Programs for the prevention and control of forest fires have evolved in response to a need to protect lives and property in forested settings, and to protect the perceived values of the forest itself. However, costs of these fire management activities have always been a concern to those who provide the funds, and considerable effort has been directed towards attempts to determine optimal levels of management effort. The question of costs has become more acute in recent years as forest services have developed increasingly sophisticated yet expensive methods for controlling fires. Compounding the problem has been an increase in frequency of fires. Determination of appropriate levels of fire control has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the relationship between expenditure on fire control activities and the resulting area burned and losses incurred, and by an inability to describe the effect on this relationship of variations in fire season severity. This dissertation addresses these questions using the conditions in Alberta as a case study. Five hypotheses were tested and substantiated. 1. Descriptive historical accounts of fire policy and fire seasons can be verified by analysis of actual annual expenditures on fire. Annual reports were reviewed to describe the evolution of fire management policies. 2. There has been a decrease in area burned which is related to increased fire management effort. Analyses of age-class distribution obtained from the provincial forest inventory were used as a basis for reconstructing an estimate of historical rates of burn for the past 80 years. Cost data were obtained to try to quantify the relationship between level of expenditure and rate of burn. 3. Variations in fire season severity can be described better than by existing methods by considering both the potential for fire spread and the actual number of fires. A new index of fire load which combined fire rate of spread with number of fires was developed which achieved this result. 4. Potential area burned in the absence of fire control may be estimated by means of a fire growth model. A fire growth model was developed to provide a mathematical basis on which to estimate area burned in the absence of any fire management activity. 5. There is a relationship among fire season severity, fire management effort, and area saved from burning. The combined relationships among fire season severity, fire management effort, and area burned or value were applied to illustrate some of the analyses which may be conducted with these data through evaluation of the Alberta situation. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

A study was undertaken to examine the major eye injury problems in industry, to determine the hazards that caused them, and to develop methods for improving industrial eye protection programs so as to reduce the incidence of eye injuries. The study was conducted in Alberta through the Occupational Health and Safety Division of Alberta Labour and the Alberta Workers' Compensation Board. A review of literature was performed to determine the status of eye protection programs, current epidemiological investigations and modes of protection, and to search for historical, legislative and cost benefit information. The project consisted of seven studies which were designed and carried out independently but, together, would provide a wide perspective concerning eye protection in industry. These studies were: a) A Review of W.C.B. Statistical Master File Data - which was concerned with a cumulative review of every eye injury claim received by the Workers' Compensation Board over the years 1974, 1975 and 1976. This included a review of Permanent disability claims, claims for lost work time and claims where only medical aid was required. b) A Review of Selected W.C.B. Personal Medical Files - which was concerned with the detailed review of eye injury claims from fifteen high eye injury risk industry classes. Each medical file was examined individually, paying particular attention to prevention-oriented information. c) A Survey of Occupational Health and Safety Officers - where thirty-one occupational health and safety officers (inspection personnel) were given an in-depth interview to obtain their perceptions and informed opinions on the nature of eye injury hazards, compliance factors, and the status of eye protection programs in industry. d) A Survey of Occupational Health and Safety Personnel - where questionnaires were sent to over six hundred persons in Alberta, identified as being involved in the provision of occupational health and safety services in industry. This included physicians, nurses, safety personnel, and persons in government. Questions were similar to those in Section c. e) A Review of the Minutes of Selected Joint Work Site Committees in Alberta - where the minutes of selected meetings concerning health and safety on the work site between management, the worker, and government, were analyzed to determine the extent of the unsolicited concern for eye injury prevention in companies which were known to have incurred a large number of eye injuries. f) A Review of Anecdotal Data - where several interviews were held with union and management representatives to determine the concern and need for eye injury prevention, and the development of eye protection programs at a policy level in industry. The comments and concerns of many other persons were also considered. g) A Review of Selected Site Visits to Industries in Alberta -where the researcher made six plant visits to better understand the conditions which lead to eye injuries and the problems in implementing preventive programs. It was found that industries involved in the manufacture or use of metal products, chemicals or construction materials were at high risk. More specifically, however, it was determined that certain occupational groups such as machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, welders, and mechanics were also at high eye injury risk. It was concluded that occupational classification and eye injury hazards should be treated as a basis to eye injury prevention. Injuries were found generally to occur most frequently among the young and inexperienced workers, while grinding and welding operations were found to be the most prevalent source of injury. Injuries occurred most often at certain times of the day, and there was some question of the effects of boredom and fatigue. It was found that there is a lack of knowledge and education concerning standards of eye protection and in the proper selection of the protector for the hazard. The physical strength of the protector was minor, however, in comparison to the need for better protector design and fitting of the device to the face of the worker. It was concluded that companies must be encouraged to develop eye protection policies as a basis to the provision of eye protection programs. A plan was recommended for the improvement of eye protection programs in industry. This included the presentation of a comprehensive eye protection program formulated through a review of literature on the subject, and the elucidation of a system of occupational vision care involving the interaction of all groups concerned with eye injury prevention in industry. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

Objetive: To describe the prevention and control practices for the infection to SARS-COV2 in the Peruvian population. Material and Methods: Observational descriptive study. We evaluated a non-probabilistic sample of adult residents in some departments of Peru. Preventive practices were evaluated in people without a history of COVID-19 and control practices in people who had suffered it. Results: We evaluated 3630 Peruvians (mean age 25.4 ± 9.5), of that 3231 don't have a history of COVID-19 and 399 who had suffered it. The prevention and control practices that were realized often or always, with more frequencies, was the use of a mask when they go out home (97.9% vs 87.7), cover their nose or mouth when they sneeze (95.4% vs 89.9%), save the distance to other people in the street (91.4% vs 74.7%), wash their hands when they came home (92.5% vs 88.7%), and disinfect the objects and personal places (82.6% vs 77.4%). The 22.1% and 83.7%, the 59.7% and 80.2, and the 8.0% and 16.8% consumed some type of medicine, medicinal plant, and chlorine dioxide to prevent and control the infection, respectively. Conclusion: In general, less than 50% of the participants performed prevention and control practices against COVID-19 often or always. / Revisión por pares

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Two of the three fluoride varnishes sold on the American market today are sold in 10-ml tubes of 5.0-percent NaF varnish (Duraphat and Duraflor). Pilot studies have shown that a separation of contents within these tubes exists. The purpose of the current study was four-fold: 1) to measure the fluoride concentration gradient in 10-ml tubes of fluoride varnish, based on the resting position of the tube prior to use; 2 ) to compare a varnish 's concentration gradient to its ability to inhibit caries in an artificial caries environment; 3) to compare and contrast fluoride concentration gradients of Duraphat and Duraflor; and finally, 4) to determine if Quantitative Light Fluorescence(QLF) can detect differences in lesions developed when exposed to an artificial caries environment and fluoride varnish. Human teeth specimens were subjected to a caries challenge and treated with a sample of fluoride varnish from one of five categories: Duraphat stored horizontally and vertically for one week; Duraflor stored horizontally and vertically for one week; or a CavityShield 0.4 ml unit-dose. Results show that no significant fluoride/ppm differences exist between groups (p = 0.29). It was shown that the order in which Duraflor varnish was dispensed from the tubes significantly affected the fluoride concentration (p < 0.05). The order effect was not significant for Duraphat (p = 0.99). QLF data analysis shows there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the amount of remineralization obtained by using any varnish stored in any position. This was confirmed using confocal microscopy. These results indicate that all three brands of fluoride varnish are able to remineralize incipient in vitro carious lesions, regardless of from which part of the 10-ml tube the varnish is taken. However, a fluoride concentration gradient exists in tubes of Duraflor. Also, QLF is able to detect denmineralized and remineralized incipient lesions.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study was designed to determine if additional fluoride, ingested as a sodium fluoride - vitamin supplement would provide added protection against dental caries without causing any significant fluorosis. A total of 456 children, one to 14 months of age, residing in cities having 0.6 - 0. 8 ppm F in the water supply were randomly assigned according to age, sex and community to the following groups : Group A, 0. 5 mg F to age 3 then 1. 0 mg thereafter; Group B (control), vitamins throughout the study; and Group C, 0.5 mg F throughout the study. Dental examinations were started at approximately 2 1/2 to 3 years of age and were repeated every six months. A fluorosis examination ended the study after about seven years. When compared according to length of time on product, Group A had a significant reduction in deft and defs of 42.2 and 47.1 percent at 60 months. Group C had a 32.1 and 37.4 percent reduction. When compared by age, Group A had a 37.5 and 44.8 percent reduction in deft and defs at 66 months. Group C had a 34.3 and 40.1 percent reduction for the same period. No significant reductions were observed in permanent teeth. Based on the fluorosis index (Group A - 0.250; Group B - 0.033; and Group C - 0.188) none of the groups had any unacceptable amounts of fluorosis. The results indicate that up to 1.0 mg per day of additional fluoride does not cause objectionable fluorosis and may be ingested safely by children residing in areas containing 0. 6 - 0. 8 ppm F in the water supply. A 0.5 mg F supplement was almost as effective as a 1.0 mg level in providing added protection against dental caries in primary teeth.

Aim: To assess and compile current knowledge and recommendations forinfection prevention and control (IPC) in dentistry during the COVID-19pandemic. Furthermore, to assess whether previous knowledge about IPC hascontributed to constructing evidence-based measures for IPC that can beuniversally applicable. Also, identifying knowledge gaps that need to beaddressed regarding IPC to be used effectively in future pandemics.Method: Searches were made in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane,and Embase, according to PRISMA guidelines. There were no time or publicationtype restrictions. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were read in full text andresulted in 44 included articles. Quality assessment and risk of bias (RoB) wereperformed using checklists by AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS.Results: The four main recommended measures for IPC in dentistry were: triage,personal protective equipment, antimicrobial mouthwash before the procedure,and surface disinfection. Most of the included studies were literature reviews withlow quality and a high RoB.Conclusion: Measures taken during this pandemic were based on evidence,previous knowledge, and subjective opinions. However, there were limitations inthe included studies as their evidence was of lower quality and had a high RoB.Future research is needed to minimize the risk of infection spreading in dentistryduring the pandemic. The lack of research on SARS-COV-2 was considered aknowledge gap that should be addressed to be used effectively in futurepandemics. This present study shows that IPC policies were to some extent basedon evidence but not regarding the current virus. / Syfte: Syftet med studien var att bedöma och sammanställa nuvarandekunskapsläget samt rekommendationerna för infektionspreventionen och kontroll(IPC) inom tandvården under COVID-19 pandemin. Vidare var syftet attgenomföra en bedömning av huruvida tidigare kunskap om infektionspreventionhar bidragit till att konstruera evidensbaserade åtgärder för infektionspreventionsom kan bli universellt applicerbara. Dessutom, att identifiera kunskapsluckorsom behöver åtgärdas gällande infektionsprevention och kontroll för att effektivtkunna användas för framtida pandemier.Material och metod: Sökningar gjordes i PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus,Cochrane och Embase, enligt PRISMA riktlinjer. Det fanns inga tids- ellerpublikationstypsbegränsningar. Studier som uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna lästesi fulltext och resulterade i 44 inkluderade artiklar. Kvalitetsbedömning och riskenför bias av de inkluderade studierna utfördes med hjälp av checklistor avAMSTAR-2 och ROBIS.Resultat: De fyra främsta rekommenderade åtgärderna för IPC inom tandvårdenvar: triage, personlig skyddsutrustning, antimikrobiell munsköljning föreproceduren samt ytdesinfektion. De flesta av de inkluderade studierna varlitteraturöversikter med låg kvalitet och hög risk för bias.Slutsats: Åtgärder som vidtogs under denna pandemi baserades på både bevis ochtidigare kunskap men också subjektiva åsikter. Det fanns dock begränsningar i deinkluderade studierna på grund av att deras evidens inte var av god kvalitet samthade en hög RoB. Framtida forskning behöver göras för att minimera risken förinfektionsspridning inom tandvården under COVID-19-pandemin. Brist påforskning om SARS-COV-2 ansågs vara en kunskapslucka som måste åtgärdasför att effektivt kunna användas för framtida pandemier.

No description available.

Introduction: Despite advances in prevention and treatment of vaccine-preventable diseases, diarrhoeal and pneumococcal diseases remain a major source of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. The introduction of vaccines has led to dramatic reductions in the burden of infectious diseases and mortality among children. South Africa was the first country in Africa to introduce rotavirus vaccine (RV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in 2008 as part of its national immunisation programme. Performance of immunization programmes is commonly measured by the coverage and uptake of vaccines, hence ensuring that every child is immunized at the earliest or appropriate age is an important public health goal. We therefore assessed proportions and factors associated with uptake of RV and PCV among infants who were followed during the routine demographic surveillance system of the Africa Centre Demographic Surveillance Area (DSA) in a rural South Africa setting. Methods: An open cohort of children resident in the DSA aged 12 months or below was prospectively followed between January 2008 and December 2011. Trained interviewers visited households and administered a standardised questionnaire. Mothers and caregivers were asked to show the interviewers the South African Road-To-Health (RTH) card for all children aged 12-23 months at the time of the visit or through maternal recall for children whose RTH card was not available. The RTH card includes dates of all routine vaccinations a child has received. Rotavirus vaccine doses are given at 6 and 14 weeks of age and PCV doses at 6 and 14 weeks and 9 months. Complete uptake was defined as “complete” if a child received all recommended doses of either RV or PCV and incomplete if a child did not receive any dose or received one dose of RV or PCV. Logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with uptake of RV and PCV separately. Results: A total of 6,263 children were included in the analysis, of which 3,082 (49%) were females. At birth, 3,823 (61%) children were living in rural areas and about one-sixth of the children were living in households located far from a health facility (≥5km). The overall uptake of RV and PCV vaccines among children aged 12 months or below was 50% and 37% respectively. Infants who ever migrated outside the DSA had reduced odds of complete RV and PCV vaccination compared to infants who did not out migrate (adjusted OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.41-0.57) and (adjusted OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.43-0.63) respectively. Complete uptake of RV was associated with the increase in education levels of mothers compared secondary education (adjusted OR=1.70, 95 % CI 1.02-2.34) or tertiary education (adjusted OR=1.80, 95 % CI 0.97-2.44). Infants whose mothers were employed were less likely than infants whose mothers were not employed to have complete vaccination for RV or PCV (adjusted OR=0.71, 95 % CI 0.60-0.84) and (adjusted OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.96) respectively. Similarly, infants whose mothers were resident in the DSA were more likely than infants whose mothers were not resident to have complete vaccination for RV or PCV (adjusted OR=1.97, 95 % CI 1.49-2.60) and (adjusted OR=1.55, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: The uptake of complete RV and PCV were generally low among children in rural South Africa within our study period. Child outmigration, maternal employment, maternal education and maternal residency in the DSA at child birth were associated with complete uptake of RV and PCV vaccines. Programmes targeting mothers of lower socio-economic status are required. Such programmes may include vaccine awareness and immunization campaigns at the community level to improve vaccine uptake and more targeted interventions in areas with low RV and PCV uptake.

O sistema de análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle (APPCC) possui como principal objetivo a prevenção de riscos à saúde humana, bem como evitar alterações nos alimentos através da aplicação de práticas de controle em etapas da produção nas quais existe maior probabilidade de ocorrência de perigos ou situações críticas, sendo aplicado em todas as etapas de produção, desde a obtenção da matéria-prima até a elaboração do produto final. Desta maneira, o sistema APPCC é considerado como importante técnica para prevenção e controle de qualidade dos alimentos, já utilizado em fazendas leiteiras para controle de patógenos e resíduos de medicamentos. A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e a contaminação bacteriana do Leite são fatores essenciais para manutenção da qualidade do leite em propriedades leiteiras, representando grandes prejuízos para a produção leiteira. Assim, os objetivos gerais da pesquisa foram: avaliação da eficiência, possíveis diferenças e principais problemas relacionados a aplicação do sistema APPCC em duas propriedades leiteiras (A e B) com vistas ao controle dos níveis de células somáticas e parâmetros higiênico-sanitários no leite do rebanho e ocorrência de mastite nos animais. Preliminarmente à implantação do sistema, realizou-se o treinamento em Boas Práticas de Produção e Manipulação para possibilitar a aplicação dos princípios do sistema APPCC. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do sistema foi eficaz para melhoria da qualidade do leite em uma das propriedades, resultado demonstrado pela melhoria da qualidade com referência ao controle da mastite e parâmetros higiênicos. Observou-se uma redução da CCS média dos animais, número de quartos afetados e escore de mastite. Quanto aos parâmetros higiênicos do leite, observou-se redução das contagens de mesófilos e coliformes fecais. Aspectos relacionados ao comprometimento dos funcionários e proprietário foram considerados essenciais para o sucesso do sistema APPCC, cuja implementação em propriedades leiteiras apresentou peculiaridades e diferenças pronunciadas em relação às indústrias alimentícias. / The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) has, as the main objective the prevention of human’s health risks, as to avoid changes in the food due to use of the application of control practices in the steps of production, where the possibility of hazards or critical situations is bigger. The system is used in all steps of the production, since the ran material until the manufactured product. Regarding to this, the HACCP is considered as an important technique to prevent and to control the quality of the food that has been used in dainy forms to control pathogens and medical residues. The somatic cells count and the bacterial contamination of milk are essential factors to maintain the milk quality in the right condition, what represent big damages for the milk production. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency, possible mistakes and the main problems related to the application of HACCP process in two dairy properties (A and B), based on the control of somatic cells level and hygienic conditions of the milk among the herd, besides the occurrence of the mastitis in animals. Before the application of the system, training in good manufacture practices and manipulation was accomplished to allow the use of the HACCP system. The results showed that the application of this method was efficient in order to improve the milk quality in one of the properties, what was shown in a better result of the mastitis’s control it was observed a reduction in the average counting of affected animals and mastitis’s cases. Related to the hygienic conditions of the milk, it was noticed a reduction in the numbers of mesophills and faecals coliforms. Aspects regarding the commitment of the workers and the owner were considered as essential for the success of the HACCP program, as the implementation in dairy forms showed particularities and differences related to the to the food industry.

by Au Yuk Sin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-113). / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / What is AIDS? --- p.1 / Situation in the World --- p.2 / Situation in Asia --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The AIDS Situation in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Historical Development of the AIDS Programme in Hong Kong --- p.8 / The Hong Kong AIDS Campaign (1987-1994) / Problem Definition Phase --- p.10 / Implementation Phase / Objectives --- p.11 / Targets --- p.12 / Channels --- p.12 / Media Package --- p.15 / Budget --- p.15 / Timing --- p.16 / Evaluation Phase / Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) / The Hong Kong AIDS Foundation --- p.16 / AIDS Concern / Hong Kong Ten Percent Club --- p.17 / The Horizons --- p.17 / The AIDS Trust Fund --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Theoretical Framework / Revised Protection Motivation Theory --- p.19 / Information / Persuasion Model --- p.22 / Review of Relevant Research Findings on Protection Motivation Theory --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Literature Review / Global Research on AIDS / Positive Results --- p.27 / Mixed Results --- p.28 / Minimal Effects --- p.30 / Evaluation of Research Findings --- p.31 / Local Research on AIDS / CNTA Survey (Wave II)(May 1987) --- p.32 / CNTA Survey (Wave III)(March 1988) --- p.32 / KABP Study (February 1992) --- p.33 / HKIPM Survey (February 1992) --- p.34 / Survey on the Effectiveness of the APIs on AIDS (November 1992) --- p.35 / Evaluation of the School Education Programmes on AIDS (September-December 1993) --- p.36 / Evaluation of Local Research --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Methodology / Design --- p.38 / Sample --- p.40 / Hypotheses --- p.41 / Measurement --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Findings --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.73 / Appendix 1 Tables --- p.77 / Appendix 2 Organisational Structure of Hong Kong's AIDS Programme1994 --- p.83 / Appendix 3 (a) Questionnaire (English) --- p.84 / Appendix 3 (b) Questionnaire (Chinese) --- p.92 / Appendix 4 Field Report --- p.99 / Bibliography --- p.100