O presente trabalho consiste no estudo das ações construtivas e seus efeitos em edifícios de concreto armado. Para a avaliação desses efeitos é aplicado o método das estruturas primárias em pavimentos de edifícios, verificando-se os estados limites durante a sua construção. São considerados edifícios com diferentes subsistemas horizontais, alterando-se o sistema de escoramento e o ciclo de construção. As condições de construção são comparadas com aquelas usualmente empregadas no projeto estrutural que considera o edifício submetido às ações finais e com resistência do concreto aos 28 dias, buscando evidenciar as que são críticas. A partir dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa conclui-se que a situação usual de projeto está a favor da segurança para sistemas estruturais semelhantes aos apresentados e nas situações construtivas adotadas. / The present work deals with the structural effects of construction loads on reinforced concrete buildings. The evaluation of those effects is carried out on building floors with the method of the primary structures, including the verification of all limit states during the construction phase. Alternative structural systems are considered for buildings, varying the formwork and the construction cycle. The usual structural design, which considers the building subjected to the total loads and concrete with the age of 28 days, is compared with the design base on the construction conditions, searching for the critical ones. From the results it is apparent that the usual structural design is safe for structural systems and construction conditions similar to those considered in this work.

O presente trabalho consiste no estudo das ações construtivas e seus efeitos em edifícios de concreto armado. Para a avaliação desses efeitos é aplicado o método das estruturas primárias em pavimentos de edifícios, verificando-se os estados limites durante a sua construção. São considerados edifícios com diferentes subsistemas horizontais, alterando-se o sistema de escoramento e o ciclo de construção. As condições de construção são comparadas com aquelas usualmente empregadas no projeto estrutural que considera o edifício submetido às ações finais e com resistência do concreto aos 28 dias, buscando evidenciar as que são críticas. A partir dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa conclui-se que a situação usual de projeto está a favor da segurança para sistemas estruturais semelhantes aos apresentados e nas situações construtivas adotadas. / The present work deals with the structural effects of construction loads on reinforced concrete buildings. The evaluation of those effects is carried out on building floors with the method of the primary structures, including the verification of all limit states during the construction phase. Alternative structural systems are considered for buildings, varying the formwork and the construction cycle. The usual structural design, which considers the building subjected to the total loads and concrete with the age of 28 days, is compared with the design base on the construction conditions, searching for the critical ones. From the results it is apparent that the usual structural design is safe for structural systems and construction conditions similar to those considered in this work.

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<p>This thesis examines the isolation and characterisation (biological and chemical) of polypeptides from plants. A fractionation protocol was developed and applied on 100 plant materials with the aim of isolating highly purified polypeptide fractions from small amounts of plant materials. The polypeptide fractions were analysed and evaluated for peptide content and biological activities. A multitarget functional bioassay was optimised as a method for detecting substances interacting with the inflammatory process of activated neutrophil granulocytes. In this assay, the neutrophil was challenged with an inflammatory mediator, <i>N</i>-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), or with platelet activating factor (PAF), to induce exocytotic release of the enzyme elastase, which then was quantified by photometric determination of the product p-nitroanilide (pNA) formed from a chromogenic substrate for elastase. Of the tested extracts, 41% inhibited pNA formation more than 60%, and 3% stimulated formation.</p><p>Phoratoxin B and four new peptides, phoratoxins C-F, were isolated from <i>Phoradendron tomentosum</i>. In addition, the cardiac glycoside digitoxin was isolated from <i>Digitalis purpurea</i>. All these substances expressed cytotoxicity and a neutrophil challenging activity.</p><p>Phoratoxins C-F were similar to earlier described phoratoxins A and B, which belong to the group of thionins. All the peptides were evaluated for cytotoxicity in a human cell line panel. Phoratoxin C was the most potent towards the cell lines (mean IC₅₀: 160 nM), and was therefore investigated further on tumour cells from patients. Correlation analysis of the log IC₅₀ values indicated a mechanism of action different from clinically used archetypal cytotoxic drugs. Phoratoxin C also showed selective toxicity to the solid tumours when compared to the haematological cancer types. The phoratoxin C was 18 times more potent towards the solid tumour samples from breast cancer cells (87 nM) compared to the tested haematological malignancies.</p><p>The structure-activity relationship concerning cytotoxicity was evaluated for digitoxin and related cardiac glycosides. Digitoxin was shown to be potent, with the average IC₅₀ 37 nM being within the therapeutic concentration used for cardiac congestion (13-45 nM). Digitoxin expressed selective toxicity towards solid tumours from patients compared to haematological malignancies.</p>

This thesis examines the isolation and characterisation (biological and chemical) of polypeptides from plants. A fractionation protocol was developed and applied on 100 plant materials with the aim of isolating highly purified polypeptide fractions from small amounts of plant materials. The polypeptide fractions were analysed and evaluated for peptide content and biological activities. A multitarget functional bioassay was optimised as a method for detecting substances interacting with the inflammatory process of activated neutrophil granulocytes. In this assay, the neutrophil was challenged with an inflammatory mediator, N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), or with platelet activating factor (PAF), to induce exocytotic release of the enzyme elastase, which then was quantified by photometric determination of the product p-nitroanilide (pNA) formed from a chromogenic substrate for elastase. Of the tested extracts, 41% inhibited pNA formation more than 60%, and 3% stimulated formation. Phoratoxin B and four new peptides, phoratoxins C-F, were isolated from Phoradendron tomentosum. In addition, the cardiac glycoside digitoxin was isolated from Digitalis purpurea. All these substances expressed cytotoxicity and a neutrophil challenging activity. Phoratoxins C-F were similar to earlier described phoratoxins A and B, which belong to the group of thionins. All the peptides were evaluated for cytotoxicity in a human cell line panel. Phoratoxin C was the most potent towards the cell lines (mean IC50: 160 nM), and was therefore investigated further on tumour cells from patients. Correlation analysis of the log IC50 values indicated a mechanism of action different from clinically used archetypal cytotoxic drugs. Phoratoxin C also showed selective toxicity to the solid tumours when compared to the haematological cancer types. The phoratoxin C was 18 times more potent towards the solid tumour samples from breast cancer cells (87 nM) compared to the tested haematological malignancies. The structure-activity relationship concerning cytotoxicity was evaluated for digitoxin and related cardiac glycosides. Digitoxin was shown to be potent, with the average IC50 37 nM being within the therapeutic concentration used for cardiac congestion (13-45 nM). Digitoxin expressed selective toxicity towards solid tumours from patients compared to haematological malignancies.