No / 19 papers presented at the Proceedings of a Prehistoric Society conference at Sheffield University in February 2001. including at number 19: Ambushed by a grotesque: archaeology, slavery and the third paradigm (Tim Taylor).

No

Outlined here is a course that would serve as an introduction to archaeological science, specifically within the context of Aegean Prehistory. The main objective of this course is to expose students early in their archaeological careers to a variety of methods and questions, and to depart from the culture-historical perspective that typifies introductory survey courses. The class structure is equal parts lecture and discussion, moving between learning how the methods work and evaluating case studies. All graded assignments build on one another, guiding the students through designing their own research project. The ultimate goals of the assignments are to build key writing and professional skills, develop a basic understanding of research design, and to instill confidence that the student can contribute to the production of knowledge, whatever field he or she decides to pursue.

This study examines the characteristics and setting of the six hillforts of the Clwydian Range in north east Wales and considers other hills and hillforts within the surrounding area. It provides an assessment of the hillforts of much of north Wales and the borderlands as a group, to define connections or regional variations, in order to aid understanding of their function. Sites have been investigated through the use of Geographical Information Systems and viewshed analysis to consider the extent of view, the features visible and intervisibility. The use of a control sample of non-hillfort sites considers why some hills were chosen to be hillforts but others not. Interrogation of the data to identify what the monument can see, not just how much, is fundamental in the interpretation of site selection and position. Architectural features and dating evidence have been documented and examined. Former radiocarbon dating has been scrutinised and recalibrated to ensure consistency. A theme of stone, or the illusion of, is dominant across the study area and, despite previous reports, not limited to Gwynedd and a small number of outliers. Entrances and their evolution are distinctive to north east Wales and the borders, with possible links to northern England. The hillforts of the Clwydian Range are distinctive with regards to their proximity and longevity, with multi-phase, multi-period use. In contrast to 'Central Place Theory', there is not an obvious 'main' hillfort dominating or suppressing the others. Instead, awareness of each other may have complimented their situation and therefore the area flourished. Changes in the hillforts' characteristics are essential in understanding the evolution of their function throughout the Iron Age; from initial community links and cultivation, to control and finally to conservation, which is a tradition which has continued to this day.

The current study has re-visited two distinctive patterns, namely pottery and millet, both of which conflict with conventional narratives concerning trans-Eurasian exchange. The significance of this lies beyond the simple matter of chronology, but rests on the relationship between the movement of agricultural resources and of other items of material culture. This in turn is related to the larger debate over whether the movements are stimulated by farmers without material culture (bottom up) or other populations of more prestigious status (top down). Specifically, in terms of the pottery pattern, my thesis has re-evaluated the pottery similarity between Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture, Anau-Namazga Culture and Yangshao Culture. Previous studies regarding this issue are limited by localised typological analyses and fragmented technological studies. Having had a comprehensive comparative study of all three cultures, my study confirms that there are both typological and technological similarities between Cucuteni-Tripolye pottery, Anau-Namazga pottery and Yangshao pottery, contradicting with previous arguments that the similarity lies in stylistic patterns alone. Also, there are both similarities and differences between the material culture context of the three pottery assemblages as well. As for the millet pattern, I have re-examined pre-2nd millennium BC charred millet grains and millet impressions by conducting two case studies. In particular, my review of pre-2nd millennium BC millet evidence from Europe contributes to a comprehensive record of early millet findings from Europe. Also, my simulation exercise of millet impressions, which has challenged previous identification criteria of millet impressions, provides invaluable reference for future work. My case study of Usatovo millet impressions re-examination confirms that there are indeed millet-dimensioned 'voids' on Usatovo materials (3500-2900 BC) though details are lacking for species identification. I have also put the two patterns of pottery and millet into a vertical (historical) context by deconstructing 'hyper-diffusionism', 'Eurocentrism' and Andersson's hypothesis, adding to the collective work in the field of archaeological history across the past hundred years.

La thèse a pour objet l'hécatostys, une unité civique appartenant à la catégorie des celles que les Modernes définissent comme " numériques ". Nous en comptons près de cent témoignages épigraphiques et littéraires. Cette institution est présente notamment à Mégare et dans certaines de ses colonies propontiques et pontiques (Chalcédoine, Byzance, Héraclée du Pont, Sélymbria et peut-être Chersonèse Taurique). D'autres témoignages proviennent de Samos et de Lampsaque, deux cités d'Ionie. La thèse est divisée en deux parties. Une première partie, la plus importante, est consacrée au recueil, à l'analyse et à la traduction de tous les documents intéressant notre enquête, présentés par régions et par cités (s'ajoute une section regroupant les cas douteux). Le commentaire se propose de mettre en évidence, le cas échéant, les données et les problèmes et d'examiner le rôle de cette institution dans chaque cité. Une seconde partie, plus succincte, est une sorte de chapitre final faisant le point sur ce qui est issu des différentes sections dans le cadre d'une discussion plus générale. Il suffira de présenter brièvement les témoignages littéraires et épigraphiques des diverses cités dans l'ordre dans lequel ils sont traités en détail dans la thèse. Un examen de l'unique témoignage fourni par Mégare (IG IV 21 42) et la comparaison avec d'autres cas similaires ont révélé l'existence probable d'une relation, malheureusement assez mal définie, entre l'hécatostys et la plus ancienne organisation du territoire de la Mégaride. Ensuite, l'analyse des nombreux témoignages épigraphiques relatifs à l'hécatostys de Byzance et de Chalcédoine (décrets octroyant la citoyenneté et formules onomastiques) a révélé, pour la période postérieure au IVe siècle av. J.-C., une relation entre l'hécatostys et le droit de cité. Nous passons ensuite à l'examen des sources concernant Héraclée du Pont, Samos et Lampsaque. Il s'agit, dans le premier cas, de sources littéraires, dans les deux autres cas, de témoignages épigraphiques. Une analyse du témoignage littéraire sur Héraclée du Pont (Aen.. Tact., XI 10 bis-11) nous amène à supposer d'une part une dépendance possible d'Énée le Tacticien du texte d'Aristote, d'autre part, l'existence d'écrits de référence qui auraient pu offrir des éclaircissements sur les plus anciennes fonctions de l'hécatostys. L'analyse des nombreux témoignages épigraphiques de Samos et de Lampsaque montre, ici encore, l'existence d'une relation entre l'appartenance à l'hécatostys et la citoyenneté. L'examen des formulaires concernant l'inscription dans l'hécatostys dans les documents octroyant la citoyenneté à Samos s'avère lui aussi intéressant. Quant à la documentation fournie par Lampsaque, elle permet de supposer un lien entre l'hécatostys et le déroulement de certains actes religieux, bien que, vu l'état fragmentaire de l'inscription en question, il soit difficile de tirer des conclusions plus développées. Enfin la définition lexicographique d'Hésychios (s.v. " hécatostys ") semble être l'écho de la transmission de la théorie post-aristotélicienne sur l'hécatostys.

The Coast Salish subsistence economy has been characterized by local fishing adaptations to regional ecological variability (Mitchell 1971a.) This dissertation explores the temporal depth of these adaptations in the traditional territory of the Coast Salish, the Gulf of Georgia. Many researchers have used this, Donald Mitchell’s (1971a), model to develop theories of regional cultural development. Many of these interpretations present social complexity or social inequality – a hallmark of Northwest Coast social complexity – as having developed more or less in lock-step with the specialized fishing adaptation described among the Central Coast Salish, around the Fraser River. The temporal depth of this adaptation and the “Diversified” fishing adaptations described among the Northern and Southern Coast Salish, as well as their developmental relationship, are not well understood. In exploring this problem, this study evaluates whether or not the ecological ethnographic model is representative of the archaeology of these cultural subareas. A gap in the regional dataset which corresponds with a large portion of Mitchell’s (1971a) “Northern Diversified” fishing subarea has largely presented a previous study of this type. Recently excavated sites in traditional shíshálh territory provide artifact and archaeofaunal data that fill in this gap. These data are analyzed along with existing data from the Northern subarea and from the Central Gulf of Georgia (River and Straits Fishing subareas). The results of this study significantly broaden our understanding of prehistoric Coast Salish socioeconomic diversity, and test the assumed salmon specialization on the Fraser River and its primacy the development of regional ethnographic characteristics, especially pronounced social inequality. The results also shed light on the prehistoric importance of herring, a decreasingly overlooked resource in Northwest Coast archaeological studies, and advocate for the use of fine mesh recovery for quantifying the relative importance of fish species.

Compared to upland areas and Scotland, the Holocene vegetational history of lowland England is poorly known. This is particularly the case for the region of Holdemess, eastern Yorkshire, where only a low number of poor temporal resolution pollen diagrams have been published, none of which include analysis of microscopic charcoal content. The records are also largely undated and as a result reliable correlation between sites is not possible, and the timings of the key vegetation changes recorded in the data remain unknown. In this study, high resolution pollen and charcoal records were produced from four small (24 ha) infilled basins located within central Holderness. Complementary techniques of percentage loss-on-ignition and pollen preservation analysis were also employed, and a comprehensive radiocarbon-dating programme was undertaken to provide a secure chronological framework. The palaeoecological records produced provide a high temporal resolution reconstruction of the Holocene development of central Holderness, particularly during the Early-Mid Holocene, and allow consideration of the changing roles that ecological interactions, climate, and human influence have played in determining the Holocene vegetational composition of the region. A number of significant landscape-scale disturbances of inferred anthropogenic origin were identified from ca 9290 BP onwards and shown to vary significantly in timing, duration and character between sites. It is proposed that this palaeoecological data can be used to supplement the poor archaeological record of the area. Several key issues including the role of climatic instability in determining vegetational composition during the Early Holocene, the interpretation of incidences of cereal-type pollen, the use of the charcoal record as a proxy indicator of human activity, and the use of pollen preservation analysis as an interpretational tool are also considered.

No description available.

Until now, the horse was one of the few members of the British Late Pleistocene and Holocene fauna which had yet to be fully investigated. In this thesis, chronological, palaeoecological and morphological data based on direct investigations of British and European fossil and sub-fossil horses are presented. The time-frame encompasses the latest certain wild horses in Britain and continental Europe through to the early diversification of domestic types, and thus spans the interval from c. 15,000-2,000 years before present (BP). The gazetteers presented are the result of a thorough survey and intensive study of all relevant British (as well as selected continental) collections of fossil and sub-fossil horse material. Furthermore, the incorporation into this project of a radiocarbon accelerator dating programme has provided 45 new, direct horse dates from 31 British/Irish sites. A systematic review of all new and previously obtained dates reveals a complex pattern of chronological and geographical distribution for horses during the study interval. These data are interpreted with reference to known climatic and environmental events which are detailed. Further investigations are presented which reveal the ecological reactions of wild horses to underlying environmental factors such as climate change and vegetational succession. Questions of body size variability as well as taxonomic and relationship issues are addressed by means of a detailed morphological investigation. Cranial and postcranial measurements are employed to expose variation and diversification of size and form among wild and domestic animals of three key periods: Mid-Devensian, Late Glacial/early Post Glacial, middle to later Post Glacial. In addition, body size comparisons are made between British and continental horses for each episode. Finally, there is discussion of alternative ways of revealing relationships between ancient and modern horses. In particular, molecular evidence is reviewed with the aim of assessing its value to taxonomic, morphological and chronological studies