Multi-user wireless systems with multiple antennas can drastically increase the capac- ity while maintaining the quality of service requirements. The best performance of these systems is obtained at the presence of instantaneous channel knowledge. Since uplink-downlink channel reciprocity does not hold in frequency division duplex and broadband time division duplex systems, efficient channel quantization becomes important. This thesis focuses on different quantization techniques in a linearly precoded multi-user wireless system. Our work provides three major contributions. First, we come up with an end-to-end transceiver design, incorporating precoder, receive combining and feedback policy, that works well at low feedback overhead. Second, we provide optimal bit allocation across the gain and shape of a complex vector to reduce the quantization error and investigate its effect in the multiuser wireless system. Third, we design an adaptive differential quantizer that reduces feedback overhead by utilizing temporal correlation of the channels in a time varying scenario.

The performance of multiple input single output (MISO) broadcast channels is strongly dependent on the availability of channel side information (CSI) at the transmitter. In many practical systems, CSI may be available to the transmitter only in a corrupted and incomplete form. It is natural to assume that the flaws in the CSI are random and can be represented by a probability distribution over the channel. This work is concerned with two key issues concerning MISO broadcast systems with random CSI: performance analysis and system design. First, the impact of noisy channel information on system performance is investigated. A simple model is formulated where the channel is Rayleigh fading, the CSI is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise and a zero forcing precoder is formed by the noisy CSI. Detailed analysis of the ergodic rate and outage probability of the system is given. Particular attention is given to system behavior at asymptotically high SNR. Next, a method to construct precoders in a manner that accounts for the uncertainty in the channel information is developed. A framework is introduced that allows one to quantify the tradeoff between the risk (due to the CSI randomness) that is associated with a precoder and the resulting transmission rate. Using ideas from modern portfolio theory, the risk-rate problem is modified to a tractable mean-variance optimization problem. Thus, we give a method that allows one to efficiently find a good precoder in the risk-rate sense. The technique is quite general and applies to a wide range of CSI probability distributions.

The performance of multiple input single output (MISO) broadcast channels is strongly dependent on the availability of channel side information (CSI) at the transmitter. In many practical systems, CSI may be available to the transmitter only in a corrupted and incomplete form. It is natural to assume that the flaws in the CSI are random and can be represented by a probability distribution over the channel. This work is concerned with two key issues concerning MISO broadcast systems with random CSI: performance analysis and system design. First, the impact of noisy channel information on system performance is investigated. A simple model is formulated where the channel is Rayleigh fading, the CSI is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise and a zero forcing precoder is formed by the noisy CSI. Detailed analysis of the ergodic rate and outage probability of the system is given. Particular attention is given to system behavior at asymptotically high SNR. Next, a method to construct precoders in a manner that accounts for the uncertainty in the channel information is developed. A framework is introduced that allows one to quantify the tradeoff between the risk (due to the CSI randomness) that is associated with a precoder and the resulting transmission rate. Using ideas from modern portfolio theory, the risk-rate problem is modified to a tractable mean-variance optimization problem. Thus, we give a method that allows one to efficiently find a good precoder in the risk-rate sense. The technique is quite general and applies to a wide range of CSI probability distributions.

In this thesis, we consider the uplink of a cooperative code division multiple access (CDMA) network, where users cooperate by relaying each other¡¦s messages to the base station. The sources adopt CDMA to share the informations offered by relays. In general, spreading waveforms of sources are not orthogonal to each others due to pratical design issues of CDMA network. Therefore, the source signals will suffer from multiple access interference (MAI) at the relays and destination. The MAI results in the increase of bit error rate increased, and diminishes the cooperative network diveristy gains. In order to mitigate MAI, the decorrelating multiuser detection and zero-forcing precoder have been commonly adopted. But, the decorrelating multiuser detection causes noise enhancement, while the zero-forcing precoder causes power expansion. In this thesis, we adopt relay-assisted decorrelating multiuser detector (RAD-MUD) to mitigate MAI as proposed in [1].In this scheme, the relays perform half of decorrelating operation and the destination performs the other half. In this way, neither noise enhancement nor power expansion will occur. However, in the reference [1], the authers assume the transmission is synchronous between sources and relays. The assumption is unrealistic, because it is difficult to achieve synchronization between all sources and relays due to various propagation delays. In this thesis, we extend the research in [1] and relax restriction of synchronization between all sources and relays. Besides, we also adopt cooperative strategies such as transmit beamforming or selective relaying to enhance system performance. Compared with other¡¦s multiuser detection schemes, we show that the proposed schemes can effectively reduce the bit error rate.

We examine the effect of precoding on OFDM systems. The precoding operation, which is also known as constellation rotation, leads to a gain in diversity order for fading channels. In this thesis, we examine the effect of precoding for different receivers such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE), and Zero Forcing (ZF) receivers. The diversity gain due to precoding comes at no cost of bandwidth expansion or power increase. Therefore it is an attractive and practical alternative. We also examine the precoding gain, when some reduction of rate is tolerable and compare the performance of rate reduced system with the uncoded system with the system which is coded by rateless unitary precoders, and with the hard-decision decoded BCH coded coded system.

At a communications receiver the observed signal is a corrupted version of the transmitted signal. This distortion in the received signal is due to the physical characteristics of the channel, including multipath propagation, the non-idealities of copper wires and impulse noise. Equalization is a process to combat these distortions in order to recover the original transmitted signal. Roughly stated, the equalizer tries to implement the inverse transfer function of the channel while taking into account the channel noise. The equalizer parameters can be tuned to this inverse transfer function using an adaptive algorithm. In many cases, the algorithm uses a training sequence to drive the equalizer parameters to the optimum solution. But, for time-varying channels or multiuser channels the use of a training sequence is inefficient in terms of bandwidth, as bandwidth is wasted due to the periodic re-transmission of the training sequence. A blind equalization algorithm is a practical method to eliminate this training sequence. An equalizer adapted using a blind algorithm is a key component of a bandwidth efficient receiver for broadcast and point-to-multipoint communications. The initial convergence performance of a blind adaptive equalizer depends on the higher-order statistics of the transmitted signal. In modern digital systems, Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) is often used for signal shaping and to mitigate the error propagation problem of a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). The concept of THP comes from pre-equalization. In fact, it is a nonlinear form of pre-equalization, which bounds the higher-order statistics of the transmitted signal. But, THP and blind equalization are often viewed as incompatible equalization techniques. In this research, we give multiple scenarios where blind equalization of a THP-encoded signal might arise. With this motivation we set out to answer the question, can a blind equalizer successfully acquire a THP-encoded signal? We investigate the combination of a Tomlinson-Harashima precoder on the transmitter side and a blind equalizer on the receiver side. By bounding the kurtosis of the THP-encoded signal, we show that THP actually aids the initial convergence of blind equalization. We find that, as the symbol constellation size increases, the THP-encoded signal kurtosis approaches that of a uniform distribution, not a Gaussian. We investigate the compatibility of blind equalization with THP-encoded signals for both SISO and MIMO systems. In a SISO system, conventional blind algorithms can be used to counter the distortions introduced in the received signal. However, in a MIMO system with multiple users, the other users act as interferers on the desired user's signal. Hence, modified blind algorithms need to be applied to mitigate these interferers. For both SISO and MIMO systems, we show that the THP encoder ensures that the signal distribution approaches a non-Gaussian distribution. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we study the effects of Tomlinson-Harashima precoding on the performance of Bussgang-type blind algorithms and verify our theoretical analysis. The major contributions of this thesis are: • A demonstration that a blind equalizer can successfully acquire a THP-encoded signal for both SISO and MIMO systems. We show that THP actually aids blind equalization, as it ensures that the transmitted signal is non-Gaussian. • An analytical quantification of the effects of THP on the transmitted signal statistics. We derive a novel bound on the kurtosis of the THP-encoded signal. • An extension of the results from a single-user SISO scenario to multiple users and a MIMO scenario. We demonstrate that our bound and simulated results hold for these more general cases. Through our work, we have opened the way for a novel application of training sequence-less equalization: to acquire and equalize THP-encoded signals. Using our proposed system, periodic training sequences for a broadcast or point-to-multipoint system can be avoided, improving the bandwidth efficiency of the transceiver. Future modem designs with THP encoding can make use of our advances for bandwidth efficient communication systems.

Storskaliga fleranvändar-MIMO-system, med hundratals basstationsantenner, studeras med allt större intresse både inom akademin och industrin. En anledning är att sådana system kan betjäna flera enantennsanvändare samtidigt över samma tids-frekvens-resurs med fleranvändarförkodning. Det innebär högre datahastigheter och bättre spektral effektivitet. En annan anledning är att basstationens energiförbrukning förväntas avta linjärt med antalet antenner tack vare den ökade antennförstärkningen. För att möjliggöra den stora ökningen av antalet antenner, måste priset per antenn, med dess sändtagarkedja, vara lågt. Vore det möjligt att tillverka basstationsantenner av billiga, massproducerade mobiltelefonskomponenter, som effektförstärkare utan avancerad linearisering, då skulle storskalig fleranvändar-MIMO kunna bli verklighet. Effektförstärkare i mobiltelefoner är generellt anpassade att ha hög verkningsgrad och har, i och med detta, kraftigt olinjära överföringsegenskaper. Det är fördelaktigt att sända signaler med lågt toppvärde genom sådana effektförstärkare, för att undvika svår distortion och för att maximera verkningsgraden genom att endast använda en liten avbackning från arbetspunkten. Konventionellt förkodade signaler har tyvärr högt toppvärde (ca. 10 dB). Detta arbete har undersökt en av Mohammed m.fl. (2013a) föreslagen förkodning för storskalig MIMO som resulterar i sändarsignaler med lågt toppvärde. Det visas att denna förkodning ger signaler med ett toppvärde på 4 dB, och att toppvärdet kan göras godtyckligt litet genom att dessutom begränsa fasvariationen. Ju mer fasen begränsas, desto lägre blir emellertid antennförstärkning. Till exempel om fasvariationen begränsas till π/2, sänks toppvärdet till 2,6 dB, men 2-3 dB högre sändareffekt behövs för att bibehålla samma prestanda eller, likvärdigt, så måste basstationen utrustas med 1,6-2,0 gånger fler antenner. Kontinuerlig fasmodulering som ett sätt att få sändarsignaler med konstant envelopp har studerats kort. Lågtoppvärdesförkodning, där sändarsignalerna ligger innanför en cirkel, föreslås som ett sätt att minska den erfodrade sändareffekten utan att öka toppvärdet märkvärt (<4,5 dB) relativt Mohammeds m.fl. förkodning. Förkodningsalgoritmen som utvecklades för detta fastnade dock i lokala minima, vilket försämrade dess prestanda. Sändareffekten kunde därför endast minskas lite grand (<1 dB) vid höga datahastigheter. En preliminär länkbudget baserad på en enkel effektförstärkarmodell har visat att, med fullständig kanalkännedom och i frekvensplatt fädning, skulle lågtoppvärdesförkodning kunna minska energiförbrukningen med 33 % jämfört med konventionell, linjär förkodning i en basstation med 100 antenner. Analysen antyder att olineariserade klass AB mobiltelefonseffektförstärkare kan vara ett alternativ för storskalig fleranvändar-MIMO-basstationer. / Very-large multi-user MIMO systems, with hundreds of base station antennae, are increasingly attracting attention from both academia and industry. One reason is that such systems can use multi-user precoding to simultaneously serve multiple single-antenna users over the same time-frequency resource. This implies increased data rates and improved spectral efficiency. Another reason is that the energy consumed by the base station is expected to decrease linearly with the number of antennae because of the increasing array gain. To enable the massive increase in the number of antennae, each antenna, together with its tranceiver chain, has to be cheap. If one could manufacture base station antennae using low-cost, mass-produced handset technology, including power amplifiers without advanced linearisation techniques, then very-large multi-user MIMO could become reality. Handset power amplifiers generally aim to be power-efficient, and in doing so often have highly non-linear transfer characteristics. It is of benefit to transmit signals with low peak-to-average ratio (PAR) through such power amplifiers, to avoid excessive distortion and to maximise the power efficiency by only having small operating back-offs. Conventionally precoded signals unfortunately have high PAR (approx. 10 dB). This work has investigated the low-PAR precoding scheme for very-large MIMO proposed by Mohammed et al. (2013a). It is shown that, the transmit signals of this precoding scheme have 4 dB PAR, and that by further limiting the phase variation, the PAR can be made arbitrarily small. However, the more the phase is constrained, the smaller the array gain will be. For example, if the phase variation is limited to π/2, the PAR is lowered to 2.6 dB, but 2-3 dB more transmit power is needed to maintain the same performance or, equivalently, 1.6-2.0 times more antennae are needed at the base station. Continuous phase modulation has briefly been studied as a means of producing constant-envelope transmit signals. Low-PAR precoding, where the transmit signals lie inside a circle, is suggested as a way to decrease the required transmit power without increasing PAR noticeably (<4.5 dB) relative to scheme of Mohammed et al. The algorithm that was developed for this purpose, however got stuck in local minima, which degraded its performance. The transmit power could therefore only be slightly (<1 dB) lowered in the regime of high data rates. A preliminary link budget analysis based on a simplistic model of the power amplifier has shown that, assuming perfect channel state information and frequency-flat fading, low-PAR precoding can reduce energy consumption by 33 % compared to conventional linear precoding in a base station with 100 antennae. The analysis suggests that using unlinearised class AB handset power amplifiers might be a viable option for very-large multi-user MIMO base stations. / 大規模多用戶多輸入多輸出通信系統，即配備上百基站天線的系統，正吸引著學術界及工業界越來越多的關注。其中一個原因是通過多用戶預編碼，該系統可以在同一時頻資源上同時服務多個單天線用戶，有效地增加數據速率及頻譜效率。另一個原因是，跟著陣增益的增加，基站功耗將隨天線數線性遞減。爲了使天線數的極大化可行，每根天線與其收發機的成本必須非常廉價。只有在多天線基站的生產中使用低成本的手機配件，比如不包含複雜線性化技術的功率放大器，大規模多用戶多入多出系統才有可能真正實現。 手機功放通常爲了降低功耗而有著高度非線性傳輸特性。因此，通過這樣的功放更適合傳輸低峯均比的信號以避免過度失真，同時可以在小的運作功率回退下提高功耗效率。傳統預編碼的信號峯均比不巧很高（約10分貝）。本論文研究了由Mohammed等人（2013a）提出的低峯均比預編碼。表明該預編碼的信號有4分貝的峯均比，另外加上相位變化約束信號峯均比可以降到任意小。但相位約束越緊陣增益會隨之減小。譬如約束相位變化小於π/2，峯均比降低到2.6分貝，但需要增加2至3分貝的發射功率保持相同的性能，或增加天線數於1.6至2倍。本文也簡要地描述了恆定包絡信號的連續相位調制，並提出一個預編碼讓傳播信號在一個圓內，以便減少所需要的發射功率，而峯均比也不明顯比Mohammed等人的預編碼大（＜4.5分貝）。爲此設計的算法會陷入局部最優點，從而降低其性能。因此傳輸功率只有在高數據速率場景觀察到稍微減小（＜1分貝）。 一個初步的基於簡單的功放模型的鏈路預算分析表明，假設收發端具有全部的信道狀態信息，並假設頻率平坦衰落，在一台以一百根天線的基站，低峯均比預編碼可以比普通的線性預編碼進一步降低33％功耗。也表示在大規模多用戶多入多出基站中使用非線性的手機功放應該是可行的。 / Mehrbenutzer-MIMO-Systeme mit hunderten von Antennen auf Seite der Basisstation werden mit zunehmendem Interesse sowohl von Universitäten als auch in der Telekommunikationsindustrie erforscht. Ein Vorteil Systeme dieser Art ist die gleichzeitige Versorgung mehreren Benutzer mittels Mehrbenutzervorkodierung über dieselbe Zeit-Frequenz-Ressourcen. Dieses führt zu höheren Datenraten und besserer spektraler Effizienz. Ein weiterer Vorteil, wegen des zunehmenden Antennengewinn, ist der mit der Antennenanzahl erwartete linear abnehmende Energieverbrauch der Basisstation. Um eine große Anzahl von Antennen sinnvoll zu ermöglichen, muss jede individuelle Antenne, mit ihrer zugehörigen Sendeempfängerkette, kostengünstig sein. Wäre es möglich, Antennen einer Basisstation auf kostengünstigen serienmäßig hergestellten Mobiltelefonkomponenten, z.B. Leistungsverstärkern ohne komplexe Linearisierung, aufzubauen, könnten Mehrbenutzer-MIMO-Systeme mit hunderten Antennen wirklich realisiert werden. Mobiltelefonleistungsverstärker sind gewöhnlich eher auf hohen Wirkungsgrade angepasst, deren Übertrangungseigenschaften sind daher stark nichtlinear. Es ist von Vorteil, Signale mit niedrigem Scheitelfaktor durch solche Leistungsverstärker zu übertragen, um übermäßige Verzerrung zu vermeiden und die Wirkungsgrad durch kleineren Backoff vom Arbeitspunkt zu maximieren. Leider haben herkömmlich vorkodierte Signale hohen Scheitelfaktor (ca. 10 dB). Diese Arbeit untersucht die Vorkodierungsmethode von Mohammed u.a. (2013a) zur Verringerung des Scheitelfaktors. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Signale dieser Vorkodierungsmethode haben einen Scheitelfaktor von 4 dB und dass der Scheitelfaktor durch eine zusätzliche Begrenzung der Phasenvariation beliebig klein gemacht werden kann. Je mehr die Phasen begrenzt werden, desto kleiner wird jedoch die Antennenverstärkung. Z.B, wenn die Phasenvariation auf π/2 begrenzt wird, wird der Scheitelfaktor auf 2,6 dB reduziert, aber 2-3 dB höhere Sendeleistung ist benötigt, um die gleiche Datenraten zu behalten, oder, entsprechend, muss die Antennenanzahl um einen Faktor 1,6-2 erhöht werden. Modulation mit stetiger Phase, als eine Methode um Sendesignale mit konstanten Einhüllenden zu bekommen, wird kurz untersucht. Eine Vorkodierungsmethode, wo die Signale innerhalb eines Kreises liegen, wird vorgeschlagen, zur Verringerung der erforderlichen Sendeleistung, ohne den Scheitelfaktor (<4,5 dB), im Vergleich zur Vorkodierung von Mohammed u.a, erkennbar zu erhöhern. Der Algorithmus, der für diesen Zweck entwickelt wurde, fährt aber in lokale Mimima fest, was dessen Leistung vermindern. Die Sendeleistung kann deshalb nur im Bereich hohen Datenraten etwas (<1 dB) gesenkt werden. Eine Kanalgewinnanalyse, die auf einem einfachen Leistungsverstärkermodell beruht, zeigt ansatzweise im Fall perfekter Kanalzustandsinformation und Flachschwunds, dass geeignete Scheitelfaktorvorkodierung in einem Basisstation mit 100 Antennen den Stromverbrauch im Vergleich zu herkömmlicher linearer Vorkodierung um 33 % verringern kann. Die Analyse deutet an, dass die Anwendung unlinearisierter Mobiltelefonleistungsverstärker Klasse AB eine Möglichkeit in Mehrbenutzer-MIMO-Basisstationen mit hunderten von Antennen ist.

This thesis investigates the performance of a multi-user multiple-input single- output (MISO) system considering maximum ratio transmission (MRT) downlink precoding. The transmitted signal from the base station (BS) to each user is as- sumed to experience the double scattering channel. We adopt the minimum-mean- square-error (MMSE) channel estimator for the proposed model. Within this setting, we are interested in deriving tight approximations of the ergodic rate assuming the number of BS antennas, users, and scatterers grow large with the same pace. Under the special multi-keyhole channels, these deterministic equivalents are expressed in more simplified closed-form expressions. The simplified expressions reveal that unlike the standard Rayleigh channel in which the SINR grows as as O(N/k), the SINR associated with a multi-keyhole channel scales as O(S/N). This particularly shows that the K reaped gains of the large-scale MIMO over double scattering channels do not linearly increase with the number of antennas and are limited by the number of scatterers. We further show that the derived asymptotic results match the simulation results closely under moderate system dimensions and provide some useful insights into the interplay between N, K and S.

Satellite communication (SatCom) is an essential component of next-generation wireless communications. The existing terrestrial network will be overwhelmed due to the rapid growth of demand for data and serving remote areas by using only terrestrial networks is demanding. In addition, terrestrial communications are susceptible to natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. In order to overcome these disadvantages of the terrestrial communication systems, SatCom systems are being deployed and covering remote or sparsely populated areas. However, research on SatCom is still not enough and it has not been studied as much as on terrestrial communication. In this thesis, we investigate and analyze system models using SatCom. Furthermore, we present to improve the performance of SatCom by applying the proposed techniques in terrestrial communications. First of all, we analyze the outage probability and symbol error rate of the SatCom system. In single-beam and multi-beam situations, all factors that can be considered in the SatCom channel model are considered. Since the beam coverage of the satellite is broad, a number of users are randomly distributed within the beam. We investigate the performance of the SatCom system according to the user selection methods considering the user's location as well. Secondly, a system in which multiple gateways transmit signals over multiple beams is taken into account. Many users are placed in each beam, and inter-beam interference exists due to full-frequency reuse. To simultaneously cover the multiple users in the beam, signals are transmitted using non-orthogonal multiple access. In order to maximize system throughput, precoding for interference mitigation and NOMA optimization techniques are proposed. Finally, a cognitive radio network in which high-altitude platforms (HAPs) are applied to conventional SatCom systems and share frequency bands with SatCom is taken into consideration. HAPs are used to cover user-dense areas within satellite beam coverage. In order to properly handle interference caused by spectrum sharing and improve the system data rate, precoding and frequency band allocation schemes are proposed.

This dissertation focuses on downlink multi-antenna transmission with packet scheduling in a wireless packet data network. The topic is viewed as a critical system design problem for future high-speed packet networks requiring extremely high spectral efficiency. Our aim is to illustrate the interaction between transmission schemes at the physical layer and scheduling algorithms at the medium access control (MAC) layer from a sum-capacity perspective. Various roles of multiple antennas are studied under channel-aware scheduling, including diversity, beamforming and spatial multiplexing. At a system performance level, our work shows that downlink throughput can be optimized by joint precoding across multiple transmit antennas and exploiting small-scale fading of distributed multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) channels. There are three major results in this dissertation. First, it is shown that over a MIMO Gaussian broadcast channel, and under channel-aware scheduling, open-loop transmit antenna diversity actually reduces the achievable sum rate. This reveals a negative interaction between open-loop antenna diversity and the closed-loop multiuser diversity through scheduling. Second, a suboptimal dirty paper coding (DPC) approach benefits greatly from multiuser diversity by an efficient packet scheduling algorithm. Performance analysis of a suboptimal greedy scheduling algorithm indicates that, compared with the receiver-centric V-BLAST method, it can achieve a much larger scheduling gain over a distributed MIMO channel. Further, pre-interference cancellation allows for transmissions free of error propagation. A practical solution, termed Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP), is studied under this suboptimal scheduling algorithm. Similar to V-BLAST, a reordering is applied to minimize the average error rate, which introduces only a negligible sum-rate loss in the scenarios investigated. Third, for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system using MIMO precoding, it is shown that a DPC-based approach is readily applicable and can be easily generalized to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) up to 5 dB without affecting the receiver design. Simulations show that in an interference-limited multi-cell scenario, greater performance improvement can be achieved by interference avoidance through adaptive packet scheduling, rather than by interference diversity or averaging alone. These findings suggest that, coordinated with channel-aware scheduling, adaptive multiplexing in both spatial and frequency domains provides an attractive downlink solution from a total capacity point of view. / Ph. D.