Empirical research that has applied Self-Determination Theory (SDT) within classrooms suggests that the combined satisfaction of three basic psychological needs can be predictive of students’ motivation to engage with learning activities. These three basic needs are relatedness, which, for the purposes of the current research, takes the form of a positive teacher-student relationship, perceived self-competence, and autonomy. The current research suggests that, whilst SDT emphasizes the importance of autonomy as a basis for self-determined engagement with learning, the motivation to be autonomous is a potential outcome informed by the students’ perceived competence and the perceived quality of the teacher-student relationship. These findings were the basis for three posits regarding the impact of the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs, central to SDT, upon students’ engagement with learning activities. These posits are: that firstly, an individual’s motivation to be autonomous (SDT; autonomy) is an outcome dependent upon students’ satisfied needs for both a positive teacher-student relationship (SDT: relatedness) and perceived competence (SDT: competence); secondly, that perceived competence is informed by and reciprocally informs the quality of the teacher-student relationship; and thirdly, that there is a potential cumulative connection between students’ perceived competence and the quality of the teacher-student relationship, in terms of the combined impact upon the quality and persistence of autonomous motivation. These interpretive claims emerged from and were supported by the findings across the main study and triangulation methods within the current research. The current research begins to unravel how the motivational interplay between the three SDT-centred basic psychological needs may inform students’ engagement with learning activities in formal learning settings. This led to the development of a proposed SDT-embedded motivational pathways model. This model is worthy of further testing, explanation and modification by educators through classroom-based research.

The concepts of school leadership and continuing professional development have become the cornerstone of much educational debate and enquiry. This mixed-methods study investigates the perceptions of teachers, head teachers and ministry officials in relation to what they feel are the defining constituents of continuing professional development and school leadership in three Caribbean islands. Drawing on data from questionnaires, interviews and focus-group discussions, the researcher examined participants’ views about their existing circumstances as they relate to the main concepts. The findings highlight three key but interesting view-points. First, leadership was characterized by three major constructs which are directly interrelated but more importantly, captures the essence of leadership from the island narratives. Second, respondents’ accounts showed that improvement in organizational practices and personal development were considered as the main purpose of CPD in addition to, highlighting some concerns regarding the way in which it is planned and executed. Third, the context in which teachers and school leaders operate seem to play an important part in shaping the way in which they perceive both concepts. These contextual factors appear to guide the manner in which leadership and CPD are practiced across the islands in question. This in turn supports the discourses in the leadership literature that it is not a concept which is easily defined. Added to this, the evidence also suggests that sustained learning particularly as it relates to CPD would require the combined processes of these leadership constructs and a supporting atmosphere of structured dialogues between policy-makers and practitioners.

Vol. 1 This volume presents research into educational approaches for supporting young people at secondary transfer. The volume consists of a critical literature review and an empirical study, supplemented with an introductory chapter and concluding commentary. The review explores a 'continuity vs discontinuity' debate and examines previous research into the 'Primary Ethos' approach for maintaining continuity at secondary transfer. The review reveals a clear need for further Primary Ethos evaluations which look beyond impact, and which seek to elicit the views of the pupils and other key stakeholders. The empirical study reports on an illuminative process evaluation of a West Midland secondary school's Year 7 ‘Foundation Group’ initiative for low attaining pupils. With the evaluation’s primary purpose being to inform initiative development and organisational learning, the RADIO model (Knight and Timmins, 1995) was used. Following the identification of 5 collaboratively negotiated process questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with pupils, staff and the Head teacher. Data analysis resulted in the identification of 'supportive factor' themes, areas for development, and issues pertinent to the school. The researcher concludes by suggesting that the application of an attachment theory perspective may be useful in providing a framework for future exploration of Primary Ethos initiatives. Vol. 2 This volume presents five independent ‘Professional Practice Reports’ (PPRs) which reflect work undertaken by a Trainee Educational Psychologist for the purposes of an Applied Educational and Child Psychology Doctoral training programme with the University of Birmingham (2006-2009). The first paper, 'An account of a Trainee Educational Psychologist’s involvement in a planned change process in an organisation' (Chapter 2), describes how a primary school Head teacher and Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO) were supported with addressing the emotional and psychological implications of an impending change process. The second paper, 'Working with a complex emotion in children and young people: a critique of ‘Anger Management’' (Chapter 3), reflects upon the theoretical perspectives relating to anger and critiques the most common approach to dealing with anger in children and young people: Cognitive Behavioural Anger Management. The third paper, 'A critique of the issues relating to the implementation of a Multi-Agency Social Communication Difficulties (SCD) Assessment Protocol' (Chapter 4), critiques some of the issues surrounding the implementation of a new Multi-Agency Social-Communication Difficulties protocol for primary aged pupils within a West Midlands Local Authority. The fourth paper, 'Reflections on the work of an Educational Psychology Service’s Critical Incident Response Team (CIRT)’ (Chapter 5), reflects on the work of the CIRT in relation to the literature and research base on critical incident response, crisis intervention and trauma work with schools. Finally, the fifth paper, 'Fostering Inclusion through Circles and Strengths (FITOS): A critique of the process issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of a longitudinal pilot project in a primary school' (Chapter 6), critiques the process issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of an intervention (FITOS) specifically tailored to address a primary school’s concerns regarding a lack of empathy amongst pupils for pupils with special educational needs. In order to draw the volume together the five papers are supplemented with an introductory chapter (Chapter 1) which provides the reader with contextual information, reflects on how the work has contributed to the author's developing role as an Applied Educational Psychologist and comments on the actual or potential worth of the PPRs in contributing to the knowledge base and practice of the Educational Psychology profession.

Research regarding students’ engagement with feedback from objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) is currently limited. Medical students at the University of Birmingham are provided with individual comments from examiners on their performance in summative OSCEs. This thesis explores student engagement with feedback in this context, and if engagement differs depending on the level of performance in the OSCE. A self-regulated learning (SRL) conceptual framework was devised to illustrate how effective learners incorporate feedback into their learning routines, highlighting the role of reflection in this process. Three empirical studies were conducted to appraise the SRL framework. An interview study (N=11) found that students at different performance levels in the OSCE had contrasting approaches to engaging with their feedback. However, two questionnaire studies (N=180 & 233) with sub-scales to assess the level of student engagement with feedback and their propensity to reflect on their learning, found that the majority of respondents claim to cognitively engage with feedback, whilst a lower number act to improve clinical skills or knowledge. The majority of the respondents were assessed as being reflective learners. Therefore there was no association between performance levels and these attributes. There was a statistically significant association between the engagement and reflection scales, suggesting that these may be related as hypothesised in the SRL conceptual framework, but a causal relationship cannot be asserted from these results. The findings of this research indicate a gap in the current level of engagement with feedback between cognitive engagement and action. Suggestions are made for activities to ameliorate this situation, which may be relevant for similar contexts.

This thesis examines the effects, and effectiveness, of developing relationships between pupils with attachment difficulties and significant adults. Research suggests that 40 percent of children are insecurely attached; which may not only prove a barrier to their learning, but also pose challenges for schools. While anecdotal evidence exists, pertaining to the benefits of individual support and particular strategies, little empirical research has taken place around teaching assistants’ efficacy. This study was designed to add to the current body of work. An innovative mixed-methods a priori purposive sampling process was used to ensure that relevant data was gathered. Firstly, the notion of The Attuned School was created by conducting a structured literature review. Ethnographic research followed, which culminated in a quantitative content analysis that identified four suitable contexts. Subsequently, Boxall Profiles were completed to sample individuals who may benefit from intervention. Ultimately, through two pairings, the significant adult-pupil dyad was explored. Attachment and secure base theories underpin the study; they give rise to the notion that schools, and significant adults, can become surrogate secure bases from which students can develop social, emotional and behavioural skills. The findings suggest that settings that have a family ethos, and reflective head teachers, are likely to be attuned. 1:1 intervention positively influenced the two case study pupils’ progress; their Boxall Profiles and Individual Education Plans provided evidence, as did participants’ voices. Noteworthy improvement was made in Section II (The Diagnostic Profile), which opposes prior studies. What also emerges is that a reflective significant adult ensures pupils with attachment difficulties receive equal opportunities and are not discriminated against. Consequently, the thesis makes recommendations; however, further research is also suggested.

This study explores theories of human rights in order to assess how these are reflected in human rights education (HRE). It uses and develops Dembour‟s (2006) four way categorisation of human rights schools, that is, the natural law, deliberative, protest and discourse schools. The thesis is text-based and uses a hermeneutic methodology. HRE is examined mainly at a higher level such as teacher education, using academic texts as sources rather than manuals for schools. A particular question for the research is how the issue of diversity is addressed both in the human rights theories and in the writing on HRE, in the context of the need to envision HRE for a pluralist society. The findings of the study are that the perspective of the protest school is the one most deployed in HRE, but that the other schools have potential for deepening how human rights and HRE might be approached at teacher education level. The study proposes a model for HRE that combines three perspectives: (a) overlapping consensus and normative dialogue, (b) empowerment and (c) double responsibility. These are argued to enable teachers to address complex issues of rights as they relate to diversity and difference.

The teaching of progressive patriotism, as an inclusive, open-ended and interpretive project, is needed in state schooling to counter significant threats to modern liberal democracies. This thesis argues that various forms of civic education, with a particular focus on England over recent decades, have not been adequate. It is argued here that these conceptions of civic education have all, in various ways, failed to provide enough vital force to engage the young in our increasingly complex and demanding plural democracies. An important affective dimension has been missing. Recent civic education has also failed to be sufficiently liberal by promoting an exclusive sense of national solidarity. It is argued here that these failures need to be addressed given the levels of informed, critical democratic engagement needed in our complex modern democracies and the real and growing threats they face. For example, our increasingly diverse and unequal liberal societies, operating within an era of globalisation, have spawned a rise in chauvinistic and emotionally potent conceptions of exclusive national identity. What is needed to counter this threat is a conception of patriotic education that adheres to liberal principles whilst developing affective affiliation to the country through a liberal, multicultural, democratic national building project.

The research is a case study of one local authority and the leadership of complex change with a focus on Children’s Services. It has as its focus the leadership of children’s services and within that explores three particular areas of change: that of reducing budgets, the Academisation of schools and the systems change for child protection services. Implications for academic debate include the differences between the public and private sectors in terms of the political nature of local government; high levels of regulation and inspection; the relationship between employed staff and elected members; and the relationship with staff and that of trade union engagement. Although local government can draw from the private sector regarding leadership, the public sector has particular differences and this should be reflected in the approaches taken by senior leaders. The study evidenced the move from the traditional ‘command and control’ of bureaucratic leadership to that of distributed leadership as well as the utilization of shared leadership within the partnership arena. Leaders moved between transactional and transformational roles as the change process demanded. Implications for practice also included systems thinking; dealing with the barriers to change and putting ‘team’ into the senior leadership team.

Student learning approach theories dominate higher education pedagogy resulting in an emphasis upon individual learning. Primarily using Communities of Practice theory this thesis is a phenomenological study investigating social learning processes amongst student and qualified mental health nurses. Study questions were: • How does student social participation support development of learning for student mental health nurses? • How does community participation support the practice of qualified mental health nurses? • What are the implications of this study for pedagogical design? The study involved fourteen semi-structured interviews with student mental health nurses and practicing mental health nurses. Data was analysed using a process of interpretive phenomenological analysis as well as a value creation framework designed by Wenger et al (2010). Findings. • Social interaction is central to learning. • Individual thinking develops in a dynamic interaction with practice whilst practice develops through interaction with the individual. • Social interaction and learning involve identity change. • A range of social situations influences learning. Attempts to understand learning by examining just one aspect (i.e. the classroom) may produce an incomplete picture. • Power dynamics influence learning outcomes. • Individual learning approach theory and situated learning theories are not as opposed as originally assumed.

The intention of this case study is to evaluate the impact of classroom practice on the learning of pupils with statements of special educational needs in a mainstream secondary school and to consider the degree to which specialised teaching is required to enable such pupils to learn. A discussion of educational developments over the past thirty years, particularly with regard to provision for pupils with special educational needs, sets the context and explores the relevance of an increasing emphasis on teaching approaches and strategies as a means of meeting the needs of all pupils, including those with the most complex needs. The developing role of the teaching assistant particularly as it relates to the research is also discussed and evaluated. The study gathers qualitative data from classroom observations, interviews and questionnaires and reviews documentary evidence to examine classroom practice (particularly focusing on the work of teaching assistants) as it affects a cohort of pupils with special educational needs. This evidence is used to examine the extent to which pupils with learning difficulties need distinct educational provision – including distinctive teaching strategies – and whether the use of teaching assistants is an effective means of supporting these pupils’ learning.