In this essay, I will examine the theory of territorial rights developed by Anna Stilz. The overarching project of hers is to defend a system of territorially sovereign states, the defense of which is grounded in the natural rights of individuals to personal autonomy and self-preservation. She begins her theoretic project by arguing for the plausibility of the preinstitutional occupancy right, intended to grant individuals usage-rights over the earth, existing irrespective of social or moral conventions, formally defined as follows: “Occupancy Rights. A person has a preinstitutional right to occupy a particular area if (1) access to spaces in that area is fundamental to his located life plans and (2) his connection to the territory was established without any wrongdoing on his part, involving (at a minimum) no expulsion or wrongful interference with prior occupants or infringement of others’ claims to an equitable distribution of geographical space.” The condition of equitable distribution expresses a concern for proportionality.  It seems as if Stilz believes that no territorial holding will be legitimate unless it is of an appropriate scale, with regard to the holdings of others. This condition is referred to by Stilz as the fair-use proviso. The fair-use proviso concerns the occupancy claims made by individuals. Stilz also introduces conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory, named as the full proviso. Stilz’ defines the full proviso as follows: (conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory): “The full proviso hold that a just distribution of the earth’s spaces must (i) satisfy everyone’s basic territorial interests and (ii) grant groups with shared practice-based interests the right to use geographical space in ways that reflect these interests, so long as the groups are of sufficient size, and so far as this is institutionally feasible.” For an individual occupancy claim to be legitimate is simply that it is consistent with the conditions for a legitimate global distribution of territory, i.e. the full proviso. The full proviso and the fair-use proviso are thus inseparable parts of a whole. In what follows, if not specified otherwise, I will alternate in referring to the fair-use proviso as the fair-use proviso or simply the proviso. The full proviso will always be italicized when discussed.  The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the fair-use proviso is satisfying in the face of some criticism. In completing this task, I will draw on an objection put forth by Lea Ypi. The objection as formulated by her is not in direct response to Stilz, however I believe we might draw on her work to formulate a powerful objection from scarcity to Stilz’ fair-use proviso. The question at stake in this essay is thus if the objection of scarcity is successful against Stilz’ fair-use proviso.

This thesis should introduce a reader with basic objectives of parallel computing followed by distributed systems. The thesis is also aimed at description of cryptographic attacks. The main point should be to obtain theoretic information for design of distributed system for cryptoanalysis.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Faculty of Theology and Religion Studies at the University of Zululand, 2002. / The thesis of this study is that the concept of the church as oikost as found in. Luke-Acts provides principles to inspire the church to meet some present challenges- The concepts of church and family in the Gospel of Luke and in the Acts of the Apostles were examined. It was found that the first church community was constituted on the pattern of the extended family in the Greco-Roman world of the first century. This allowed for the development of a rich culture of interpersonal relationships. It was within this environment that the love taught and exemplified by Jesus found its first concrete expression. In family churches, comprising of between 50-100 members, care was taken of individuals in a holistic sense. This was especially important in a society that existed long before the invention of social services, pensions, hospitals and care for the aged. This example set by the first church had far-reaching political consequences. In the fourth century it was this kind of church structure that was taken as a model for the whole of the Roman Empire. This study reflects a distinctive choice regarding methodology in the application of a unique combination of both the contextual and social-scientific methods. A danger of contextual methodology is to concentrate on the present context at the expense of the context of the text. A deliberate attempt is made to avoid this by an inclusive approach of both contexts. The second part of the combination in the methodology of this thesis is the application of the social-scientific approach to the Biblical text and to our present context. This method is used as an extension of the contextual method, in order to avoid possible distortions caused by the latter. This pursuit does not seek to operate at the exclusion of other accepted approaches to the Biblical text, namely those of the literary, linguistic and historical, but functions eclectically whilst highlighting the rewards of the social-scientific methodology. The term 'social-scientific' is used in this study to broadly embrace the sociological approaches to the study of the New Testament text and to our present context. In addition to uncovering the social context of the Biblical text, this study is equally eager to understand the 'now' of one's own Sitz im Leben. Therefore, current social-scientific insights together with those from family sociology are utilised to balance the methodological framework. In short, a social-scientific understanding of the concept of oikos will assist in analysing the context of the Biblical text. A social-scientific analysis of the present context will facilitate a re-contextualisation of the church as oikos in the new South Africa. Chapter one outlines the methodology. A social-scientific study of the concept of oikos in Luke-Acts is engaged in chapter two. Chapter three commences with a sociological perspective of the family. This includes a contextual analysis of families in South Africa. The next chapter (chapter four) explores ministry perspectives to ascertain how the local church can function as oikos. Chapter five proposes a model for the ministry of the church while chapter six contextualises the church as oikos. A final concluding chapter summarises and synthesises the research.

L’origine de la matière de la Terre primitive est un important sujet de recherche en planétologie. Cette thèse présente une étude expérimentale de la formation de composés organiques dans l’atmosphère de la Terre primitive en étudiant la réactivité de mélanges gazeux majoritairement composé de N2 et CO2. Ils présentent une importante réactivité se traduisant par la formation de produits gazeux et solides, appelés tholins. La formation de ces produits met en avant l’efficacité de CO2 comme source de carbone pour la croissance organique atmosphérique. L’identification des produits gazeux et l’analyse élémentaire des tholins ont montré qu’ils étaient constitués de C, N, H et O, soulignant un couplage efficace entre la chimie de ces éléments nécessaire à la formation de composés d’intérêts prébiotiques. Ce type d’étude a été appliqué ensuite à Titan qui a une atmophère plus réduite,faite de N2 et CH4, mais contient des traces d’espèces oxygénées, majoriatirement CO. L’ajout de CO au mélange réactif induit également un couplage entre la chimie de l’O et la chimie C, N, H considérée habituellement pour Titan. Enfin je propose et étudie expériemntalement deux phénomènes suseptibles de modifier la composition des aérosols de Titan durant leur sédimentation vers la surface. Premièrement une exposition de tholins aux photons VUV caractéristique de la thermosphère de Titan et qui induit une diminution sélective des fonctions amines en faveurs des fonctions aliphatiques. Deuxièmement une irradiation par des photons UV d’espèces condensées à la surface de tholins et qui induit une réactivité de l’espèce en interaction avec les tholins, modifiant sa composition chimique. / The origin of the organic matter on the early Earth is an important subject of research in planetology. This thesis presents an experimental study of the formation of organic compounds in the atmosphere of the early Earth investigating the reactivity of gaseous mixtures majority made of N2 and CO2. They present an important reactivity highlighted by the formation of gaseous products and solid products called tholins. The formation of these products points out CO2 as an efficiency source of carbon for the organic atmospheric growth. The identification of the gaseous products and the elemental analysis of the tholins showed a composition by C, N, H and O highlighting an efficiency coupling between the chemistry of these elements necessary for the formation of prebiotic compounds. This type of study have been applied then toTitan, which have a more reduced atmosphere, made of N2 and CH4, but, which contained also oxygenated trace species: principally CO. The addition of CO in the reactive medium involves also a coupling between the chemistry of O and the C, N, H chemistry currently considered for Titan. Finally I propose and investigate experimentally two phenomena, which may involve a chemical evolution of the aerosols of Titan during their sedimentation to the surface. First, an exposition of tholins to VUV photons, characteristic of the thermosphere of Titan, involves a selective depletion of amines function in favor of aliphatic functions. Second, an irradiation by UV photons of condensed species at the surface of tholins involves a reactivity of the solid species in interaction with the tholins, changing their chemical composition.

No description available.

Whereas early researchers in computability theory described effective computability in terms of such models as Turing machines, Markov algorithms, and register machines, a recent trend has been to use simple programming languages as computability models. A parallel development to this programming approach to computability theory is the current interest in systematic and scientific development and proof of programs. This paper investigates the feasibility of using formal proofs of programs in computability theory. After describing a framework for formal verification of programs written in a simple theoretical programming language, we discuss the proofs of several typical programs used in computability theory.

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential benefits of a primitive wilderness skills intervention (POST) on the therapeutic change process of adolescent females enrolled in a residential treatment center. A qualitative data analysis approach was used. A convenience sample of eight female adolescents was selected by therapist referral. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. Data analysis was used to assess participants' progress in the therapeutic change. Further analysis revealed a core theme connecting participants' POST experience with feelings of self-empowerment and reflective connections to their individual therapeutic change process. Constructive enabling was the gerund provided to represent this core theme. Attributes of constructive enabling included the opportunity for creative expression, the recognition of and reliance on social resources, the application of individual effort in challenging situations, the completion of a finished product, and the facilitation of reflective thought.

Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFTs) contains multiple tumors with similar histological and immunohistochemical features. ESFTs are small, round cell, highly malignant tumors that arise from the neuroectoderm of bone and extraskeletal soft tissue. Ewing's sarcoma is the second most common primary malignant bone cancer in children and adolescents, with the second decade of life being the most common age of diagnosis. In this article, we present a case of a young male who presented to the emergency department complaining of shortness of breath and cough and was later diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma of the chest wall, which is also called Askin's tumor, and it is an extremely rare disease with only 17 cases reported in the literature.

We examine results concerning the generation of primes in certain types of integer sequences. The sequences discussed all have a connection in that each satisfies a recurrence relation. Mathematicians have speculated over many centuries that these sequences contain an infinite number of prime terms, however no proof has been given as such. We examine a less direct method of showing an infinitude of primes in each sequence by showing that the sequences contain an infinite number of terms with primitive divisors.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.