieve the direct and the indirect carbon costs and mitigate the incentive of European electricity intensive industries to relocate their activities, but with quite diverse regional impacts in correspondence with different national power policies. Finally, the EU-ETS drives generators' investment choices towards clean and nuclear based technologies. Models are formulated as non-monotone complementarity problems with endogenous electricity, transmission and allowance prices. These are implemented in GAMS and solved by PATH. They are applied to a prototype power system calibrated on four countries of the Central Western Europe represented by France, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands.

Com a crescente desregulamentação dos mercados de energia, os diferentes participantes dos mercados se deparam com a necessidade de gerenciar de maneira eficiente seus investimentos em energia elétrica. Nesse cenário, a otimização das Carteiras de Contratos mostra-se uma técnica interessante no planejamento estratégico dos agentes de mercados de energia. Os mercados estão frequentemente expostos a riscos de diversas fontes, assim, a mitigação dos mesmos é fundamental. A Teoria do Portfólio, proposta por Harry Markowitz, tem sido utilizada em análises envolvendo diversos mercados. Este trabalho analisa um problema de Gestão de Carteiras de Contratos de energia elétrica, com Gestão de Risco. A relação contratual entre a ANDE (Administración Nacional de Electricidad Paraguai) e Itaipu Binacional é utilizada como estudo de caso. A metodologia proposta para tratar o problema extende a teoria de Markowitz em um contexto de tomada de decisão multiobjetivo, no qual se busca minimizar os gastos da ANDE em contratação de energia (via programação não-linear) e também o risco do portfólio, avaliado por meio da variância do mesmo. Por meio do modelo proposto é possível obter a decisão contratual ótima de ANDE, que minimiza o custo de seu portfólio para cada nível de risco. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o modelo é eficiente em termos de redução de custos e risco. / Due to the increasing deregulation of electricity markets, different market participants were faced with the necessity to effectively manage their investment in electricity. In this scenario, portfolio optimization is a relevant technique that can be investigated for strategic planning by agents on energy markets. In general, markets are exposed to risks from multiple sources, the mitigation of such risks, thus, is important. The portfolio theory proposed by Harry Markowitz has been used in analyses involving several markets. This work analyzes the problem of electricity Portfolio Management, with Risk Management. The contractual relationship between ANDE and Itaipu Binacional is used as a study case. The methodology proposed for addressing the problem extends Markowitz´s theory (applying non-linear programming) for a context of multi-objective decision making, searching for the minimization of ANDEs power contract costs, as well the portfolio risk, evaluated by its variance. With the proposed model, it is possible to obtain the optimal contract decision, which minimizes the portfolio cost for each risk level. Results indicate that the model proposed is efficient in cost and risk minimization.

Com a crescente desregulamentação dos mercados de energia, os diferentes participantes dos mercados se deparam com a necessidade de gerenciar de maneira eficiente seus investimentos em energia elétrica. Nesse cenário, a otimização das Carteiras de Contratos mostra-se uma técnica interessante no planejamento estratégico dos agentes de mercados de energia. Os mercados estão frequentemente expostos a riscos de diversas fontes, assim, a mitigação dos mesmos é fundamental. A Teoria do Portfólio, proposta por Harry Markowitz, tem sido utilizada em análises envolvendo diversos mercados. Este trabalho analisa um problema de Gestão de Carteiras de Contratos de energia elétrica, com Gestão de Risco. A relação contratual entre a ANDE (Administración Nacional de Electricidad Paraguai) e Itaipu Binacional é utilizada como estudo de caso. A metodologia proposta para tratar o problema extende a teoria de Markowitz em um contexto de tomada de decisão multiobjetivo, no qual se busca minimizar os gastos da ANDE em contratação de energia (via programação não-linear) e também o risco do portfólio, avaliado por meio da variância do mesmo. Por meio do modelo proposto é possível obter a decisão contratual ótima de ANDE, que minimiza o custo de seu portfólio para cada nível de risco. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o modelo é eficiente em termos de redução de custos e risco. / Due to the increasing deregulation of electricity markets, different market participants were faced with the necessity to effectively manage their investment in electricity. In this scenario, portfolio optimization is a relevant technique that can be investigated for strategic planning by agents on energy markets. In general, markets are exposed to risks from multiple sources, the mitigation of such risks, thus, is important. The portfolio theory proposed by Harry Markowitz has been used in analyses involving several markets. This work analyzes the problem of electricity Portfolio Management, with Risk Management. The contractual relationship between ANDE and Itaipu Binacional is used as a study case. The methodology proposed for addressing the problem extends Markowitz´s theory (applying non-linear programming) for a context of multi-objective decision making, searching for the minimization of ANDEs power contract costs, as well the portfolio risk, evaluated by its variance. With the proposed model, it is possible to obtain the optimal contract decision, which minimizes the portfolio cost for each risk level. Results indicate that the model proposed is efficient in cost and risk minimization.