This study takes advantage of wide area measurements to propose a centralized nonlinear controller that acts on power system stabilizers, to cooperatively increase the damping of problematic small signal oscillations all over the system. The structure based on decision trees results in a simple, efficient, and dependable methodology that imposes much less computational burden than other nonlinear design approaches, making it a promising candidate for actual implementation by utilities and system operators. Details are given to utilize existing stabilizers while causing minimum changes to the equipment, and warranting improvement or at least no detriment of current system behavior. This enables power system stabilizers to overcome their inherent limitation to act only on the basis of local measurements to damp a single target frequency. This study demonstrates the implications of this new input on mathematical models, and the control functionality that is made available by its incorporation to conventional stabilizers. In preparation of the case of study, a heuristic dynamic reduction methodology is introduced that preserves a physical equivalent model, and that can be interpreted by any commercial software package. The steps of this method are general, versatile, and of easy adaptation to any particular power system model, with the aggregated value of producing a physical model as final result, that makes the approach appealing for industry. The accuracy of the resulting reduced network has been demonstrated with the model of the Central American System. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation, la réduction et la commande des grands systèmes électriques.En terme de modélisation et de réduction, l’objectif principal est de développer une méthode de réduction des modèles dynamiques des systèmes électriques. Cette réduction a pour objet de répondre à une situation particulière dans laquelle toutes les données du système à réduire ne sont pas connues.En terme de commande, l’objectif est la conception de commandes robustes coordonnées pour répondre aux nouvelles contraintes des grands systèmes électriques. Ces approches doivent respecter trois niveaux de coordination et deux nouvelles contraintes. Les trois niveaux de coordination concernent la prise en compte simultanée des oscillations électromécaniques interzones et locaux, la coordination de la synthèse de régulateurs pour plusieurs alternateurs, et la coordination du réglage des paramètres (gains et constantes de temps) des régulateurs de tension (les boucles stabilisatrices PSS) avec le réglage des paramètres des régulateurs de turbine des alternateurs. Les contraintes sont liées à la stabilité et la robustesse des régulateurs proposés. / This thesis concerns modeling, reduction, and control of large-scale interconnected power systems. In modeling and reduction term, the main objective is to develop a new method to construct low-order model or dynamic equivalent of a large-scale power system. This method must be used to reduce a power system models even when information of the whole power system is not completely available. In control term, the objective is the synthesis of coordinated and robust controller for large scale power systems. These new approaches have to respect three coordinated levels and two new constraints. The Three coordinated levels concern: simultaneous damping of the electromechanical inter-area and local modes, coordinated synthesis of several alternator regulators and coordinated tuning of parameters of Standard Power Stabilizer (PSS) and speed regulators. The constraints are related to the stability and the robustness of the proposed regulators.

Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation, la réduction et la commande des grands systèmes électriques.En terme de modélisation et de réduction, l'objectif principal est de développer une méthode de réduction des modèles dynamiques des systèmes électriques. Cette réduction a pour objet de répondre à une situation particulière dans laquelle toutes les données du système à réduire ne sont pas connues.En terme de commande, l'objectif est la conception de commandes robustes coordonnées pour répondre aux nouvelles contraintes des grands systèmes électriques. Ces approches doivent respecter trois niveaux de coordination et deux nouvelles contraintes. Les trois niveaux de coordination concernent la prise en compte simultanée des oscillations électromécaniques interzones et locaux, la coordination de la synthèse de régulateurs pour plusieurs alternateurs, et la coordination du réglage des paramètres (gains et constantes de temps) des régulateurs de tension (les boucles stabilisatrices PSS) avec le réglage des paramètres des régulateurs de turbine des alternateurs. Les contraintes sont liées à la stabilité et la robustesse des régulateurs proposés.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SuelioFC_DISSERT.pdf: 1266723 bytes, checksum: 8001a23164a7a48663a60001950fc3e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The stability of synchronous generators connected to power grid has been the object of study and research for years. The interest in this matter is justified by the fact that much of the electricity produced worldwide is obtained with the use of synchronous generators. In this respect, studies have been proposed using conventional and unconventional control techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and adaptive controllers to increase the stabilitymargin of the systemduring sudden failures and transient disturbances. Thismaster thesis presents a robust unconventional control strategy for maintaining the stability of power systems and regulation of output voltage of synchronous generators connected to the grid. The proposed control strategy comprises the integration of a sliding surface with a linear controller. This control structure is designed to prevent the power system losing synchronism after a sudden failure and regulation of the terminal voltage of the generator after the fault. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy was experimentally tested in a salient pole synchronous generator of 5 kVA in a laboratory structure / A estabilidade de geradores s?ncronos conectados a rede el?trica tem sido objeto de estudo e investiga??es durante anos. O interesse por este assunto ? justificado pelo fato de grande parte da energia el?trica produzida no mundo ser obtida com a utiliza??o de geradores s?ncronos. Nesse aspecto, muitos trabalhos t?m sido propostos utilizando t?cnicas de controle convencional e n?o convencional como l?gica fuzzy, redes neurais e controladores adaptativos visando aumentar a margem de estabilidade do sistema quando ele est? sujeito a falhas s?bitas e dist?rbios transit?rios. Este trabalho apresenta uma estrat?gia de controle robusta n?o-convencional para a manuten??o da estabilidade dos sistemas de pot?ncia e regula??o da tens?o de sa?da de geradores s?ncronos conectados ? rede el?trica. A estrat?gia de controle utilizada ? composta pela integra??o de uma superf?cie deslizante com um controlador linear. Esta estrutura de controle contribui para a preven??o dos sistemas de pot?ncia de perder o sincronismo ap?s uma falha s?bita e regula??o da tens?o terminal do gerador ap?s a falta. A viabilidade da estrat?gia de controle proposta foi testada experimentalmente em um gerador s?ncrono de p?los salientes de 5 kVA em uma estrutura de laborat?rio

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CecilioMSN_DISSERT.pdf: 1132732 bytes, checksum: 95ce32ef2cdf325116d25b76e2b1858a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The power system stabilizers are used to suppress low-frequency electromechanical oscillations and improve the synchronous generator stability limits. This master thesis proposes a wavelet-based power system stabilizer, composed of a new methodology for extraction and compensation of electromechanical oscillations in electrical power systems based on the scaling coefficient energy of the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform in order to reduce the effects of delay and attenuation of conventional power system stabilizers. Moreover, the wavelet coefficient energy is used for electric oscillation detection and triggering the power system stabilizer only in fault situations. The performance of the proposed power system stabilizer was assessed with experimental results and comparison with the conventional power system stabilizer. Furthermore, the effects of the mother wavelet were also evaluated in this work / Os estabilizadores de sistemas de pot?ncia s?o empregados para suprimir oscila??es eletromec?nicas, de baixa frequ?ncia, e estender os limites de estabilidade de geradores s?ncronos. Prop?e-se nesta disserta??o de mestrado um estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia baseado nas wavelets, composta por uma novametodologia para extra??o e compensa??o de oscila??es eletromec?nicas em sistemas el?tricos de pot?ncia baseada nas energias dos coeficientes de aproxima??o da transformada wavelet discreta redundante, com o objetivo de reduzir os efeitos de atraso e atenua??es dos estabilizadores de sistemas de pot?ncia convencionais. Por outro lado, as energias dos coeficientes wavelet s?o utilizadas para detec??o das oscila??es el?tricas e habilita??o do estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia proposto apenas nas situa??es de falta. A efic?cia do desempenho do estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia proposto foi comprovada por meio de resultados experimentais, cujo desempenho foi comparado com o desempenho do estabilizador de sistema de pot?ncia convencional. Al?m disso, os efeitos das wavelets m?es tamb?m foram avaliados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Raimundo Nonato Diniz.pdf: 3599082 bytes, checksum: 5e6a5df5d6046a848205e71a3d63c95f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the influence of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Controllers and power system stabilizers (PSS) on electromechanical stability of electrical power systems (EPS) is analyzed considering their technical and economic impact in the operation and planning. FACTS Controllers most employees in practical applications were considered in this study, the Static VAr Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), in addition to the PSS. For the technical and economic evaluation of the impact of FACTS and PSS in power systems a methodology based on indices of electromechanical small-signal and transient stability has been developed. Software packages PacDyn and ANATEM, including ANAREDE, all produced by CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica), were used to analyze the technical impact of SVC, TCSC and PSS on electromechanical stability enhancement. The economic analysis was based on the use of software package PSAT (Power Systems Analysis Toolbox). As part of the technical evaluation, coordination and tuning of the parameters of PSS and FACTS Controllers were conducted using artificial intelligence techniques in order to obtain the best optimal values. The proposed methodology was applied to test systems and a configuration of the Brazilian Interconnected System (SIN - Sistema Interligado Nacional) modeled with 50 generators and 616 buses. / Neste trabalho é analisada a influência dos Controladores FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) e dos estabilizadores de sistemas de potência ou PSS (Power System Stabilizers) na estabilidade eletromecânica dos sistemas de energia elétrica (SEE), considerando o seu impacto técnico e econômico na operação e planejamento. Os Controladores FACTS mais empregados na prática foram considerados nesta pesquisa, o compensador estático de potência reativa ou SVC (Static VAr Compensator) e o capacitor série controlado a tiristores ou TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor), além dos PSS. Para a avaliação técnico-econômica do impacto dos FACTS e PSS nos SEE foi desenvolvida uma metodologia baseada em índices de estabilidade eletromecânica a pequenas perturbações e de estabilidade transitória. Na análise técnica foram utilizados os programas PacDyn e ANATEM, além do ANAREDE, todos desenvolvidos pelo CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica). A análise econômica baseou-se no uso do aplicativo PSAT (Power Systems Analysis Toolbox). Como parte da avaliação técnica a coordenação e sintonização dos parâmetros dos PSS, SVC e TCSC foram conduzidas utilizando métodos de inteligência artificial de forma a obter os melhores valores ótimos. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada a sistemas teste e a uma configuração do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) modelado com 50 geradores e 616 barras.

Electrical Power System is one of the most complex real time operating systems. It is probably one of the best examples of a large interconnected nonlinear system of varying nature. The system needs to be operated and controlled with component or system problems, often with combinatorial complexity. In addition, time scales of operation and control can vary from milliseconds to minutes to hours. It is difficult to maintain such a system at constant operating condition due to both small and large disturbances such as sudden change in loads, change in network configuration, fluctuations in turbine output, and various types of faults etc. The system is therefore affected by a variety of instability problems. Among all these instability problems one of the important modes of instability is related to dynamic instability or more precisely the small perturbation oscillatory instability. Oscillations of small magnitude and low frequency (in the range of 0.1Hz to 2.5Hz) could persist for long periods, limiting the power transfer capability of the transmission lines. Power System Stabilizers (PSS) were developed as auxiliary controllers on the excitation system to improve the system damping performance by modulating the generator excitation voltage. However, the synthesis of an effective PSS for all operating conditions still remains a difficult and challenging task. The design and tuning of PSS for robust operation is a laborious process. The existing PSS design techniques require considerable expertise, the complete system information and extensive eigenvalue calculations which increases the computational burden as the system size increases. Conventional automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and PSS designs are based on linearized models of power systems which fail to stabilize the system over a wide range of operating conditions. In the last decade or so, a variety of nonlinear control techniques have become available. In this thesis, an attempt is made to explore the suitability of some of these design techniques for designing excitation controllers to enhance small perturbation stability of power systems over a wide range of operating and system conditions. This thesis first proposes a method of designing power system stabilizers based on local measurements alone, in multi-machine systems. Next, a method has been developed to analyze and quantify the small signal performance benefits of replacing the existing AVR+PSS structure with nonlinear voltage regulators. A number of new nonlinear controller designs have been proposed subsequently. These include, (a) a new decentralized nonlinear voltage regulator for multi machine power systems with a single tunable parameter that can achieve effective trade of between both the voltage regulation and small signal objectives, (b) a decentralized Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity Based Controller in addition to a proportional controller that can achieve all the requirements of an excitation system and (c) a Nonlinear Quadratic Regulator PSS using Single Network Adaptive Critic architecture in the frame work of approximate dynamic programming. Performance of all the proposed controllers has been analyzed using a number of multi machine test systems over a range of operating conditions.

Vodní energie se nyní stala nejlepším zdrojem elektrické energie na zemi. Vyrábí se pomocí energie poskytované pohybem nebo pádem vody. Historie dokazuje, že náklady na tuto elektrickou energii zůstávají konstantní v průběhu celého roku. Vzhledem k mnoha výhodám, většina zemí nyní využívá vodní energie jako hlavní zdroj pro výrobu elektrické energie.Nejdůležitější výhodou je, že vodní energie je zelená energie, což znamená, že žádné vzdušné nebo vodní znečišťující látky nejsou vyráběny, také žádné skleníkové plyny jako oxid uhličitý nejsou vyráběny, což činí tento zdroj energie šetrný k životnímu prostředí. A tak brání nebezpečí globálního oteplování. Použití internetové techniky k ovladání několika vodních elektráren má velmi významné výhody, jako snížení provozních nákladů a flexibilitu uspokojení změny poptávky po energii na straně spotřeby. Také velmi efektivně čelí velkým narušením elektrické sítě, jako je například přidání nebo odebrání velké zátěže, a poruch. Na druhou stranu, systém získávání dat poskytuje velmi užitečné informace pro typické i vědecké analýzy, jako jsou ekonomické náklady, predikce poruchy systémů, predikce poptávky, plány údržby, systémů pro podporu rozhodování a mnoho dalších výhod. Tato práce popisuje všeobecný model, který může být použit k simulaci pro sběr dat a kontrolní systémy pro vodní elektrárny v prostředí Matlab / Simulink a TrueTime Simulink knihovnu. Uvažovaná elektrárna sestává z vodní turbíny připojené k synchronnímu generátoru s budicí soustavou, generátor je připojen k veřejné elektrické síti. Simulací vodní turbíny a synchronního generátoru lze provést pomocí různých simulačních nástrojů. V této práci je upřednostňován SIMULINK / MATLAB před jinými nástroji k modelování dynamik vodní turbíny a synchronního stroje. Program s prostředím MATLAB SIMULINK využívá k řešení schematický model vodní elektrárny sestavený ze základních funkčních bloků. Tento přístup je pedagogicky lepší než komplikované kódy jiných softwarových programů. Knihovna programu Simulink obsahuje funkční bloky, které mohou být spojovány, upravovány a modelovány. K vytvoření a simulování internetových a Real Time systémů je možné použít bud‘ knihovnu simulinku Real-Time nebo TRUETIME, v práci byla použita knihovna TRUETIME.