In recent decades, extreme meteorological events have become more frequent and more severe. Flooding, heavy precipitation and droughts, in particular, are a few of these extreme events that can cause widespread property damage and loss of life. The climate is always changing and there is a general agreement that the changes will be more amplified and occur more rapidly due to anthropogenic influences. As a result, it is expected that the societal and economic impacts of heavy precipitation, floods, and droughts will increase as the climate continues to rapidly change. For these reasons, continued research to improve extreme precipitation predictions and long-term projections is vital. With improved projections, society will be able to improve their efforts to prepare for and implement better management practices to effectively adapt to the changing climate and help reduce the impacts of a changing climate. A great deal of progress has already been made in extreme precipitation research in relation to climate change. Overall, the tendency for dry areas to get drier and wet areas to get wetter has been identified. However, much of the work has focused on the daily timescale, and much less is known about sub-daily precipitation. It is becoming increasingly more important to consider this time scale because of evidence that climate change could have more of an impact on sub-daily (e.g., 3-hourly) rather than daily precipitation. To complicate the matter, there is still a need to evaluate the performance of global climate models in reproducing the precipitation statistics at the sub-daily time scales. The goal of this work is to evaluate the projected changes in precipitation at both the daily and sub-daily time scales and, more specifically, understand whether daily or sub-daily precipitation extremes will change more through the end of this century. However, to understand future projections it is first vital to analyze model accuracy and determine how well global climate models can reproduce the extreme precipitation statistics across the historical past. This is accomplished by comparing the historical runs for each model to observations during the same time period using several different methods, including a skill score analysis, using Taylor diagrams to visualize accuracy, and meridional plots that show intermodel variability. The results from this analysis show model performance for daily extreme precipitation is higher than that of the 3-hourly extreme precipitation. Although there are few models that do an adequate job of producing reliable results at the sub-daily time scale, there is an overall significant increase in skill as the temporal resolution becomes coarser. Variability also exists among models, with sub-daily precipitation having more widespread variability across every latitude, but daily precipitation has a wider range in potential extreme precipitation that is focused more in the tropics. Model performance also varies by season, resulting in higher performance and less variability among models for individual seasons. These results also point to several models that consistently perform well for both sub-daily and daily extreme precipitation, but it is still worth remembering that there is no guarantee that a good performance during the historical period ensures a good performance in the futures as well. The next part of the work focuses on the models with the highest performance in reproducing the observations. From there, it was possible to determine locations with the greatest changes in precipitation, the magnitude of changes, and whether sub-daily or daily extreme precipitation will be impacted more by climate change. Overall, extreme precipitation at both sub-daily and daily times scales is projected to increase globally. At the regional scale, precipitation is projected to primarily increase in the tropics, with smaller changes towards the poles. Areas of decreases in precipitation vary by model with the exception of a decrease in precipitation near the tropical Pacific Ocean that is seen in almost every model.

<p>Utsikterna att kunna genomföra en återstart av de två små vattenkraftverk som behandlas i denna rapport år goda. Förutsättningarna är gynnsamma i så måtto att planerna för återstarten ligger väl i linje med praxis som etablerats genom avgöranden i de högre rättsliga instanserna gällande liknande fall. Ägaren planerar att driva verksamheten i stort sett så som den ursprungligen bedrevs, vilket visat sig betydelsefullt för att få återupptag av nedlagd vattenkraftverksamhet godkänt Dessa kraftverk är små, väldigt små. Detta betyder att investeringskostnaderna måste minimeras om det skall finns någon chans att uppnå en acceptabel återbetalningstid för investeringen. Några kostnader kan inte påverkas alls, till exempel anslutningen till elnätet. Vissa, såsom de för nya tuber, intagsgaller, samt kabel och utrustning till kraftverken, kan påverkas i någon mån genom att omsorgsfullt välja leverantörerna av utrustningen, samt välja de mest kostnadseffektiva (ofta liktydigt med de enklaste men ändå fungerande) lösningarna. Några få komponenter, såsom generatorn, kan gå att få tag på som begagnade, vilket hjälper till att hålla nere kostnaderna. Slutligen bör inte de pengar som finns att spara på att göra så mycket som möjligt av arbetet själv underskattas.</p> / <p>The prospects of achieving a restart of the two small hydropower plants studied in this report are good. The basic conditions are favourable in the sense that the plans for a restart are well in line with accepted procedures such as established by decisions in the highest courts regarding similar cases. The owner plans to run the operation in essentially the same way it was originally run, a circumstance which has proven to be important when seeking to get restart of discontinued hydropower activities approved. These power plants are small, very small. This means that investment costs has to be minimized if there is to be any chance of achieving an acceptable pay-off time for the investment. Some can't be affected at all, such as the cost for getting connected to the power network. Some, such as those of new tubes, intake bars and electrical wiring and equipment for the plants, can be affected to some extent by carefully choosing the suppliers of the equipment and choosing the most cost-efficient (in most cases synonymous with the simplest but yet functional) solutions. A few components, such as the generator, can possibly be obtained as used equipment, which helps keeping the costs down. Lastly, the potential of saving money by doing as much as possible of the work yourself should not be underestimated.</p>

Utsikterna att kunna genomföra en återstart av de två små vattenkraftverk som behandlas i denna rapport år goda. Förutsättningarna är gynnsamma i så måtto att planerna för återstarten ligger väl i linje med praxis som etablerats genom avgöranden i de högre rättsliga instanserna gällande liknande fall. Ägaren planerar att driva verksamheten i stort sett så som den ursprungligen bedrevs, vilket visat sig betydelsefullt för att få återupptag av nedlagd vattenkraftverksamhet godkänt Dessa kraftverk är små, väldigt små. Detta betyder att investeringskostnaderna måste minimeras om det skall finns någon chans att uppnå en acceptabel återbetalningstid för investeringen. Några kostnader kan inte påverkas alls, till exempel anslutningen till elnätet. Vissa, såsom de för nya tuber, intagsgaller, samt kabel och utrustning till kraftverken, kan påverkas i någon mån genom att omsorgsfullt välja leverantörerna av utrustningen, samt välja de mest kostnadseffektiva (ofta liktydigt med de enklaste men ändå fungerande) lösningarna. Några få komponenter, såsom generatorn, kan gå att få tag på som begagnade, vilket hjälper till att hålla nere kostnaderna. Slutligen bör inte de pengar som finns att spara på att göra så mycket som möjligt av arbetet själv underskattas. / The prospects of achieving a restart of the two small hydropower plants studied in this report are good. The basic conditions are favourable in the sense that the plans for a restart are well in line with accepted procedures such as established by decisions in the highest courts regarding similar cases. The owner plans to run the operation in essentially the same way it was originally run, a circumstance which has proven to be important when seeking to get restart of discontinued hydropower activities approved. These power plants are small, very small. This means that investment costs has to be minimized if there is to be any chance of achieving an acceptable pay-off time for the investment. Some can't be affected at all, such as the cost for getting connected to the power network. Some, such as those of new tubes, intake bars and electrical wiring and equipment for the plants, can be affected to some extent by carefully choosing the suppliers of the equipment and choosing the most cost-efficient (in most cases synonymous with the simplest but yet functional) solutions. A few components, such as the generator, can possibly be obtained as used equipment, which helps keeping the costs down. Lastly, the potential of saving money by doing as much as possible of the work yourself should not be underestimated.