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L’optimisation des systèmes de production d’énergie par combustion requiert une connaissance précise de la cinétique de combustion. Cependant, la majorité des systèmes de production d’énergie par combustion fonctionnent à haute pression et il est reconnu que la pression a une influence sur la cinétique de combustion. En laboratoire, l’analyse de la structure de flamme laminaire se présente comme un outil puissant pour étudier la chimie de la combustion. A ce jour, la plupart des travaux menés ont été réalisés à des pressions inférieures ou égales à la pression atmosphérique. Au cours de cette thèse, un dispositif expérimental pour l’analyse de structure de flammes laminaires, à contre-courants et à haute pression a été mis en place. Il permet de stabiliser des flammes de CH4/air et CH4/CO2/air jusqu’à 0,7 MPa et l’étude de leur structure par diagnostics laser. Les profils de concentration de OH dans les flammes CH4/air et CH4/CO2/air à différentes richesses (=0,7-1,2) et différentes pressions (P=0,1-0,7 MPa) ont été mesurés par Fluorescence Induite par Laser et calibrés en concentration par absorption laser. Pour cela, la longueur du milieu absorbant a été déterminée par Fluorescence Induite par Plan Laser (PLIF). Une attention particulière a été portée aux corrections du signal de fluorescence prenant en compte l’élargissement de raie et le taux de collisions, qui augmentent avec la pression. Les profils expérimentaux obtenus ont été comparés à la modélisation à l’aide du code de calcul OPPDIF et des mécanismes cinétiques GRI-Mech3.0 et GDFKin®3.0. En parallèle, une analyse spectroscopique des flammes de CH4/air à haute pression a été entreprise. / The optimisation of practical combustion devices requires a detailed knowledge of the combustion kinetic. However, most practical combustion systems operate at high pressure and it is known that pressure has an influence on combustion kinetics. In laboratory, the analysis of laminar flame structure is a powerful tool for studying combustion chemistry. However, most of studies have been realised at pressures under or equal to atmospheric pressure. During this thesis, an experimental device has been implemented for the study of the structure of high pressure counterflow flames. It allows the stabilisation and the study of CH4/air and CH4/CO2/air flame structure through laser diagnostics until 0.7 MPa. CH4/air and CH4/CO2/air flames have been studied for a various range of stoichiometry (equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.2) and pressures (0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa). Experimental OH concentration profiles have been measured by Laser Induced Fluorescence and calibrated by laser absorption. To do this, absorption path length has been determined by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). Great care has been attached to the determination of the fluorescence signal by taking into account the line broadening and de-excitation by quenching which both arise at high pressure. Experimental data were compared with modeling results obtained through the OPPDIF calculation code with GRI-Mech3.0 and GDFKin®3.0 kinetic mechanisms. In parallel, a spectroscopic analysis of the CH4/air flames has been undertaken.

O interesse no desenvolvimento de sistemas eficientes de combustão para reduzir a poluição ambiental e aumentar a eficiência de queima tem chamado a atenção para a combustão em meios porosos inertes. A recirculação de calor, induzida pela matriz sólida a partir dos produtos quentes para os reagentes frios, aumenta a temperatura da chama melhorando a sua estabilidade e permitindo a utilização de combustíveis com baixo poder calorífico. Um estudo teórico recente mostra que uma chama estabilizada por um plano de estagnação imersa em um meio poroso pode, sob certas condições, estender os limites de inflamabilidade de uma mistura de ar e combustível. Por outro lado, o plano de estagnação é um problema que simula o efeito da taxa de deformação do escoamento sobre a estabilidade da chama, o que é relevante para várias configurações de queimador poroso. Portanto, o foco deste trabalho é o estudo da combustão em um queimador poroso com um plano de estagnação. Um experimento é conduzido com empacotamento de esferas, onde uma chama pode ser estabilizada por plano de estagnação devido a um anteparo. A razão de equivalência e a taxa de deformação são controladas pelos fluxos de ar e de combustível e da distância entre injetor e anteparo. A posição da chama é aproximadamente determinada pelo campo de temperaturas medidas por termopares. Complementarmente é realizada uma análise numérica simplificada do problema na qual se pode verificar o efeito da taxa de deformação sobre a estabilidade de chamas em queimadores porosos. Os resultados mostram que é possível estabilizar chamas no interior do meio poroso com plano de estagnação, porém, não foi possível atribuir um aumento de temperatura devido ao aumento da taxa de deformação. / The interest in developing efficient combustion systems to reduce environmental pollution and increase the burning efficiency has called attention to the combustion in inert porous media. The heat recirculation, induced by the solid matrix, from the hot products to the incoming cold reactants, increases the flame temperature and improves its stability, allowing for the use of fuels with low heat content. A recent study shows theoretically that a flame stabilized by a stagnation plane immersed in a porous medium may, under certain conditions, to extend the flammability limits of a mixture of fuel and air. On the other hand, the stagnation plane imposes a certain strain rate on the flow field, which is relevant to various porous burner configurations. Therefore, the focus of this work is the study of combustion in a porous burner with a stagnation plane. An experiment is conducted with packing bed of spheres where a flame can be stabilized against a stagnation plane. The equivalence ratio and the strain rate are controlled by the flows of air and fuel and the distance between the injector and the stagnation plane. The flame position is approximately determined by the temperature field measured by thermocouples. In addition, it is performed a simplified numerical analysis of the problem in which one can see the effect of the strain rate on the stability of flames in porous burners. The results show that it is possible to stabilize flames within the porous medium with stagnation plane, however, it has not been possible to assign a temperature increase due to the increased strain rate.

O interesse no desenvolvimento de sistemas eficientes de combustão para reduzir a poluição ambiental e aumentar a eficiência de queima tem chamado a atenção para a combustão em meios porosos inertes. A recirculação de calor, induzida pela matriz sólida a partir dos produtos quentes para os reagentes frios, aumenta a temperatura da chama melhorando a sua estabilidade e permitindo a utilização de combustíveis com baixo poder calorífico. Um estudo teórico recente mostra que uma chama estabilizada por um plano de estagnação imersa em um meio poroso pode, sob certas condições, estender os limites de inflamabilidade de uma mistura de ar e combustível. Por outro lado, o plano de estagnação é um problema que simula o efeito da taxa de deformação do escoamento sobre a estabilidade da chama, o que é relevante para várias configurações de queimador poroso. Portanto, o foco deste trabalho é o estudo da combustão em um queimador poroso com um plano de estagnação. Um experimento é conduzido com empacotamento de esferas, onde uma chama pode ser estabilizada por plano de estagnação devido a um anteparo. A razão de equivalência e a taxa de deformação são controladas pelos fluxos de ar e de combustível e da distância entre injetor e anteparo. A posição da chama é aproximadamente determinada pelo campo de temperaturas medidas por termopares. Complementarmente é realizada uma análise numérica simplificada do problema na qual se pode verificar o efeito da taxa de deformação sobre a estabilidade de chamas em queimadores porosos. Os resultados mostram que é possível estabilizar chamas no interior do meio poroso com plano de estagnação, porém, não foi possível atribuir um aumento de temperatura devido ao aumento da taxa de deformação. / The interest in developing efficient combustion systems to reduce environmental pollution and increase the burning efficiency has called attention to the combustion in inert porous media. The heat recirculation, induced by the solid matrix, from the hot products to the incoming cold reactants, increases the flame temperature and improves its stability, allowing for the use of fuels with low heat content. A recent study shows theoretically that a flame stabilized by a stagnation plane immersed in a porous medium may, under certain conditions, to extend the flammability limits of a mixture of fuel and air. On the other hand, the stagnation plane imposes a certain strain rate on the flow field, which is relevant to various porous burner configurations. Therefore, the focus of this work is the study of combustion in a porous burner with a stagnation plane. An experiment is conducted with packing bed of spheres where a flame can be stabilized against a stagnation plane. The equivalence ratio and the strain rate are controlled by the flows of air and fuel and the distance between the injector and the stagnation plane. The flame position is approximately determined by the temperature field measured by thermocouples. In addition, it is performed a simplified numerical analysis of the problem in which one can see the effect of the strain rate on the stability of flames in porous burners. The results show that it is possible to stabilize flames within the porous medium with stagnation plane, however, it has not been possible to assign a temperature increase due to the increased strain rate.

O interesse no desenvolvimento de sistemas eficientes de combustão para reduzir a poluição ambiental e aumentar a eficiência de queima tem chamado a atenção para a combustão em meios porosos inertes. A recirculação de calor, induzida pela matriz sólida a partir dos produtos quentes para os reagentes frios, aumenta a temperatura da chama melhorando a sua estabilidade e permitindo a utilização de combustíveis com baixo poder calorífico. Um estudo teórico recente mostra que uma chama estabilizada por um plano de estagnação imersa em um meio poroso pode, sob certas condições, estender os limites de inflamabilidade de uma mistura de ar e combustível. Por outro lado, o plano de estagnação é um problema que simula o efeito da taxa de deformação do escoamento sobre a estabilidade da chama, o que é relevante para várias configurações de queimador poroso. Portanto, o foco deste trabalho é o estudo da combustão em um queimador poroso com um plano de estagnação. Um experimento é conduzido com empacotamento de esferas, onde uma chama pode ser estabilizada por plano de estagnação devido a um anteparo. A razão de equivalência e a taxa de deformação são controladas pelos fluxos de ar e de combustível e da distância entre injetor e anteparo. A posição da chama é aproximadamente determinada pelo campo de temperaturas medidas por termopares. Complementarmente é realizada uma análise numérica simplificada do problema na qual se pode verificar o efeito da taxa de deformação sobre a estabilidade de chamas em queimadores porosos. Os resultados mostram que é possível estabilizar chamas no interior do meio poroso com plano de estagnação, porém, não foi possível atribuir um aumento de temperatura devido ao aumento da taxa de deformação. / The interest in developing efficient combustion systems to reduce environmental pollution and increase the burning efficiency has called attention to the combustion in inert porous media. The heat recirculation, induced by the solid matrix, from the hot products to the incoming cold reactants, increases the flame temperature and improves its stability, allowing for the use of fuels with low heat content. A recent study shows theoretically that a flame stabilized by a stagnation plane immersed in a porous medium may, under certain conditions, to extend the flammability limits of a mixture of fuel and air. On the other hand, the stagnation plane imposes a certain strain rate on the flow field, which is relevant to various porous burner configurations. Therefore, the focus of this work is the study of combustion in a porous burner with a stagnation plane. An experiment is conducted with packing bed of spheres where a flame can be stabilized against a stagnation plane. The equivalence ratio and the strain rate are controlled by the flows of air and fuel and the distance between the injector and the stagnation plane. The flame position is approximately determined by the temperature field measured by thermocouples. In addition, it is performed a simplified numerical analysis of the problem in which one can see the effect of the strain rate on the stability of flames in porous burners. The results show that it is possible to stabilize flames within the porous medium with stagnation plane, however, it has not been possible to assign a temperature increase due to the increased strain rate.

Considering the importance of combustion characteristics in combustion applications including spark ignition engines and gas turbines, both laminar and turbulent burning velocities were measured for gasoline related fuels. The first part of the present work focused on the measurements of laminar burning velocities of Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) gasolines and their surrogates using a spherical constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) that can provide high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) combustion mode up to 0.6 MPa, 395 K, and the equivalence ratios ranging 0.7-1.6. The data reduction was based on the linear and nonlinear extrapolation models considering flame stretch effect. The effect of flame instability was investigated based on critical Peclet and Karlovitz, and Markstein numbers. The sensitivity of the laminar burning velocity of the aforementioned fuels to various fuel additives being knows as octane boosters and gasoline extenders including alcohols, olfins, and SuperButol was investigated. This part of the study was further extended by examining exhaust gas re-circulation effect. Tertiary mixtures of toluene primary reference fuel (TPRF) were shown to successfully emulate the laminar burning characteristics of FACE gasolines associated with different RONs under various experimental conditions. A noticeable enhancement of laminar burning velocities was observed for blends with high ethanol content (vol ≥ 45 %). However, such enhancement effect diminished as the pressure increased. The reduction of laminar burning velocity cause by real EGR showed insensitivity to the variation of the equivalence ratio. The second part focused on turbulent burning velocities of FACE-C gasoline and its surrogates subjected to a wide range of turbulence intensities measured in a fan-stirred CVCC dedicated to turbulent combustion up to initial pressure of 1.0 MP. A Mie scattering imaging technique was applied revealing the mutual flame-turbulence interaction. Furthermore, considerable efforts were made towards designing and commissioning a new optically-accessible fan-stirred HPHT combustion vessel. A time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) technique was applied for the characterization of turbulent flow revealing homogeneous-isotropic turbulence in the central region to be utilized successfully for turbulent burning velocity measurement. Turbulent burning velocities were measured for FACE-C and TPRF surrogate fuels along with the effect of ethanol addition for a wide range of initial pressure and turbulent intensity. FACE-C gasoline was found to be more sensitive to both primarily the primary contribution of turbulence intensification and secondarily from pressure in enhancing its turbulent burning velocity. Several correlations were validated revealing a satisfactory scaling with turbulence and thermodynamic parameters. The final part focused on the turbulent burning characteristics of piloted lean methane-air jet flames subjected to a wide range of turbulence intensity by adopting TR-SPIV and OH-planar laser-induced florescence (OH-PLIF) techniques. Both of the flame front thickness and volume increased reasonably linearly as normalized turbulence intensity, u^'/ S_L^0, increased. As u^'/ S_L^0 increased, the flame front exhibited more fractalized structure and occasionally localized extinction (intermittency). Probability density functions of flame curvature exhibited a Gaussian like distribution at all u^'/ S_L^0. Two-dimensional flame surface density (2D-FSD) decreased for low and moderate u^'/ S_L^0, while it increased for high u^'/ S_L^0Turbulent burning velocity was estimated using flame area and fractal dimension methods showing a satisfactory agreement with the flamelet models by Peters and Zimont. Mean stretch factor was estimated and found to increase linearly as u^'/ S_L^0increased. Conditioned velocity statistics were obtained revealing the mutual flame-turbulence interaction.