Proposição: Este estudo in vitro comparou a resistência à fratura e os padrões de falha de 5 tipos diferentes de pinos-núcleos cimentados em raízes bovinas. Materiais e métodos: Um total de 50 incisivos bovinos frescos foram utilizados. A coroa, o terço cervical e parte do terço médio radicular foram removidos. Os dentes selecionados foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=10). Quatro grupos foram enfraquecidos utilizando uma seqüência de pontas diamantadas, reforçados com resina composta e restaurados com núcleos metálicos fundidos, pinos de fibra de vidro, pinos de fibra de carbono e pinos de aço inoxidável. Um grupo não sofreu enfraquecimento e foi restaurado com núcleo metálico fundido (grupo controle). Todos os pinos foram cimentados com adesivo Single Bond 2 e cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC. Cada espécime foi incluído em resina acrílica e recebeu uma coroa total metálica. A máquina de ensaios universais EMIC-2000 foi utilizada para o teste mecânico. Uma carga compressiva com célula de carga de 500Kgf a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm.min-1 foi aplicada em um ângulo de 135º em relação ao longo eixo do dente até ocorrer fratura. Análise de variância e teste de Tukey foram realizados para determinar a significância da resistência à fratura entre os grupos (p<0,05). Resultados: A análise estatística indicou que as raízes íntegras restauradas com núcleos metálicos fundidos (Grupo 1) apresentaram resistência à fratura significativamente maior: 120,02±35,34, seguido pelos grupos de raízes reforçadas com resina composta e restauradas com os seguintes tipos de pino: núcleo metálico fundido (Grupo 2): 77,91±32,86; pino de fibra de vidro (Grupo 3): 69,60±34,44; pino de fibra de carbono (Grupo 4): 48,25±22,84; e pino de aço inoxidável: 42,26±17,52. Os Grupos 2 a 5 apresentaram valores estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. O padrão de fratura variou entre os grupos. O Grupo 1 apresentou um índice de 100% de fratura catastrófica, enquanto o Grupo 4 apresentou apenas 20% de fraturas radiculares. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que dentes com estrutura íntegra são mais resistentes que dentes fragilizados e reforçados com resina. Os dentes restaurados com núcleo metálico fundido demonstraram maior resistência à fratura que os dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro, fibra de carbono e aço inoxidável. Dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro são altamente resistentes à fratura, enquanto o dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de carbono possuem uma grande capacidade protetora da estrutura remanescente. Os dentes restaurados com pinos de aço inoxidável apresentaram a menor resistência à fratura dentre os grupos testados, além de, frequentemente, induzir fraturas radiculares / Purpose: This in vitro study compared the fracture strength and the failure patterns of 5 different types of post-and-cores luted in bovine root canals. Materials and methods: A total of 50 recently extracted anterior bovine teeth with similar dimensions were used in this study. Their crowns, coronal thirds and part of the middle thirds of the roots were removed. The selected teeth were divided into five groups (n=10). Four groups were flared using a sequence of diamond burs, reinforced with composite resin and restored with cast metal post-and-core, glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. One group was not flared and restored with cast metal post-and-core (control group). All posts were cemented with Single Bond 2 adhesive system and dual-cured RelyX ARC resin cement. Each specimen was embedded in acrylic resin and received a complete metal crown. The Universal Testing Machine EMIC-2000 was used for the mechanical test. A compressive load with a 500 Kgf load cell, at a crosshead of .5 mm. min-1, was applied at a 135-degrees angle to the long axis of the tooth until fracture occurred. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were performed to determine the significance of the fracture strength among the groups (P<.05). Results: The statistical analysis indicated that healthy roots with cast metal post-and-cores (Group 1) had significantly higher fracture strength: 120.02±35.34, followed by the groups of flared roots with resin reinforcement and restored with posts: cast metal post-and-cores (Group 2): 77.91±32.86; glass fiber post (Group 3): 69.60±34.44; carbon fiber post (Group 4): 48.25±22.84; and stainless steel post (Group 5): 42.26±17.52. Groups 2 to 5 were statistically similar to each other. The failure patterns varied between the groups. Group 1 showed an index of 100% of catastrophic fracture, whereas Group 4 had only 20% of root fractures. Conclusions: It can be concluded healthy teeth with complete root structure has higher fracture strength than teeth with resin-reinforced flared roots. Teeth restored with cast metal post-and-cores demonstrated higher fracture strength than teeth restored with glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. Teeth restored with glass fiber posts are highly resistant to fracture, whereas carbon fiber posts protect the remaining dental structure. Teeth restored with stainless steel posts show lower fracture strength and often induce root fractures.

Proposição: Este estudo in vitro comparou a resistência à fratura e os padrões de falha de 5 tipos diferentes de pinos-núcleos cimentados em raízes bovinas. Materiais e métodos: Um total de 50 incisivos bovinos frescos foram utilizados. A coroa, o terço cervical e parte do terço médio radicular foram removidos. Os dentes selecionados foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=10). Quatro grupos foram enfraquecidos utilizando uma seqüência de pontas diamantadas, reforçados com resina composta e restaurados com núcleos metálicos fundidos, pinos de fibra de vidro, pinos de fibra de carbono e pinos de aço inoxidável. Um grupo não sofreu enfraquecimento e foi restaurado com núcleo metálico fundido (grupo controle). Todos os pinos foram cimentados com adesivo Single Bond 2 e cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC. Cada espécime foi incluído em resina acrílica e recebeu uma coroa total metálica. A máquina de ensaios universais EMIC-2000 foi utilizada para o teste mecânico. Uma carga compressiva com célula de carga de 500Kgf a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm.min-1 foi aplicada em um ângulo de 135º em relação ao longo eixo do dente até ocorrer fratura. Análise de variância e teste de Tukey foram realizados para determinar a significância da resistência à fratura entre os grupos (p<0,05). Resultados: A análise estatística indicou que as raízes íntegras restauradas com núcleos metálicos fundidos (Grupo 1) apresentaram resistência à fratura significativamente maior: 120,02±35,34, seguido pelos grupos de raízes reforçadas com resina composta e restauradas com os seguintes tipos de pino: núcleo metálico fundido (Grupo 2): 77,91±32,86; pino de fibra de vidro (Grupo 3): 69,60±34,44; pino de fibra de carbono (Grupo 4): 48,25±22,84; e pino de aço inoxidável: 42,26±17,52. Os Grupos 2 a 5 apresentaram valores estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. O padrão de fratura variou entre os grupos. O Grupo 1 apresentou um índice de 100% de fratura catastrófica, enquanto o Grupo 4 apresentou apenas 20% de fraturas radiculares. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que dentes com estrutura íntegra são mais resistentes que dentes fragilizados e reforçados com resina. Os dentes restaurados com núcleo metálico fundido demonstraram maior resistência à fratura que os dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro, fibra de carbono e aço inoxidável. Dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro são altamente resistentes à fratura, enquanto o dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de carbono possuem uma grande capacidade protetora da estrutura remanescente. Os dentes restaurados com pinos de aço inoxidável apresentaram a menor resistência à fratura dentre os grupos testados, além de, frequentemente, induzir fraturas radiculares / Purpose: This in vitro study compared the fracture strength and the failure patterns of 5 different types of post-and-cores luted in bovine root canals. Materials and methods: A total of 50 recently extracted anterior bovine teeth with similar dimensions were used in this study. Their crowns, coronal thirds and part of the middle thirds of the roots were removed. The selected teeth were divided into five groups (n=10). Four groups were flared using a sequence of diamond burs, reinforced with composite resin and restored with cast metal post-and-core, glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. One group was not flared and restored with cast metal post-and-core (control group). All posts were cemented with Single Bond 2 adhesive system and dual-cured RelyX ARC resin cement. Each specimen was embedded in acrylic resin and received a complete metal crown. The Universal Testing Machine EMIC-2000 was used for the mechanical test. A compressive load with a 500 Kgf load cell, at a crosshead of .5 mm. min-1, was applied at a 135-degrees angle to the long axis of the tooth until fracture occurred. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were performed to determine the significance of the fracture strength among the groups (P<.05). Results: The statistical analysis indicated that healthy roots with cast metal post-and-cores (Group 1) had significantly higher fracture strength: 120.02±35.34, followed by the groups of flared roots with resin reinforcement and restored with posts: cast metal post-and-cores (Group 2): 77.91±32.86; glass fiber post (Group 3): 69.60±34.44; carbon fiber post (Group 4): 48.25±22.84; and stainless steel post (Group 5): 42.26±17.52. Groups 2 to 5 were statistically similar to each other. The failure patterns varied between the groups. Group 1 showed an index of 100% of catastrophic fracture, whereas Group 4 had only 20% of root fractures. Conclusions: It can be concluded healthy teeth with complete root structure has higher fracture strength than teeth with resin-reinforced flared roots. Teeth restored with cast metal post-and-cores demonstrated higher fracture strength than teeth restored with glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. Teeth restored with glass fiber posts are highly resistant to fracture, whereas carbon fiber posts protect the remaining dental structure. Teeth restored with stainless steel posts show lower fracture strength and often induce root fractures.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of three post and core systems in endodontically treated teeth by loading to failure, and to measure marginal gaps before and after cyclic loading. Sixty extracted canines were assigned to three groups. The groups tested were: 1) Single cast post and core (Group CP). 2) Prefabricated metal post and composite resin core (Group MR). 3) Glass fiber post and composite resin core (Group FR). All teeth were obturated and prepared to receive a post and core with a coping. Thirty teeth (10 from each group) were loaded to failure, and the other 30 teeth were fatigue-loaded. The marginal gaps on the facial and lingual surface of the fatigue-loaded group were measured before and after cyclic loading. There were two hypotheses for this study. The first was that the FR group would have less marginal gap opening on the lingual surface than the other groups. The second was that the CP group would have a higher load at failure than the other groups. Group CP was found to have a significantly smaller pre-loading marginal gap than group FR (p = 0.0265) and group MR (p = 0.0273), while groups FR and MR did not have a significantly different pre-loading marginal gaps (p = 0.86). Group FR had significantly less change in marginal gap than group MR (p = 0.0013). Groups CP and MR did not have significantly different changes in marginal gap (p = 0.09). Groups CP and FR did not have significantly different changes in marginal gap (p = 0.11). The three post types did not have significantly different maximum loads to failure (p= 0.49), moments of inertia at cervical area (p = 0.75), or moments of inertia at fracture site (p=0.12). There was no significant difference between groups CP, FR, and MR in the load-to-failure test. Group CP demonstrated the highest load-to-failure values; however, the highest load-to-failure mean was for group MR. All fractures observed in this study were catastrophic. Group FR demonstrated better stress distribution and caused no early fractures in the fatigue-loading group. All groups demonstrated significant marginal gap changes on the lingual surface after fatigue loading; however, group FR demonstrated <45 μm marginal gap opening. In group FR, the reduced marginal gap opening was attributed to the use of Panavia 21 with the proper surface treatments to bond to the tooth structure, the resin composite, and the metal coping.