The Diploma thesis is dealing with the usage of the private-public partnerships in the form of PPP projects. The main aim of this work is an evaluation of the PPP method whilst providing the public good as one of the main tools of financial projects from the public sectors. The thesis is briefly introducing the principles of public sector, its role and functions along with securing public good and their financing. The first part discusses the history of PPP projects, its characteristics and typology, as well as various advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional public contract model. The analytical part is dedicated to the implementation of the private projects and to public partnership in Czech Republic. The pilot projects are the D3 motorway and judicial complex in Usti nad Labem. Foreign projects are represented by M1/M15 motorway in Hungary and its comparison with the D3 motorway. The main section of the analytical part then focuses onto the analysis of the PPP projects, in terms of their effectiveness, financial aspects and the overall merits. In particular, a critical stance on the subject guarantees its objective evaluation. The conclusion of the thesis is evaluated whether it has indeed an effective method as it's sometimes called.

abstract: 当前各个城市都在努力推动“互联网+政务”的公共服务新模式，打造政府公共服务平台，提供“一站式”的服务资源，以民众需求为中心，解决民众信息查询、政府办事预约、政策咨询等公共活动的需要。可以看出，政务平台给民众的生活带来极大的便利，是当前各地政府响应中央建立“智慧城市”“数字中国”的重要举措。 本课题发现当前的政务平台逐步引入PPP模式，借助社会资源开发政务平台。但是，PPP模式是否有利于政务平台的建设，受到哪些因素的制约，如何更好地利用PPP模式进行开发工作，这些问题在现前的研究中没有得到很好地探索。带着这些问题，本课题对PPP模式在政务平台建设中的作用进行了深入剖析。主要研究内容如下： 在第一部分中，本课题政府公共服务和政务相关理论进行了全面整理，发现政务平台要想走出一条健康发展之路，需要借助社会资源进行市场化，而PPP模式符合当前政务平台建设的需要。本文对PPP模式在国内外电子政务的应用进行了分析，提出了本文的研究主题。 在第二部分中，本文对华东地区50座城市的政务平台进行了调研，对常见问题进行了整理，发现PPP模式已经广泛应用于政务平台建设中，且主要有四种模式，本文对50座城市的政务平台建设情况进行了数据采集，并进行了深入分析。 在第三部分中，结合调研现状和文献研究成果，提出了PPP模式影响政务平台建设的相关假设，并构建了计量模型。通过短面板分析验证假设，并进行了Robust分析，证实结论的普适性。 在第四部分中，本文分析了研究结果，认为政务平台采用PPP模式能够有效促进政务平台的建设水平，提高用户满意度；并且PPP模式与合作企业的估摸、信息的透明程度和平台的交互能力存在显著的交互作用，共同影响用户对政务平台的评价。政府引入PPP模式，充分对接可利用资源，并加强盈利控制，对当前政务平台的建设是具有积极意义的。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

This thesis investigates the major errors and processes affecting the performance of a viable, standalone point positioning technique known as single frequency Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The PPP processing utilises both single frequency code and carrier phase GPS observables. The mathematical model implemented is known as the code and quasi-phase combination. Effective measures to improve the quality of the positioning solutions are assessed and proposed. The a priori observations sigma (or standard deviation) ratio in the sequential least squares adjustment model plays a significant role in determining the accuracy and precision of the estimated solutions, as well as the solutions convergence time. An

<p>A public private partnership is an alternative to procurement of the facility by the public sector, using funding from tax revenues or public borrowing. In a typical public sector procurement, the public authority sets out the specifications and design of the facility, calls for bids on the basis if this detailed design, and pays for construction of the facility by a private sector contractor. The public authority has to fund the full cost of construction, including cost overruns. Operation and maintenance of the facility are handled by the public authority and the contractor takes no responsibility for the long term performance of the facility after the construction warranty period has expired. In a public private partnership, on the other hand, the authority specifies its requirements in terms of outputs, which set out the public services which the facility is intended to provide, but which do not specify how these are to be provided. It is then left to the private sector to design, finance, build and operate the facility to meet the longterm output specifications. The project company receives payments over the life of the PPP contract, which are supposed to repay the financing costs and give a return to investors. The payments are subject to deductions for failure to meet output specifications, and there is no extra allowance for cost overruns which happen during construction or in operation of the facility.</p>

<p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological tumor of plasma blast/plasma cell origin heterogeneous with respect to the morphological differentiation stage of the tumor cells, genetic alterations and course of disease. A challenge in MM research is to overcome resistance to therapy, which inevitably arises. In this thesis, we have used different strategies to sensitize MM cells to apoptosis and explored possible mechanisms of apoptotic control by the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) survival pathway.</p><p>mTOR is a key molecule in the regulation of translation activated by survival signaling pathways in MM. We demonstrate that the mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin alone induced apoptosis in primary MM cells. In addition, rapamycin sensitized MM cells to apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid frequently used in MM therapy. MM survival factors IGF-1 and IL-6 could neither restore phosphorylation of the mTOR target p70S6K, nor cell growth inhibited by rapamycin and dexamethasone.</p><p>To study the regulation of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP), we induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest with dexamethasone and simultaneously abrogated IGF-1R signaling using the antagonistic antibody αIR3 or the selective IGF-1R inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP). Dexamethasone transiently up-regulated c-IAP2. The subsequent down-regulation of c-IAP2 and XIAP was associated with the onset of apoptosis. c-IAP2 and XIAP levels further decreased when enhancing dexamethasone-induced apoptosis using αIR3 or PPP indicating a role for IAPs in regulating resistance to apoptosis in MM.</p><p>Finally, we explored glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 as a possible pro-apoptotic molecule and its role in regulating sensitization to apoptosis. We show that inhibition of GSK3 counteracts growth inhibition induced by dexamethasone alone and in combinatorial treatments with inhibitors against PI 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), mTOR and IGF-1R. CT99021 also reversed cell cycle arrest induced by LY294002 or rapamycin. Importantly, the GSK3 inhibitor CT99021 sustained viability in untreated and dexamethasone-treated primary MM cells.</p>

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological tumor of plasma blast/plasma cell origin heterogeneous with respect to the morphological differentiation stage of the tumor cells, genetic alterations and course of disease. A challenge in MM research is to overcome resistance to therapy, which inevitably arises. In this thesis, we have used different strategies to sensitize MM cells to apoptosis and explored possible mechanisms of apoptotic control by the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) survival pathway. mTOR is a key molecule in the regulation of translation activated by survival signaling pathways in MM. We demonstrate that the mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin alone induced apoptosis in primary MM cells. In addition, rapamycin sensitized MM cells to apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid frequently used in MM therapy. MM survival factors IGF-1 and IL-6 could neither restore phosphorylation of the mTOR target p70S6K, nor cell growth inhibited by rapamycin and dexamethasone. To study the regulation of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP), we induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest with dexamethasone and simultaneously abrogated IGF-1R signaling using the antagonistic antibody αIR3 or the selective IGF-1R inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP). Dexamethasone transiently up-regulated c-IAP2. The subsequent down-regulation of c-IAP2 and XIAP was associated with the onset of apoptosis. c-IAP2 and XIAP levels further decreased when enhancing dexamethasone-induced apoptosis using αIR3 or PPP indicating a role for IAPs in regulating resistance to apoptosis in MM. Finally, we explored glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 as a possible pro-apoptotic molecule and its role in regulating sensitization to apoptosis. We show that inhibition of GSK3 counteracts growth inhibition induced by dexamethasone alone and in combinatorial treatments with inhibitors against PI 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), mTOR and IGF-1R. CT99021 also reversed cell cycle arrest induced by LY294002 or rapamycin. Importantly, the GSK3 inhibitor CT99021 sustained viability in untreated and dexamethasone-treated primary MM cells.

Metal toxicity is implicated in neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, aging and cancer. Protein oxidation resulting from oxidative stress is now known to be involved in metal toxicity. However, proteomic responses to metal induced oxidative stress have not been characterized. By using the yeast as a model, we characterized these changes occurring in response to sub-lethal doses of metals. Several proteins involved in protein synthesis, ribosome assembly decreased while antioxidant defenses, proteins involved in sulfur metabolism, and glutathione synthesis and ubiquitin increased following metal exposure. We also show that metals induced temporal and targeted protein oxidation independent of protein abundance. Among the targets were glycolytic enzymes and heat-shock proteins. As a consequence, glycolytic enzyme activities decreased whereas the levels and activities of the enzymes of the alternative pathway for glucose metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) increased. True to prediction, we also found increased flow through the PPP as measured by elevated levels of NADPH and glutathione. NADPH and glutathione are crucial for maintaining the redox balance in the cell. Thus, rerouting of glucose metabolism into PPP is considered to be beneficial to the organism. Among the oxidation targets is a glycolytic protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) that is required for apoptosis in neuronal cells. We show that not only is GAPDH required for metal induced apoptosis in yeast but also the levels of GAPDH transcript and protein increase in the cytosol and the nucleus in an isoform specific fashion. Such changes strongly implicate the role of GAPDH in yeast apoptosis. This work provides evidence for the involvement of targeted protein oxidation in metal toxicity, shows the overlaps and differences in the mechanism of copper and cadmium toxicity, allows comprehension of how metabolic processes respond to metal stress and explores the potential of GAPDH as a sensor of oxidative stress and mediator for apoptosis.

Waste management is a growing concern in rapidly urbanizing developing countries and Haiti is noexception. Excessive amounts of improperly discharged waste endangers unique tropical environment, appears to bea reason of fast spread of epidemic diseases, increases risk of floods during the hurricane season and contributes toclimate change. Due to various historical, economic, natural and socio-political reasons, public sector of Haitianstate is not able to provide decent waste management service. Public-private partnerships are a highly-advocateddevelopmental tool for involvement of private sector in delivery of public service, relocation of stress fromgovernment budgets, privatization and decentralization. The study was conducted in order to suggest an option ofPublic-Private Partnership project that would suit the context of Haiti. In compliance with the principles ofsustainable development and in order to increase energy self-sufficiency, waste-to-energy approach is considered asa suitable option for waste management delivery. Public-Private Partnership is understood as a social system,models of partnership are created with the use of system theory approach. Theoretical base is complemented withthe concept of PPP and Waste Management Theory. This descriptive single case-study is a examining the choice oftechnology for energy recovery from waste, degree of privatization and general problematic issues that might occurduring the implementation of the project in the context of Haiti. Small-scale anaerobic digestion through concessioncontracting with service providers was picked up as the most favorable option after the analysis of surveys amongqualified experts, local citizens and literature review on the matter. It was also concluded that lack of publicmanagement capacity is a major obstacle for implementation of public-private partnership for waste management inthe context of Haiti.

Priskonvergens är en teoretisk slutsats av ett flertal ekonomiska teorier, samt ett väl undersökt område som visat sig vara ett statistiskt signifikant faktum i olika ekonomiska regioner. Priskonvergens kräver i teorin och empirin att ekonomierna är likriktade och har liknande ekonomiska förutsättningar, krav som den inomeuropeiska marknaden uppfyller. Här har också priskonvergens bevisats vara ett statistiskt signifikant faktum i ett flertal studier. Förutom de studier vari detta bevisats redovisas också teorier som kan förklara  priskonvergensen, i denna uppsats redovisas bland annat lagen om ett pris, teorin om köpkraftsparitet samt utbuds- och efterfrågeteori. Något som torde leda till ytterligare ekonomisk konvergens och därmed också priskonvergens är en gemensam valuta, och efter euroinförandet genomfördes flera studier i syfte att klargöra huruvida det teoretiska antagandet om stärkt priskonvergens inom en valutaunion kunde stämma. Dessutom testades i dessa studier om EU-kommissionen haft rätt i sitt uttalande om att priskonvergensen skulle bli stärkt mellan de länder som anslöt sig till valutasamarbetet. Resultatet från studierna varierar och det är här denna uppsats tar vid. Problemformuleringen lyder: ”Har införandet av den gemensamma valutan euro i lett till en stärkt priskonvergens mellan de länder som antagit valutan?” Problemet undersöks med hjälp av regressionsanalys där ett modifierat prisjämförelseindex används som beroende variabel. Den viktigaste oberoende variabeln i analysen är en dummyvariabel som visar priskonvergensen innan och efter euroinförandet inom de aktuella länderna. Slutsatsen av den genomförda analysen är att euron inte påverkat priskonvergensen inom euroområdet. Dock bevisades att priskonvergens är ett statistiskt signifikant faktum i EU-regionen som helhet.

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