The aim of the study was to investigate Seljuk Plasters used in some of their royal administrative or residential buildings from a viewpoint of their raw materials and technological characteristics. Some Byzantine Plasters of the same period were also investigated to make comparison. Plasters from some historic structures in the archaeological sites namely / Alanya Castle, Kubadabad Palaces, Syedra Archaeological Site, Aspendos Amphitheatre, Selinus Archaeological Site-Sekerhane K&ouml / sk and Hasbah&ccedil / e were examined. In a series of examination basic physical properties of the plasters as bulk density, porosity, water absorption capacity and water vapour permeability were obtained. The results indicated that plasters are low dense and high porous materials and having good breathing property. Mechanical properties of the plasters were expressed by the modulus of elasticity (Emod) values which were obtained from ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements. The Emod of the plasters being in the range of 1.0 to 5.6 Gpa show that they have enough mechanical strength comparable to historic mortars and bricks. Raw material composition and mineralogical properties of plasters were determined by combined interpretation of several types of analyses such as chemical analyses, particle size distribution of aggregates, petrographic analyses of thin sections by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopic analyses of cross sections coupled with EDX for image analyses and semiquantitative elemental analyses, X-ray powder diffraction analyses for the determination of mineral phases, thermogravimetric analyses and FTIR analyses. Binder used in all plasters was found to be lime with amount in the range of 53.8-96.8% as CaCO3. The main minerals of aggregates are quartz, calcite (limestone), dolomite and opal-A. Regarding particle size distribution of aggregates it was possible to classify them into fine, coarse and mixed aggregates having rather high pozzolanicity. Study on decorative and red zigzag patterned plasters indicated presence of haematite as the source of red pigment. Study on green colored plaster also indicated presence of iron containing mineral with lower oxidation state. The Seljuk and Byzantine Masonries chosen are still surviving buildings that their plasters should be of good quality. In fact, this study approved their quality which may be due to the presence of opal-A and dolomite.

The study aimed to identify mud brick and mud plaster technology of Hittites by examining some burnt mud brick walls of Shapinuwa Hittite city and to point out repair and conservation needs of those burnt mud brick structures. The walls were documented by mapping the visual decay forms. The bulk density, total porosity, water absorption by capillarity and water vapour permeability were obtained as basic physical properties. The mechanical properties were expressed by the modulus of elasticity and the uniaxial compressive strength. Compositional and mineralogical properties were determined by optical microscopy, XRD, TGA and SEM coupled with EDX, and by XRF analyses. In addition, pozzolanic activity of powdered samples was determined.. The samples studied had low bulk density, high porosity and high water vapour permeability. The Emod values and the UCS values showed that their mechanical properties were comparable with some historic mortars and bricks. The petrographic and mineralogical analyses of burnt materials indicated a mud brick composition containing fine and medium sized siliceous aggregates mainly composed of quartz. The binder was concluded to be composed of kaolinite illite and micritic calcite that indicated the use of ideal soil compositions by Hittites to make lime stabilized mud bricks, in terms of today standards. The temperature during the fire was estimated to be around 700-800 C. The high pozzolanicity of burnt mud bricks and plasters, provided an opportunity to repair the structure using pozzolanic lime mortars to produce good adhesion. The first results of consolidation treatments had shown that the physical and mechanical properties of burnt mud brick can be improved by impregnation with ethylsilicates such as Tegovakon V.

A sustentabilidade das regiões de produção intensiva de suínos depende de destinos alternativos para os resíduos gerados. A calcinação da casca de arroz pode gerar sílica vítrea para substituição parcial de aglomerantes comerciais. A utilização de cinzas de casca de arroz como material pozolânico para argamassas e concretos tem merecido atenção considerável, nos últimos anos, não apenas por melhorar suas propriedades mecânicas, mas, sobretudo pelos benefícios ambientais gerados, com a redução do consumo de clínquer. A falta de sustentabilidade ambiental pode limitar o crescimento econômico da suinocultura, dada a tendência do setor de crescimento concentrado em grandes empreendimentos, e, por conseqüência, do aumento da poluição por dejetos. Assim, barreiras à expansão do setor podem surgir em estados onde o problema ambiental já está instalado, a exemplo de Santa Catarina. Com a busca de alternativas que solucionem ou minorizem tal problema, este trabalho tem como objetivo testar as cinzas de cama sobreposta de suínos à base de casca de arroz, como material alternativo em diferentes proporções de substituição do cimento Portland em argamassas. A cama sobreposta de suínos foi proveniente do município de Rio Verde, Estado de Goiás, onde atualmente são criados 110.000 suínos em sistema de confinamento. As cinzas foram obtidas por calcinação em mufla laboratorial nas temperaturas de 400, 500 e 600ºC, beneficiadas por moagem e, a seguir, passadas na peneira ABNT nº 200 (# 0,074 mm) e nº 325 (# 0,044 mm). A caracterização de cinzas incluiu a determinação do índice de atividade pozolânica com a cal hidratada e com o cimento Portland. As cinzas foram testadas como substitutos parciais de cimento Portland. As argamassas foram preparadas na proporção cimento:areia de 1:1,5 e com fator água-cimento de 0,4. Três porcentagens de substituição do cimento comercial foram usadas: 10, 20 e 30% em massa além das argamassas de referência sem substituição e com 10% de sílica ativa. O desempenho das argamassas foi avaliado aos sete e aos 28 dias com a determinação da resistência à compressão axial com corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de 5 cm x 10 cm e cura por imersão em água. As cinzas da cama sobreposta de suínos, calcinadas a 600ºC e com substituição de até 30% em massa de cimento Portland, produzem argamassa de excelentes propriedades. Quanto à finura do material, foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) nas cinzas passantes na peneira ABNT nº 325 queimadas a 600ºC. As resistências das argamassas produzidas com cinzas passantes na peneira ABNT nº 200 e nº 325, com teores de 10, 20 e 30% de substituição, foram superiores às de argamassas com 0% de substituição e com 10% de sílica ativa. / The sustainability of intensive areas of swine production depends on alternative destinations for the generated residues. The calcination of rice husk can generate vitreous silica for partial substitution of commercial agglomerates. The use of rice husk ashes as pozzolanic material for mortars and concretes has deserved considerable attention in the last years, not just for improving their mechanical properties, but also for the environmental benefits linked to the reduction of clinker consumption. The lack of environmental sustainability can limit the economical growth of swine production, due to the tendency for concentration in sites with intensive activity, and, as a consequence, the increase of the contamination by wastes. Thus, barriers to the sector expansion can appear in regions where the environmental problem is already installed as, for example, in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Aiming alternatives that can solve or decrease such a problem, the objective of this work is to test the ashes of swine deep bedding based on rice husk as an alternative binder in mortars. The swine deep bedding ashes were originated from the district of Rio Verde, State of Goias, where now 110,000 swine are produced in confinement system. The ashes were obtained in a laboratorial furnace at the temperatures of 400, 500 and 600ºC and processed in two granulometric distributions by passing through the nº 200 (# 0.074 mm) and nº 325 (# 0.045 mm) mesh sieve. The ash characterization included the determination of pozzolanic activity index with lime and cement. The husks were tested as partial substitutes of Portland cement. The mortars were prepared in cement:sand proportion of 1:1.5, and with water/cement factor of 0.4. Three percentages of substitution of OPC were used: 10%, 20% and 30% by mass, plus the reference mortars without substitution and with 10% of silica fume. Mortars performance was assessed at seven and 28 days by determining the axial compressive strength with 5 cm x 10 cm cylindrical specimens and cure by immersion in water. The results indicated that the ashes obtained at 600ºC with substitution of up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, produced mortars with excellent properties. There was significant difference (P<0,05) in the ashes by passing through the nº 325 burning of 600ºC. The mechanical strength of mortars produced with ashes passing in the sieve nº 200 and with 10 - 30% of cement substitution was superior to the strength of mortars with 0% of substitution and with 10% of silica fume.

A sustentabilidade das regiões de produção intensiva de suínos depende de destinos alternativos para os resíduos gerados. A calcinação da casca de arroz pode gerar sílica vítrea para substituição parcial de aglomerantes comerciais. A utilização de cinzas de casca de arroz como material pozolânico para argamassas e concretos tem merecido atenção considerável, nos últimos anos, não apenas por melhorar suas propriedades mecânicas, mas, sobretudo pelos benefícios ambientais gerados, com a redução do consumo de clínquer. A falta de sustentabilidade ambiental pode limitar o crescimento econômico da suinocultura, dada a tendência do setor de crescimento concentrado em grandes empreendimentos, e, por conseqüência, do aumento da poluição por dejetos. Assim, barreiras à expansão do setor podem surgir em estados onde o problema ambiental já está instalado, a exemplo de Santa Catarina. Com a busca de alternativas que solucionem ou minorizem tal problema, este trabalho tem como objetivo testar as cinzas de cama sobreposta de suínos à base de casca de arroz, como material alternativo em diferentes proporções de substituição do cimento Portland em argamassas. A cama sobreposta de suínos foi proveniente do município de Rio Verde, Estado de Goiás, onde atualmente são criados 110.000 suínos em sistema de confinamento. As cinzas foram obtidas por calcinação em mufla laboratorial nas temperaturas de 400, 500 e 600ºC, beneficiadas por moagem e, a seguir, passadas na peneira ABNT nº 200 (# 0,074 mm) e nº 325 (# 0,044 mm). A caracterização de cinzas incluiu a determinação do índice de atividade pozolânica com a cal hidratada e com o cimento Portland. As cinzas foram testadas como substitutos parciais de cimento Portland. As argamassas foram preparadas na proporção cimento:areia de 1:1,5 e com fator água-cimento de 0,4. Três porcentagens de substituição do cimento comercial foram usadas: 10, 20 e 30% em massa além das argamassas de referência sem substituição e com 10% de sílica ativa. O desempenho das argamassas foi avaliado aos sete e aos 28 dias com a determinação da resistência à compressão axial com corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de 5 cm x 10 cm e cura por imersão em água. As cinzas da cama sobreposta de suínos, calcinadas a 600ºC e com substituição de até 30% em massa de cimento Portland, produzem argamassa de excelentes propriedades. Quanto à finura do material, foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) nas cinzas passantes na peneira ABNT nº 325 queimadas a 600ºC. As resistências das argamassas produzidas com cinzas passantes na peneira ABNT nº 200 e nº 325, com teores de 10, 20 e 30% de substituição, foram superiores às de argamassas com 0% de substituição e com 10% de sílica ativa. / The sustainability of intensive areas of swine production depends on alternative destinations for the generated residues. The calcination of rice husk can generate vitreous silica for partial substitution of commercial agglomerates. The use of rice husk ashes as pozzolanic material for mortars and concretes has deserved considerable attention in the last years, not just for improving their mechanical properties, but also for the environmental benefits linked to the reduction of clinker consumption. The lack of environmental sustainability can limit the economical growth of swine production, due to the tendency for concentration in sites with intensive activity, and, as a consequence, the increase of the contamination by wastes. Thus, barriers to the sector expansion can appear in regions where the environmental problem is already installed as, for example, in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Aiming alternatives that can solve or decrease such a problem, the objective of this work is to test the ashes of swine deep bedding based on rice husk as an alternative binder in mortars. The swine deep bedding ashes were originated from the district of Rio Verde, State of Goias, where now 110,000 swine are produced in confinement system. The ashes were obtained in a laboratorial furnace at the temperatures of 400, 500 and 600ºC and processed in two granulometric distributions by passing through the nº 200 (# 0.074 mm) and nº 325 (# 0.045 mm) mesh sieve. The ash characterization included the determination of pozzolanic activity index with lime and cement. The husks were tested as partial substitutes of Portland cement. The mortars were prepared in cement:sand proportion of 1:1.5, and with water/cement factor of 0.4. Three percentages of substitution of OPC were used: 10%, 20% and 30% by mass, plus the reference mortars without substitution and with 10% of silica fume. Mortars performance was assessed at seven and 28 days by determining the axial compressive strength with 5 cm x 10 cm cylindrical specimens and cure by immersion in water. The results indicated that the ashes obtained at 600ºC with substitution of up to 30% by mass of Portland cement, produced mortars with excellent properties. There was significant difference (P<0,05) in the ashes by passing through the nº 325 burning of 600ºC. The mechanical strength of mortars produced with ashes passing in the sieve nº 200 and with 10 - 30% of cement substitution was superior to the strength of mortars with 0% of substitution and with 10% of silica fume.

This work focuses on the possibility of using recycled glass in the manufacture of blended portland cements. It examines the possibilities to improve pozzolanic properties of recycled glass with new milling processes, the formation of agglomerates material during the course of grinding and their subsequent effect on the hydration process of binders. It is also the optimization of the grinding process with respect to the wear of grinding bodies, grinding energy consumption and maximize the performance of the mill.

Natural pozzolanic materials played an important role in Ancient architecture. In the last decades and nowadays it is artifical pozzolan which especially finds its use as an additive to mortar and concrete to improve some, especially the mechanical properties. This master thesis deals with study of pozzolan type of fine brick powder which is a by-product of the production of calibrated bricks. Along with studying pozzolanic activity of brick powder, lime mortar with different proportions of brick powder as an additive or replacement of lime dust are investigated. What is observed is its impact on the consistency of these mortar, water absorption, strength in time or fracture-mechanical parameters of mortar. The results may indicate the possible potential use of this source of pozzolanic admixture in lime mortar and plaster which are nowadays mainly used for the restoration of facades of historic buildings.