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This report examines three common overuse injuries in recreational runners: patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome and plantar fasciitis. The anatomy of the knee, hip and foot is presented and discussed as it relates to each condition before exploring the mechanism of injury. A review of the literature for each injury includes various risk factors such as muscle weakness, muscle tightness and specific biomechanical factors potentially leading to injury. Recommendations for standard physical therapy exercises are included at the end of each chapter should injury occur. Finally, a preventative routine, developed with guidance from the practitioners at Sports Performance International is presented at the end of the report, taking into consideration the risk factors for overuse injury outlined previously, intended to reduce the likelihood of time being taken off due to pain or swelling. / text

The valuable properties of silver can be diminished or destroyed because the metal is susceptible to corrosion by certain atmospheric species. Particularly aggressive is H<SUB>2</SUB>S which 'tarnishes' the surface by reacting to form Ag<SUB>2</SUB>S. There have been many attempts in the past to produce a tarnish resistant silver either by surface coating or bulk alloying; none have so far proved to be entirely successful. This thesis describes the production of surface coatings on silver by inert and reactive sputtering for application in the Silversmithing Industry. They should, therefore, be indistinguishable from silver and contain no more than 7.5% (by weight) of alloying addition (to comply with the Sterling Standard). Initially, the tarnish behaviour of uncoated pure and Sterling silver was investigated. Results indicated that the degree of sulphidation is a strong function of alloy content and also of surface preparation. Oxides of tantalum, hafnium, niobium, tin, zirconium, yttrium, titanium and aluminium were produced by reactive sputtering and deposited onto sputtered silver substrates. Films were characterised by X-ray diffraction and tarnished in a controlled atmosphere. The degree of sulphidation was then assessed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. The protectiveness of the oxide films was related to film stress, thickness and sputter deposition conditions. Using a dual-target sputter system, alloys of silver-tantalum, silver-hafnium, silver-niobium, silver-titanium and silver-aluminium were produced. The tarnish behaviour of the alloys was investigated as a function of alloy composition. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the deposition technique was capable of producing non-equilibrium structures. For some of the alloys, selective oxidation resulted in a slight improvement in tarnish resistance. In order to establish whether selective oxidation might produce completely protective surfaces, further studies of the oxidation of such materials needs to be undertaken.

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